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ESKİ İNANÇLILARIN SİBİRYA, KUBAN VE TÜRKİSTAN’A GÖÇLERİ VE KİMLİK MÜCADELELERİ Skip to content Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 35 – 49, 30.06.2024
Jeren Matıyeva
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1389954
Öz “Eski inançlılar” terimi (Rusça staroverı veya staroobryadtsı) 1650-1660 yılları arasında Çar Aleksey Mihayloviç döneminde Patrik Nikon (1652-1666) liderliğinde başlatılan Kilise Reformu’nu kabul etmeyen bir dinî topluluğu tanımlar. Bu reformdan sonra Rus Kilisesi, eski inançlılar (staroobryadtsı) ve yeni inançlılar (Nikonian veya Novovertsı) olarak ikiye ayrılmıştır. Bununla birlikte Devlet Kilise Reformu’nu desteklediği için eski inançlılar 1905 Devrimi’ne kadar resmî olarak “Raskolniki” olarak adlandırılmıştır. Küçük değişikliklerle başlayan Kilise Reformu, dinî ve daha sonra kültürel yaşamın birçok yönünü etkileyerek birçok kural ve geleneği değiştirmiştir. Sonuç olarak, bu reformlar Rus halkının geleneksel Ortodoks inançlarından uzaklaşmasına sebep olmuştur. XVII. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren kilise yetkililerinin “eski dinin koruyucuları” yani kilise reformunun yeniliklerini kabul etmeyenlere yönelik acımasız zulmü, onların göç süreçlerine yol açmıştır. Eski inançlılar bulundukları topraklardan uzak ve ıssız yerlere göç etmeye başlamışlardır. Yıllar ve hatta yüzyıllar sonra başka ülkelere göç eden Rus kökenli eski inançlılar, “eski Ortodoks inancının” ve Rus geleneğinin sıkı koruyucusu olarak kalmışlardır. 1755 yılında İmparatoriçe Yelizaveta Petrovna’nın (1741-1761) hükümdarlığı döneminde başka bölgelere göç eden eski inançlıların ülkeye geri dönmesi ve onlar için olumlu atmosfer yaratılmasını amaçlayan “Rus halkını koruma” politikası ilan edilmiştir. 1762’de III. Petro (1761-1762), eski inançlıların Rusya’ya geri dönmelerini istediğini ifade etmiştir. Ayrıca, geleneklerine ve eski baskılı kitaplara göre engellenmeyeceklerini ilk kez belirtmiştir. Bunun sonucunda göç eden eski inançlıların belirli bir kısmı farklı zamanlarda ve farklı koşullar altında kendi ülkelerine geri dönmüşlerdir. Diğer bir kısmı uzun zamandan beri göçle geldikleri yerlere alıştıkları için buralarda yaşamaya devam etmişler ve bununla birlikte “eski inanca” sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmışlardır. Geri dönmeyenler Rusya’da yaşayan eski inançlılarla dinî ve bazen aile bağlarını sürdürmüşlerdir
Anahtar Kelimeler Rusya tarihi, Eski İnançlılar, kilise reformu, Raskol, isyan, göç
Kaynakça Acara, Meryem. “Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Liturji ve Liturjik Eserler.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15/1 (1998): 183-201. Ageyeva, Yelena. “Staroobryadtsı v Musulmanskom Okrujenii: Opıt vzaimodeystviya.” Materialı VI Mejdunarodnoy nauçno-praktiçeskoy konferentsii 7/8 (2015): 20-26. Aleksandrov, Vadim & Nikolay Pokrovskiy. Vlast i Obşestvo. Sibir v XVIII veke. Novosibirsk: İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1991. Belikov, Dmitriy. Pervıye Russkiye Krestyane-Naselniki Tomskogo Kraya. Tomsk: İzdatelstvo Tipo-Litografiya M. N.Kononova İ. F. Skulimovskogo, 1898. Fattahova, Leyla. “İstoriko- Etnografiçeskiy Oçerk Staroobryadçestva Kuznetskogo Uyezda.” Kulturnoye Naslediye Srednevekovoy Rusi v Traditsiyah Uralo-Sibirskogo Staroobryadçestva 3/2 (1999): 28-41. Germanova, V & N. Kolemasova. Kazaki- Staroobryadtsı v Sredney Azii. K istorii Hristianstva v Sredney Azii (XIX –XX vv.). Taşkent: İzdatelstvo Uzbekiston, 1998. Gradovskiy Aleksandr. İstoriya Mestnogo Upravleniya v Rossii: Vvedeniye. Uyezd Moskovskogo Gosudarstva. SPb: Peçatnya V. Golovina, 1868. Gulıy, Aleksey. “Kazaki-Nekrasovtsı v İstorii Rossii.” Aktualnıye Problemı Gumanitarnıh i Sotsialno- Ekonomiçeskih Nauk 11/1 (2017): 58-61. Karataş, Nazan Coşkun. “XIX. yüzyıl Rus Düşünce ve Edebiyatında Raskol & Eski İnançlılar.” Al Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4/4, (2019): 13-29. Kerimov, Hatice “Türkistan Genel Valiliği’nde İdari Sistemin Oluşumu ve Gelişim Süreci (1865-1897).” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2019. Litvinov, Pyotr. “Staroobryadtsı v Tsarskom Turkestane.” Vestnik KRSU 15/6 (2015): 78-82. Troynitskiy, Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniy Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Ferganskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1904. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Samarkandskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Semireçenskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Sır-Dar’inskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Zakaspiyskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1904. PSZRİ, Sobraniye 1, Tom 49, No: 52983. Ryabtseva, Vaselina. “Migratsionnıye Potoki Staroobryadtsev v Zapadnuyu Sibir.” Vestnik Kemerovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Kulturı i İskusstv 24/7 (2013): 63-72. Sen, Dmitriy. “Kazaçyi Soobşestva Krımskogo i Staroobryadçestvo na Severnom Kavkaze v Kontse XVII-XVIII v.” Rossiyskaya İstoriya 6/1 (2009): 141-146. Sen, Dmitriy. Voysko Kubanskoye İgnatovo Kavkazskoye İstoriçeskiye Puti Kazakov- Nekrasovtsev (1708 g.- konets R1920-h gg.). Krasnodar: İzd-vo KubGU, 2001. Sen, Dmitriy. “Pereseleniye Kubanskih Kazakov-Nekrasovtsev v Osmanskuyu İmperiyu v XVIII v.” Lipovane İstoriya i Kultura Russkih- Staroobryadsev 5/2 (2008): 24-38. Şeglov, İvan. Hronologiçeskiy Pereçen Vajneyşih Dannıh iz İstorii Sibiri; 1032-1882 godı. İrkutsk: İzdatelstvo Tipografiya Ştaba Vostoçnogo Sibirskogo Voyennogo Okruga, 1883. Şapov, Afanasiy. Russkiy Raskol Staroobryadstva. Kazan: İzdaniye Knigoprodavtsa İvana Dubrovina, 1859. Tasmagambetov, Aset. “Rasprostraneniye Staroobryadçestva i Starogo Russkogo Sektanstva v Yugo- Vostoçnom Kazahstane v XIX- Naçalo XX vv.” Voprosı İstorii i Arheologii Zapadnogo Kazahstana 9/2 (2008): 94-102. Tsıryapkina, Yuliya. “Russkiye Pereselentsı v Turkestane v Kontse XIX- naçale XX v. Osnovnıye Sosia kulturnıye Harakteristiki.” Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 411/25 (2016): 183-187. Vorobyova, Natalya. Liçnost Patriarha Nikona v Oteçestvennoy İstoriografii. Omsk: İzd-vo OmEİ, 2007. Yadrintsev, Nikolay. Sibir Kak Koloniya. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdatelstvo İ. M. Sibirikova, 1892. Zudin, Anton. “Staroobryadçestvo Yuga Rossii: İstoriya i Sovremennost.” Blagotvoritelnıy Fond po Sohraneniyu Pravoslavnıh Obşin. Erişim 09.01.2021. http://russkayasvyaz.ru/.
МИГРАЦИИ СТАРОВЕРОВ В СИБИРЬ, КУБАНЬ И ТУРКЕСТАН И ИХ БОРЬБА ЗА ИДЕНТИЧНОСТЬ Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 35 – 49, 30.06.2024
Jeren Matıyeva
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1389954
Öz “Старообрядцами” (“староверами”) называют религиозную общину, которая не приняла церковную реформу, начатую под руководством патриарха Никона во время правления царя Алексея Михайловича между 1650 и 1660 годами. После этой реформы Русская Церковь разделилась на последователей «старой веры» и никониан (новообрядцев). Государство поддержало церковную реформу, поэтому старообрядцы до революции 1905 года официально назывались «раскольниками». В ходе церковной реформы, начавшейся с незначительных исправлений, были изменены все стороны религиозной, а затем и культурной жизни, многие правила и традиции. В результате эти реформы, по мнению старообрядцев, привели к разрыву русского народа с древним православием. Жестокие преследования церковных властей с конца XIX века против “защитников старой веры”, т. е. тех, кто не принял новации церковной реформы, привели к процессам массовой миграции. Старообрядцы начали переселяться в отдаленные и безлюдные места. Эмигрировав в другие страны, они при этом спустя годы и даже столетия оставались стойкими хранителями “старой православной веры” и русской традиции. В 1762 году Петр III выразил желание вернуть старообрядцев в Россию. При Екатерине II была провозглашена политика, имевшая целью вернуть в страну старообрядцев, переселившихся в другие страны во время правления царицы Елизаветы, и создать для них положительную атмосферу. Более того, было впервые заявлено, что староверам не будут препятствовать жить, исходя из их обычаев и старых книг. В результате определенная часть эмигрировавших старообрядцев в разное время и в разных условиях вернулась на родину. Другие продолжали жить там, куда переселились, потому что давно привыкли, но вместе с тем строго придерживались “старой веры”. Те, кто не вернулся, сохранили религиозные, а иногда и родственные связи со старообрядцами, жившими в России.
Anahtar Kelimeler Российская история, Староверы, церковная реформа, Раскол, восстание, миграция
Kaynakça Acara, Meryem. “Bizans Ortodoks Kilisesinde Liturji ve Liturjik Eserler.” Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 15/1 (1998): 183-201. Ageyeva, Yelena. “Staroobryadtsı v Musulmanskom Okrujenii: Opıt vzaimodeystviya.” Materialı VI Mejdunarodnoy nauçno-praktiçeskoy konferentsii 7/8 (2015): 20-26. Aleksandrov, Vadim & Nikolay Pokrovskiy. Vlast i Obşestvo. Sibir v XVIII veke. Novosibirsk: İzdatelstvo Nauka, 1991. Belikov, Dmitriy. Pervıye Russkiye Krestyane-Naselniki Tomskogo Kraya. Tomsk: İzdatelstvo Tipo-Litografiya M. N.Kononova İ. F. Skulimovskogo, 1898. Fattahova, Leyla. “İstoriko- Etnografiçeskiy Oçerk Staroobryadçestva Kuznetskogo Uyezda.” Kulturnoye Naslediye Srednevekovoy Rusi v Traditsiyah Uralo-Sibirskogo Staroobryadçestva 3/2 (1999): 28-41. Germanova, V & N. Kolemasova. Kazaki- Staroobryadtsı v Sredney Azii. K istorii Hristianstva v Sredney Azii (XIX –XX vv.). Taşkent: İzdatelstvo Uzbekiston, 1998. Gradovskiy Aleksandr. İstoriya Mestnogo Upravleniya v Rossii: Vvedeniye. Uyezd Moskovskogo Gosudarstva. SPb: Peçatnya V. Golovina, 1868. Gulıy, Aleksey. “Kazaki-Nekrasovtsı v İstorii Rossii.” Aktualnıye Problemı Gumanitarnıh i Sotsialno- Ekonomiçeskih Nauk 11/1 (2017): 58-61. Karataş, Nazan Coşkun. “XIX. yüzyıl Rus Düşünce ve Edebiyatında Raskol & Eski İnançlılar.” Al Farabi Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 4/4, (2019): 13-29. Kerimov, Hatice “Türkistan Genel Valiliği’nde İdari Sistemin Oluşumu ve Gelişim Süreci (1865-1897).” Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2019. Litvinov, Pyotr. “Staroobryadtsı v Tsarskom Turkestane.” Vestnik KRSU 15/6 (2015): 78-82. Troynitskiy, Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniy Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Ferganskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1904. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Samarkandskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Semireçenskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Sır-Dar’inskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1905. Troynitskiy Nikolay. Pervaya Vseobşaya Perepis Naseleniya Rossiyskoy İmperii 1897 goda Zakaspiyskaya Oblast. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdaniye Tsentralnogo Statistiçeskogo Komiteta Ministerstva Vnutrennih Del, 1904. PSZRİ, Sobraniye 1, Tom 49, No: 52983. Ryabtseva, Vaselina. “Migratsionnıye Potoki Staroobryadtsev v Zapadnuyu Sibir.” Vestnik Kemerovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta Kulturı i İskusstv 24/7 (2013): 63-72. Sen, Dmitriy. “Kazaçyi Soobşestva Krımskogo i Staroobryadçestvo na Severnom Kavkaze v Kontse XVII-XVIII v.” Rossiyskaya İstoriya 6/1 (2009): 141-146. Sen, Dmitriy. Voysko Kubanskoye İgnatovo Kavkazskoye İstoriçeskiye Puti Kazakov- Nekrasovtsev (1708 g.- konets R1920-h gg.). Krasnodar: İzd-vo KubGU, 2001. Sen, Dmitriy. “Pereseleniye Kubanskih Kazakov-Nekrasovtsev v Osmanskuyu İmperiyu v XVIII v.” Lipovane İstoriya i Kultura Russkih- Staroobryadsev 5/2 (2008): 24-38. Şeglov, İvan. Hronologiçeskiy Pereçen Vajneyşih Dannıh iz İstorii Sibiri; 1032-1882 godı. İrkutsk: İzdatelstvo Tipografiya Ştaba Vostoçnogo Sibirskogo Voyennogo Okruga, 1883. Şapov, Afanasiy. Russkiy Raskol Staroobryadstva. Kazan: İzdaniye Knigoprodavtsa İvana Dubrovina, 1859. Tasmagambetov, Aset. “Rasprostraneniye Staroobryadçestva i Starogo Russkogo Sektanstva v Yugo- Vostoçnom Kazahstane v XIX- Naçalo XX vv.” Voprosı İstorii i Arheologii Zapadnogo Kazahstana 9/2 (2008): 94-102. Tsıryapkina, Yuliya. “Russkiye Pereselentsı v Turkestane v Kontse XIX- naçale XX v. Osnovnıye Sosia kulturnıye Harakteristiki.” Vestnik Tomskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 411/25 (2016): 183-187. Vorobyova, Natalya. Liçnost Patriarha Nikona v Oteçestvennoy İstoriografii. Omsk: İzd-vo OmEİ, 2007. Yadrintsev, Nikolay. Sibir Kak Koloniya. Sankt-Peterburg: İzdatelstvo İ. M. Sibirikova, 1892. Zudin, Anton. “Staroobryadçestvo Yuga Rossii: İstoriya i Sovremennost.” Blagotvoritelnıy Fond po Sohraneniyu Pravoslavnıh Obşin. Erişim 09.01.2021. http://russkayasvyaz.ru/.
MIGRATIONS OF OLD BELIEVERS TO SIBERIA, KUBAN AND TURKESTAN AND THEIR STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY Yıl 2024, Sayı: 11, 35 – 49, 30.06.2024
Jeren Matıyeva
https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1389954
Öz The term “Old believers” (Russian staroverı or staroobryadtsy) describes a religious community that did not accept the Church Reformation initiated under the leadership of Patriarch Nikon during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich between 1650 and 1660. After this reform, the Russian Church was divided into old believers (staroobryadsi) and new believers (Nikonian or Novovertsi). However, because the State supported the Church Reform, the old believers were officially called the “Raskolniki” until the 1905 revolution. With the Church Reformation, which started with minor changes, all aspects of religious and later cultural life, many rules and traditions were changed. As a result, these reforms caused the Russian people to break with the old Orthodoxy. Since the end of the XVII. century, the brutal persecution of church authorities against the “defenders of the old religion”, that is, those who did not accept the innovations of the church reform, led to processes of mass migration. Old believers began to migrate to remote and deserted places. Russian old believers, who emigrated to other countries years and even centuries later, remained firm guardians of the “old Orthodox faith” and Russian tradition. In 1755, the policy of “protecting the Russian people” was declared, aiming to return the old believers who migrated to other regions during the reign of Tsarina Elizabeth to the country and to create a positive atmosphere for them. In 1762, III. Peter expressed his desire for the old believers to return to Russia. He also stated for the first time that they would not be hindered, especially based on their traditions and old printed books. As a result, a certain part of the old believers who emigrated returned to their home countries at different times and under different conditions. Others continued to live here because they had become accustomed to the places they migrated to for a long time, and at the same time, they strictly adhered to the “old belief”. Those who did not return maintained religious and sometimes family ties with old believers living in Russia.
Anahtar Kelimeler Russian history, Old believers, church reform, Schism, revolt, migration
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Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Yakınçağ Rusya Tarihi Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Jeren Matıyeva İstanbul Üniversitesi 0000-0002-2897-390X Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Kasım 2023 Kabul Tarihi 2 Mart 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Sayı: 11
Kaynak Göster Chicago Matıyeva, Jeren. “ESKİ İNANÇLILARIN SİBİRYA, KUBAN VE TÜRKİSTAN’A GÖÇLERİ VE KİMLİK MÜCADELELERİ”. Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy. 11 (Haziran 2024): 35-49. https://doi.org/10.48068/rusad.1389954.
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