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ESMÂ bint EBÛ BEKİR es-SIDDÎK Skip to content Zâtü’n-nitâkayn Esmâ bint Ebî Bekr es-Sıddîk b. Ebî Kuhâfe el-Kureşiyye et-Teymiyye (ö. 73/692)
Hz. Ebû Bekir’in kızı ve Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in annesi, sahâbî.
Hicretten yirmi yedi yıl önce 595’te Mekke’de doğdu. Annesi Kuteyle (Katle) bint Abdüluzzâ’nın sonraları müslüman olduğu sanılmaktadır. On yaş büyük olduğu Hz. Âişe ile baba bir kardeştir. Esmâ, Hz. Ebû Bekir vasıtasıyla müslüman olanlar arasında ve ilk müslümanlar içinde on sekizinci sırada yer almaktadır (İbn Hişâm, I, 254). Zübeyr b. Avvâm ile evlenmiş ve ondan Abdullah, Urve, Münzir, Âsım ve Muhâcir adlarında beş erkek; Hadîcetü’l-kübrâ, Ümmü’l-Hasan ve Âişe adlarında üç kız çocuğu dünyaya getirmiştir (İbn Sa‘d, III, 100). Kocası Zübeyr Mekke devrinin sıkıntılı günlerinde Habeşistan’a hicret etmişse de Esmâ’nın bu hicrete katıldığına dair bir rivayete rastlanmamaktadır. Onun adı ilk defa, Hz. Peygamber’in hicret hazırlıklarını sürdürdüğü sırada oynadığı rol dolayısıyla ön plana çıkmıştır. Resûl-i Ekrem hicret emrini alınca herkesin istirahate çekildiği öğle sıcağında Hz. Ebû Bekir’in evine gitmiş, onunla yalnız konuşmak istemiş, Hz. Ebû Bekir’in evde bulunan Esmâ ile Âişe’nin sır saklamayı bildiklerini söylemesi üzerine onların yanında, o gece hicret etme kararı verdiğini ve yanına yol arkadaşı olarak da kendisini seçtiğini açıklamıştır. Hemen yol hazırlığına başlayan Esmâ ve Âişe deriden bir torbaya azık koyup bir kırbaya da su doldurdular; ancak kapların ağızlarını bağlamak için ip bulamayınca Esmâ babasının teklifi üzerine belindeki kuşağı (nitâk) çıkarıp ikiye böldü; bir parçasıyla azık torbasının, diğer parçasıyla da su tulumunun ağzını bağladı. Bundan son derece memnun olan Hz. Peygamber’in, “Allah bu kuşağının karşılığında cennette sana iki kuşak versin” diye iltifat etmesi üzerine “Zâtünnitâkayn” (iki kuşaklı) lakabını almıştır. Bir başka rivayete göre ise Hz. Peygamber ve Ebû Bekir’in üç gün saklandıkları Sevr mağarasına geceleri yemek taşıyan Esmâ, üçüncü gün mağarayı terkedip Medine’ye doğru yola çıkacakları sırada azık torbasının ağzını bağlayacağı ipi evde unuttuğunu anlayınca kuşağını ikiye bölerek kapların ağzını bağlamış ve bundan dolayı bu lakapla anılmıştır.
Kendisinin anlattığına göre, hicret sırasında Resûlullah ile Hz. Ebû Bekir evden ayrıldıktan sonra aralarında Ebû Cehil’in de bulunduğu Kureyşli bir grup eve gelerek Esmâ’ya babasının nerede olduğunu sormuş, “Bilmiyorum” diye cevap vermesi üzerine Ebû Cehil ona bir tokat vurmuş, bu sebeple de küpeleri yere düşmüştür (İbn Hişâm, I, 487; Taberî, II, 379; İbn Asâkir, s. 13).
Hz. Peygamber’le Ebû Bekir Medine’ye ulaştıktan bir müddet sonra Mekke’ye adam göndererek her iki ailenin de orada kalan fertlerini Medine’ye getirtmişlerdir. Bu sırada hamile olan Esmâ çetin bir yolculuktan sonra Kuba’ya vardıklarında Abdullah b. Zübeyr’i dünyaya getirmiş, muhacirlerin Medine’de doğan bu ilk çocukları müslümanları çok sevindirmiştir. Zira yahudilerin, Medine’ye göç eden müslümanlara büyü yaptıkları ve bir daha çocuklarının olmayacağı, böylece nesillerinin tükeneceği yolunda bir söylentiyi yaymalarının ardından (Buhârî, “ʿAḳīḳa”, 1) Abdullah’ın doğması bu söylentinin doğru olmadığını ortaya koymuştur.
Bazı kaynaklar, Esmâ’nın kocası Zübeyr ile birlikte Yermük Savaşı’na (15/636) katıldığını rivayet eder (İbn Asâkir, s. 3; Nevevî, I/2, s. 329; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , II, 288). Bu savaşta İslâm ordusu içinde kadınların da bulunduğu ve ordunun arka tarafında bir tepe üzerinde mevzilenmiş olan bu kadınların kılıç kullanmak suretiyle savaşa iştirak ettikleri, hatta bu hususta erkeklerle yarıştıkları bilinmektedir (Fayda, s. 419).
Esmâ, kocası Zübeyr’in kendisine sert davranmasını her fırsatta babasına duyurmasına rağmen Hz. Ebû Bekir kızına hep sabır tavsiye etmiştir (İbn Sa‘d, VIII, 251). Ancak bu evlilik devam etmemiş, Esmâ elli yaşlarında ve sekiz çocuk annesi iken kocasından ayrılmıştır. Boşandıklarında oğlu Urve’nin küçük olduğu ve babasının yanında kaldığı belirtilmektedir. Urve 23 (644) yılında doğduğuna ve babası Zübeyr de 36 (656) yılında Cemel Vak‘ası’nda öldüğüne göre Esmâ’nın boşanması yaklaşık 27-28 (648-649) yıllarına rastlamış olmalıdır. Esmâ bir daha evlenmemiş, vefatına kadar oğlu Abdullah’ın yanında yaşamıştır (İbn Asâkir, s. 9).
Hz. Ömer ilk kafilelerle hicret eden kadınlara bütçeden tahsisat ayırdığı zaman bazı kadın sahâbîlerle birlikte Esmâ’ya da 1000 dirhem maaş bağlamıştır (İbn Sa‘d, III, 304). Esmâ bizzat siyasete karışmamakla birlikte halife kızı ve halife annesi olması, kocasının da hep ön planda bulunması, kendisinin idare ve siyasetin tamamen dışında kalmasına fırsat vermemiştir. Nitekim Haccâc karşısında yenilgiye uğramak üzere olduğu günlerde teslim olup olmama hususunda fikrine başvuran Abdullah’a 100 yaşlarındaki annesinin yapmış olduğu şu tavsiyeler aynı zamanda bir edebî vesika hüviyeti taşımaktadır: “Evlâdım, şerefinle yaşa, izzetinle öl; fakat kesinlikle esir düşme!.. Sen kendini daha iyi bilirsin. Eğer doğru yolda olduğuna ve ona davet ettiğine inanıyorsan yolunda devam et. Çünkü bütün taraftarların bu uğurda öldü. Benî Ümeyye oğlanlarının boynunla oynamalarına izin verme. Şayet bütün bunları dünya için yapıyorsan sen ne kötü bir kulsun. Bu takdirde kendini de birlikte çarpıştıklarını da helâk ettin demektir. Ancak doğru yolda olduğunu, fakat taraftarlarının desteğini çekmesi yüzünden zayıf düştüğünü mazeret olarak ileri sürüyorsan bu ne hür insanların ne de din ehlinin yapacağı bir iştir. Allah aşkına dünyada daha ne kadar kalacaksın? Bu durumda ölüm daha güzeldir” (Taberî, VI, 188).
Abdullah’ın öldürülüp çarmıha gerilmesinden sonra Haccâc’ın Esmâ’ya gelerek, “Anacığım, size emîrülmü’minîn adına geldim; bir ihtiyacınız var mı?” diye sorması üzerine, “Önce ben senin değil şu kazığın ucunda sallananın annesiyim. Hiçbir ihtiyacım da yok. Fakat bekle, sana Hz. Peygamber’den işittiğim bir hadisi nakledeyim. Resûl-i Ekrem, ‘Sakīf kabilesinden bir yalancı, bir de bozguncu çıkacaktır’ buyurmuştu. Gördük ki yalancı Muhtâr es-Sekafî’dir; bozguncu da sensin!” demiştir (Müslim, “Feżâʾilü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 229; Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 44; Muhtâr es-Sekafî adının Gibb tarafından Mugīre b. Şu‘be olarak kaydedilmesi bir zühul eseri olmalıdır (EI2 [Fr.] , I, 735).
Esmâ bint Ebû Bekir, oğlunun 14 Cemâziyelevvel 73’te (1 Ekim 692) öldürülmesinden birkaç gün sonra Mekke’de vefat etti. Kadın muhacirler içinde en son ölen sahâbî olarak bilinen Esmâ’nın ileri yaşlarında gözüne perde inmişse de aklî dengesi hiç bozulmamış ve dişleri dökülmemiştir (İbn Asâkir, s. 28).
Esmâ bint Ebû Bekir, kendisinden başka babası, dedesi, oğlu (Abdullah) ve kocası sahâbî olan nâdir şahsiyetlerdendir. Resûl-i Ekrem’e çok yakın olan bir aileye mensup bulunduğu için kültürlü ve itibarlı bir ortamda yetişen Esmâ, İslâmiyet’i en iyi anlayan ve yorumlayanların hemen ilk sıralarında yer almaktadır. Hicretin ilk yıllarında malî sıkıntı içinde olan ailesinin bir tek at ile, evlerine 5 km. uzaklıkta Hz. Peygamber’in iktâ ettiği bir hurma bahçesi dışında hiçbir varlığı yoktu. Atın bakımı, evin ve bahçenin bütün işleriyle ilgilenen Esmâ, bir gün sırtında hurma taşırken yolda bir kalabalık içerisinde Hz. Peygamber’le karşılaştı. Resûl-i Ekrem Esmâ’yı bu halde görünce onu terkisine almak istediyse de Esmâ razı olmadı. Daha sonra Hz. Ebû Bekir’in bir hizmetçi bulmasına çok sevinen Esmâ hürriyetine kavuşmuş gibi olduğunu belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Nikâḥ”, 107).
Câhiliye devrinde babasından boşanan, daha sonra da İslâmiyet’i kabul etmeyen annesi Kuteyle yıllar sonra ziyaretine geldiği zaman Esmâ onun müslüman olmadığını düşünerek kendisini evine alma hususunda tereddüt etti. Durumu Hz. Peygamber’e bildirince, “Allah, din uğrunda sizinle savaşmayan ve sizi yurtlarınızdan çıkarmayan kimselere iyilik etmenizi ve onlara karşı âdil davranmanızı yasaklamaz. Doğrusu Allah âdil olanları sever” (el-Mümtehine 60/8) meâlindeki âyet nâzil oldu.
Rüya tabirinde mâhir olan Esmâ bunu babası Hz. Ebû Bekir’den öğrenmişti (İbn Sa‘d, V, 124). Onun en belirgin özelliği aşırı derecede cömert olmasıydı. Oğlu Abdullah, annesi Esmâ ile teyzesi Âişe kadar cömert bir insan görmediğini, teyzesinin eline geçen şeyleri biriktirip belli bir miktara ulaştıktan sonra dağıttığını, annesinin ise eline geçeni ertesi güne bırakmadan hemen verdiğini söylemektedir (Buhârî, el-Edebü’l-müfred , s. 106, nr. 280). Bir gün evde -muhtemelen vereceği bir sadakayı- sayıp hesaplarken Hz. Peygamber ziyaretine gelmiş, onun bu durumunu görünce, “Sayma, sonra Allah da sana sayarak verir” demiştir.
Esmâ bint Ebû Bekir, Hz. Peygamber’in bir kısım hadislerinin gelecek nesillere ulaştırılmasında önemli rol oynamıştır. İlk müslümanlardan oluşunun yanında Resûl-i Ekrem’e çok yakın bir aile çevresinin içinde yer alması ve uzun bir ömür sürmesi onu zengin bir kültür birikimine sahip kılmıştır. Bu birikimini yakın çevresi çok iyi değerlendirmiş, özellikle iki oğlu Abdullah ve Urve, erkek torunları Abdullah b. Urve ve Abbâd b. Abdullah, kız torunu Fâtıma bint Münzir b. Zübeyr, oğlunun torunu Abbâd b. Hamza b. Abdullah, ayrıca ünlü sahâbîlerden Abdullah b. Abbas, Ebû Vâkıd el-Leysî, sahâbî olduğu söylenen Safiye bint Şeybe, tâbiîlerden Muhammed b. Münkedir, Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in kadısı İbn Ebû Müleyke gibi kişiler kendisinden hadis rivayet etmişlerdir. Esmâ’nın naklettiği hadisler Kütüb-i Sitte başta olmak üzere çeşitli hadis kitaplarında yer almaktadır (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , VIII, 11-12). Bir kısmı mükerrer olmak üzere rivayetlerinden seksen üçü Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’inde, 157’si Taberânî’nin el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr ’inde, ayrıca Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in Târîḫu Medîneti Dımaşḳ ’ının “Terâcimü’n-nisâ’” bölümünde bulunmaktadır. Zehebî ise rivayetlerinin sayısının elli sekiz olduğunu, bunlardan on üçünün hem Buhârî hem Müslim’de, beşinin sadece Buhârî’de, dördünün de Müslim’de yer aldığını belirtir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , II, 296). Kütüb-i Sitte müellifleri içinde Esmâ bint Ebû Bekir’e dair haberleri ve ona ait rivayetleri eserinin elli üç yerinde zikretmek suretiyle en geniş şekilde değerlendiren muhaddis Buhârî olmuştur. Esmâ’nın naklettiği hadis ve haberler muhtevaları bakımından incelendiğinde, bunların ana hatlarıyla hicret başta olmak üzere bazı olaylara ışık tutan haberlere; cömertlik, kıyafet yeme içme ve kadınlarla ilgili hükümlerle bir kısım ibadetlere dair olduğu görülür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , VI, 344-355.
Buhârî, “ʿAḳīḳa”, 1, “Nikâḥ”, 107.
a.mlf., el-Edebü’l-müfred (nşr. Kemâl Yûsuf el-Hût), Beyrut 1404/1983, s. 106, nr. 280.
Müslim, “Feżâiʾlü’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe”, 229.
Tirmizî, “Fiten”, 44.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , I, 250-254, 485-487.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , III, 100, 173, 304; V, 124; VIII, 249-255.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , II, 375-380, 401; VI, 188-189; XI, 616.
Taberânî, el-Muʿcemü’l-kebîr (nşr. Hamdî Abdülmecîd es-Selefî), Beyrut, ts. (Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l-Arabî), XXIV, 87-131.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek , IV, 64-65.
Ebû Nuaym, Ḥilye , II, 55-57.
İbn Abdülber, el-İstîʿâb , IV, 232-234.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ (Şihâbî) , s. 3-30.
İbnü’l-Esîr, Üsdü’l-ġābe (Bennâ) , VII, 9-10.
Nevevî, Tehẕîb , I/2, s. 328-330.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , II, 287-296.
a.mlf., el-ʿİber , I, 82.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 61-80 , s. 353-359.
Heysemî, Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid , IX, 260.
İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe , IV, 229-230.
a.mlf., Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , XII, 397.
Tecrid Tercemesi , IV, 740-741.
Kehhâle, Aʿlâmü’n-nisâʾ , I, 47-53.
Abdülemîr Ali Mühennâ, Aḫbârü’n-nisâʾ fî Kitâbi’l-Eġānî , Beyrut 1988, s. 14-17.
Mustafa Fayda, Allah’ın Kılıcı Halid Bin Velid , İstanbul 1992, s. 419.
Reckendorf, “Esmâ”, İA , IV, 387.
H. A. R. Gibb, “Asmāʾ”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 735.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , VIII, 11-12.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 402-404 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.