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EŞREF EDİP FERGAN Skip to content (1882-1971)
II. Meşrutiyet’le Cumhuriyet döneminin tanınmış dergilerinden Sebîlürreşâd ’ı yayımlayan gazeteci ve yazar.
Türkistan muhacirlerinden bir ailenin çocuğu olarak Serez’de dünyaya geldi. Babası İslâm Ağa, annesi Nefîse Hanım’dır. Sıbyan mektebini ve rüşdiyeyi Serez’de okudu. Bu arada hâfızlığını tamamladı. Serez Müftüsü İmâdüddin Efendi’den din bilgisi ve Arapça dersleri aldı. Bir yıl Mahkeme-i Şer‘iyye kâtibi olarak çalıştıktan sonra İstanbul’a gitti ve Mekteb-i Hukuk’a kaydoldu. Aynı zamanda Çemberlitaş’taki Atik Ali Paşa Camii’nde medrese derslerine devam etti. Dönemin meşhur vâizlerinin vaazlarıyla Mekteb-i Hukuk hocalarının ders takrirlerinden derlediği risâleleri bastırmak suretiyle yayın hayatına girdi. Bu yıllarda Serezli Hâfız Eşref Edip adıyla tanındı.
II. Abdülhamid’in saltanatının son yıllarında artan yenilikçi fikirlere karşı çıkmak ve İslâm birliği ideolojisini yaymak amacıyla dergi yayımcılığına ilgi duydu. Ebül‘ulâ (Mardin), Mehmed Âkif (Ersoy), Mûsâ Kâzım ve Mahmud Esad gibi İslâmcı düşüncenin önde gelen bazı şahsiyetlerinin desteğiyle Sırât-ı Müstakîm adıyla haftalık bir dergi çıkarmaya karar verdi. 11 Temmuz 1324’te (24 Temmuz 1908) kurulan dergi 14 Ağustos 1324’te (27 Ağustos 1908) yayın hayatına girdi. 182. sayıdan sonra Ebül‘ulâ’nın dârülfünuna hoca olması üzerine tek imtiyaz sahibi kalan Eşref Edip derginin adını Sebîlürreşâd olarak değiştirdi (24 Şubat 1327 / 9 Mart 1912). Bu arada Mekteb-i Hukuk’u bitirdi.
Derginin VIII. cildinin yayımına başladığı sıralarda ülkede meşrutiyet ve meşveret kavgaları devam ediyordu. Bu yıllarda Eşref Edip’in, dergisinde Türkçü ve İslâmcı kesimin görüşlerine geniş ölçüde yer verdiği görülmektedir. I. Dünya Savaşı’na girildikten sonra takip ettiği politikaya muhalif olduğu İttihat ve Terakkî yönetimiyle fikrî bir mücadeleye girdi. Bu sebeple 1916’dan 1918 yılı ortalarına kadar bir buçuk yıl süreyle Sebîlürreşâd ’ın yayımına ara vermek zorunda kaldı.
İttihat ve Terakkî yönetiminin I. Dünya Savaşı sırasındaki baskısının matbuata da yansımasına rağmen Eşref Edip Batıcılar’a karşı İslâm birliği ideolojisini çekinmeden savundu. Savaşın sona ermesiyle gelen parçalanma ve dağılma döneminde işgal altındaki İstanbul’da yeniden yayımladığı Sebîlürreşâd ’da başta Abdullah Cevdet olmak üzere “asrîlik” ve “Garpçılık” taraftarları ile mücadeleye devam etti. Mütareke döneminde ve İstiklâl Savaşı yıllarında ülkenin kurtuluşu için Mehmed Âkif’le beraber yayın yoluyla olduğu kadar fikrî çalışmaları ile de Millî Mücadele’ye katıldı.
Eşref Edip, işgal kuvvetlerinin ve azınlıkların baskısı İstanbul’da yayın yapma imkânını ortadan kaldırınca Anadolu’ya geçti; Sebîlürreşâd ’ı Kasım 1920’de bir süre kaldığı Kastamonu’da çıkardı. Mehmed Âkif’in Anadolu’da yaptığı vaazları yayımlayarak millî şuurun uyanmasına ve yayılmasına yardımcı oldu. Dergide, “Bugün İcmâ-ı Ümmet Anadolu’dadır” başlığını atarak Kuvâ-yi Milliye’yi doğrudan doğruya destekledi ve 3 Şubat 1921’den itibaren Sebîlürreşâd ’ı Ankara’da çıkarmaya başladı. Derginin Anadolu’nun en ücra yerlerine ve askerî birliklere ulaşmasını sağladı. Mehmed Âkif’le beraber Ankara’da Tâceddin Dergâhı’nda yayın faaliyetini sürdürürken I ve II. İnönü muharebelerinden sonra meydana gelen Eskişehir ve Kütahya bozgunları üzerine derginin bir sayısını da Kayseri’de çıkardı. Ankara’da bulunduğu sırada Mehmed Âkif, Said Nursi ve Şeyh Ahmed es-Senûsî ile birlikte Sivas’ta bir İslâm şûrasının toplanması çalışmalarına katılan Eşref Edip, Millî Mücadele’nin kazanılmasından sonra tekrar İstanbul’a dönerek yayın faaliyetine burada devam etti.
Eşref Edip, Cumhuriyet’in ilânı ile şiddeti gittikçe artmaya başlayan “asrîleşme” ve “Garplılaşma” taraftarlarıyla sürekli kalem tartışmalarına girdi. Özellikle İslâm’a ve İslâm’ın temel kurumlarına yapılan saldırılara karşı çıktı. Bunun sonucu olarak diğer yayın organları gibi Sebîlürreşâd da zaman zaman sansüre uğradı. Şeyh Said isyanı üzerine Takrîr-i Sükûn Kanunu vesile edilerek birçok gazete ve dergiyle birlikte Sebîlürreşâd da kapatıldı (6 Mart 1341/1925, sy. 641). Eşref Edip tevkif edilerek Şark İstiklâl Mahkemesi’ne gönderildi. Önce Ankara’ya, daha sonra Diyarbakır’a götürülüp muhakeme edildi. Sebîlürreşâd ’ın yayımını durdurmak şartıyla 13 Eylül 1925’te serbest bırakıldı. Bunun üzerine Eşref Edip yayın faaliyetlerine Âsâr-ı İlmiyye Kütüphanesi adı altında eserler yayımlayarak devam etti. Bu dönemde daha çok Doğu ve Batı’nın tanınmış müelliflerinin eserlerini risâleler halinde neşretti. 1932’de Mısır’a giderek o yıllarda Hilvan’da yaşayan Mehmed Âkif’le görüştü.
Tek parti döneminde Sebîlürreşâd ’ın eski yazar kadrosundan hayatta kalanlarla sohbet toplantıları düzenleyen Eşref Edip, Maarif Vekâleti’nin yayımladığı İslâm Ansiklopedisi’ndeki yanlış ve eksik maddeleri tenkit ederek doğrularını göstermek maksadıyla İzmirli İsmail Hakkı, Kâmil Miras ve Ömer Rıza Doğrul’la birlikte İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi ve İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası ’nı çıkarmaya başladı (Ekim 1940).
Sebîlürreşâd ’ın eski yazı kadrosunun giderek zayıflamasına ve bir kısmının politikaya atılarak Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi içinde yer almasına rağmen Eşref Edip yirmi iki yıl sonra Mayıs 1948’de Sebîlürreşâd ’ın yayımına yeniden başladı. Bu yıllarda Eşref Edip dergide Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Kâzım Nami Duru, Cevat Rifat Atilhan, Tâhir Olgun, Ali Fuat Başgil ve Hasan Basri Çantay’ın yazılarına yer verdi. Sebîlürreşâd ’ın yayımını Şubat 1966’ya kadar 362 sayı devam ettirdi. Eşref Edip bu sırada birçok yazarla kalem tartışmasına da girmiştir. Nitekim Ahmet Emin Yalman’la aralarında çıkan polemik sonucu, 1953’te Malatya’da Ahmet Emin Yalman’a düzenlenen suikast üzerine tutuklanmıştır.
Dinî, ahlâkî ve siyasî konularda sade bir üslûpla devamlı yazılar yazan Eşref Edip, özellikle Sebîlürreşâd ’ın ikinci devresinde derginin bütün yükünü tek başına omuzlamış ve bu dönemdeki yazılarında daha çok misyoner faaliyetleri üzerinde durmuştur. Sebîlürreşâd ’ın yayımını 1966’da durduran Eşref Edip ayrıca Tevhîd-i Efkâr , Yeni Sabah , Millet , Diyanet , Yeni Asya , Yeni İstiklâl , Bugün , Sabah , İttihad gibi dergi ve gazetelere de yazılar yazmıştır.
Eşref Edip Âsâr-ı İlmiyye Kütüphanesi adı altında birçok âlimin eserleri yanında bilhassa Mısır ve Hint müslümanları ile Batılı mühtedilerin eserlerini yayımlamaya gayret gösterdi. Kendi hayat mücadelesi içinde sürekli olarak İslâm birliği ideolojisi doğrultusundaki basını destekledi. Neşrettiği kitaplar arasında Tâhir Olgun, Mûsâ Kâzım, Babanzâde Ahmed Naim, Ali Himmet Berki, Mehmed Âkif Ersoy ve İsmail Hami Danişmend’in eserleri önemli bir yer tutmaktadır.
Hayatının sonlarına doğru yayımladığı Kara Kitap adlı eserinden dolayı yargılanarak beraat eden Eşref Edip Aralık 1971’de vefat etti ve Edirnekapı Şehitliği’ne defnedildi.
Eserleri. Eşref Edip’in başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. Mehmed Akif: Hayatı, Eserleri ve 70 Muharririn Yazıları (I-II, İstanbul 1938-1939). Yakın mücadele arkadaşı olarak yıllarca beraber bulunduğu Mehmed Âkif’i her yönüyle tanıtan, değerlendiren, yer yer hâtırat özelliği taşıyan bu eser onun hakkında yazılmış kaynak kitapların başında gelmektedir.
2. İnkılâp Karşısında Âkif-Fikret, Gençlik-Tan’cılar: Kurtuluş Harbi’nin Kaynağı İstiklâl Marşı mı, Tarih-i Kadîm mi? (İstanbul 1940).
3. Misyoner ve Müsteşriklerin Yazdıkları İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin İlmî Mahiyeti (İstanbul 1941).
4. Pembe Kitap: Tevfik Fikret’i Beş Cepheden Kırk Muharririn Tenkitleri (İstanbul 1943). Yaşadıkları dönemde birbirleriyle fikrî çatışmaya giren, vefatlarından sonra da taraftarlarınca âdeta dinsizlik-dindarlık, Batıcılık-İslâmcılık düşüncelerinin sembolü haline getirilen iki şairden Tevfik Fikret’in ahlâk, seciye ve mizacına dair devrin çeşitli yazarlarına ait tesbitlerin yer aldığı küçük bir derlemedir.
5. Çocuklarımıza Din Kitabı (4 kitap, İstanbul 1944-1949).
6. İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin İlmî Mahiyeti (İstanbul 1946).
7. Risale-i Nur Müellifi Bediüzzâman Said Nur Hayatı Eserleri Mesleği (İstanbul 1950).
8. Kur’an-Garp Mütefekkirlerine Göre Kur’an’ın Azamet ve İhtişamı Hakkında Dünya Mütefekkirlerinin Şehadetleri (İstanbul 1958).
9. Bediüzzaman Said Nur ve Nurculuk (tenkit-tahlil, İstanbul 1963).
10. Risale-i Nur Muarızı Yazarların İsnadları Hakkında İlmî Bir Tahlil (İstanbul 1965).
11. Kara Kitap – Milleti Nasıl Aldattılar? Mukaddesatına Nasıl Saldırdılar? (İstanbul 1967). Kadir Mısıroğlu’nun kendisinden naklettiğine göre Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nde hilâfetin kaldırılması tartışmaları sırasında Karahisârısâhib (Afyonkarahisar) mebusu Hoca Şükrü Efendi’nin (Çelikalay) adıyla yayımlanan Hilâfet-i İslâmiyye ve Büyük Millet Meclisi (Ankara 1339; yeni harflerle İstanbul 1994) isimli risâleyi de Eşref Edip kaleme almış, Hoca Şükrü Efendi’nin dokunulmazlığından faydalanarak onun adıyla yayımlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kadir Mısıroğlu, Osmanoğullarının Dramı , İstanbul 1974, s. 110.
Mahir İz, Yılların İzi , İstanbul 1975, s. 139, 145, 238, 339.
Mehmet Emin Erişirgil, İslâmcı Bir Şairin Romanı , Ankara 1986, tür.yer.
Mithat Cemal [Kuntay], Mehmet Akif Ersoy: Hayatı-Seciyesi-Sanatı , Ankara 1986, tür.yer.
Sadık Albayrak, Siyasî Boyutlarıyla Türkiye’de İslâmcılığın Doğuşu , İstanbul 1989, tür.yer.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Matbuat Alemindeki Hayatım ve İstiklal Mahkemeleri (haz. Sadık Albayrak), İstanbul 1990, tür.yer.
İsmail Kara, Türkiye’de İslâmcılık Düşüncesi , İstanbul 1994, III, 13-14.
Sırât-ı Müstakîm ve Sebîlürreşâd koleksiyonu, İSAM Ktp., nr. 125.
Y. Serdar Çınar, “Fergan, Eşref Edip”, TDEA , III, 193-194.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 473-474 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.