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Estremoz’un Seramik Figürleri Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 38 – 64, 30.06.2024
Seyhan Yılmaz Ayşe Gökoğlu
https://doi.org/10.55004/tykhe.1357010
Öz Estremoz şehri, Portekiz’in Alentejo bölgesinde konumlanmıştır. Köklü bir seramik kültürüne sahip olan Estremoz’da 13. yüzyıldan itibaren günlük kullanıma yönelik kapkacaklar üretilmiştir. 17. yüzyıldan itibaren ise kapkacakların yanı sıra figürlü objeler de üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Çoğunlukla inançların bir parçası olarak üretilenlerle birlikte günlük yaşama ilişkin sahnelerin de ele alındığı objelerde, kültüre ilişkin bilgiler aktarılır. Bu araştırma Estremoz’un seramik figürleri ile sınırlı tutularak söz konusu seramiklerin geleneksel kültürdeki yeri ve önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. 17. yüzyıldan beri sürdürülen bu köklü geleneğin günümüze kadar yozlaşmadan devam etmiş olması çalışmanın önemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, Estremoz kil figürlerinin üretim, pişirim ve dekor yöntemleri incelenerek seramik alanına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu figürler, genel olarak Portekiz halkının yaşamına ve inançlarına ait olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. İlki Hristiyan ikonografisi konulu kompozisyonlar olup çoğunlukla yöre halkının ibadet ritüellerinde kullanılmak üzere üretilmiş olan objelerdir. Bunlar arasında azizlerin tasvirleri, Noel ve Hz. İsa konulu kompozisyonlar bulunmaktadır. Diğeri ise yerel halkın günlük yaşamına ilişkin sahneler olup Alentejo halkından kimseler, çeşitli hayvanlar ve aşkın gözü kördür düşüncesini ya da baharı simgeleyen figürleri içermektedir. Söz konusu gelenek, usta sanatçılar tarafından yeni öğrenenlere bilinçli olarak aktarılmaktadır. Ürünler serbest biçimlendirme ile yapılmakta, bisküvi pişiriminden sonra soğuk boyalarla renklendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ilgili geleneğin objeleri Portekiz ve Estremoz kültürünü yansıtması açısından önemli görülmektedir. Söz konusu sanatın UNESCO’nun Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Listesi’ne 2017 yılında “Estremoz Kil Figürleri” olarak eklenmesi ile seramik kültürünün yaygınlaşması ve koruma altına alınması Estremoz’un öne çıkmasını sağlamış, bu durum yörenin ekonomi ve turizm bakımından gelişmesine yardımcı olmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler Seramik Bebekler, Estremoz, Kil, Figür, Biblo
Etik Beyan –
Destekleyen Kurum –
Proje Numarası –
Teşekkür –
Kaynakça Antonio L. (1976, Nisan). Bonecos de Estremoz Uma Produçao do Instituto de Tecnologia Educativa [Video]. Vimeo. https://vimeo.com/user34119652/review/246283506/51a0a3a540 Becker, J. A. (2015, Ağustos 8). Bucchero. Smarthistory. The Center for Public Art History. https://smarthistory.org/bucchero/ Câmara Municipal de Estremoz. (2018). Caderno De Especificações Para Certıfıcação dos Bonecos de Estremoz. https://www.cearte.pt/public/media.501711554/files/gpao/200_CE_Bonecos_Estremoz_20191127.pdf Cañizares-Esguerra, J. (2021). Clay Vessels. M. Thurner & J. Pimentel (Ed.), New World Objects Of Knowledge, A Cabinet of Curiosities. (s. 91-95). Institute of Latin American Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London. Catálogo da Exposição Branco no Barro. (2020 Eylül 25 – 2021 Mart 31). Mosteiro Santa Clara-A- Velha/Coimbra Branco Nobarrro Exposiçao de Ceramica Vermelha Fina Pintada a Engobe Branco. Republica Portuguesa Cultura Direçao Regional de Cultura do Centro. https://www.culturacentro.gov.pt/media/11056/exposicao_ceramicavermelha.pdf Dores, Cruz, M. ve Hipólito, Correia V. (2007). Cerâmica Utilitária, Arqueologia, Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. (1. Baskı). Instituto dos Museus e da Conservação. http://matriznet.dgpc.pt/MatrizNet/Download/Normas/ARQ_CeramicaUtilitaria.pdf Guerreiro, H. (2021, Mart 18). Evora 2027. #BEING Estremoz Clay Figures _ Évora 2027 Candidate City European Capital of Culture [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=bwnPvcTe3wg&embeds_referring_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.evora2027.com%2F&source_ve_path=MzY4NDIsMjg2NjY&feature=emb_logo Guerreiro, H. (2018a). Figurado de Estremoz: Produção Património Imaterial da Humanidade. Eduçoes Afrontamento. https://www.iefp.pt/documents/10181/9606536/Hugo+Alexandre+Guerreiro_Trab+investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o1/34788c36-cd5f-4ff7-ae95-8ce24eb219c5 Guerreiro, H. (2018b). Figurado de Estremoz: Produção Património Imaterial da Humanidade. Eduçoes Afrontamento. https://www.iefp.pt/documents/10181/9606536/Hugo+Alexandre+Guerreiro_Trab+investiga%C3%A7%C3%A3o2/13ebad9c-948e-4801-9c23-e9573ffb08f9 Google. (t.y.) [Google Maps Estremoz] https://goo.gl/maps/GRREssvFXs9DeKG4A Howe, M. (1992, Temmuz 5). Folk Art From the Red Clay of Alentejo, The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/05/travel/folk-art-from-the-red-clay-of-alentejo.html Hugo. (2011). Pastor e Ceifeira do Alentejo. Trajes antigos do Alentejo. https://traje-antigo-alentejo.blogspot.com/2011/01/pastor-e-ceifeira-do-alentejo.html Jorge da Conceição. (t.y.a). Jorge da Conceição. http://jorgedaconceicao.com/portefolio.php?id=206 Jorge da Conceição. (t.y.b). Jorge da Conceição. http://jorgedaconceicao.com/portefolio.php?id=192 Magela dos Santos, G. (2016). Paulistinhas: Importante presença no acervo do MAV. Magela Borbagetto Jacarei-SP. (1. 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Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=+Primavera+ Matos, H. (2013, Nisan 6). Dicionário Ilustrado de Arte Popular Alentejana. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=Dicion%C3%A1rio+Ilustrado+de+Arte+Popular+Alentejana.+ Matos, H. (2015a, Mart 16). 21- Os Bonecos de Estremoz na Exposição do Mundo Português. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2015/03/21-os-bonecos-de-estremoz-na-exposicao.html Matos, H. (2015b, Mayıs 21). Santa Bárbara. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=Santa+B%C3%A1rbara Matos, H. (2019a, Ağustos 13). Bonecos de Estremoz: Ana das Peles (1.ª parte). Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/08/bonecos-de-estremoz-ana-das-peles-1.html Matos, H. (2019b, Ağustos 13). Bonecos de Estremoz: Ana das Peles (2.ª parte). Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/08/bonecos-de-estremoz-ana-das-peles-2.html Matos, H. (2019c, Mayıs 1). Toponímia de Estremoz- Omissões que Ofendem. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/05/toponimia-de-estremoz-omissoes-que.html Matos, H. (2019d, Mayıs 10). O Amor é Cego. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/05/o-amor-e-cego.html Matos, H (2019e, Haziran 18). Bonecos de Estremoz: José Marcelino Moreira. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=Jos%C3%A9+Moreira+ Matos, H. (2019f, Ekim 11). Bonecos de Estremoz: Mariano da Conceição (2.ª parte). Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/10/bonecos-de-estremoz-mariano-da.html Matos, H. (2019g, Temmuz 14). Jorge da Conceição: Bonecos de Estremoz. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2019/07/jorge-da-conceicao-bonecos-de-estremoz.html Matos, H. (2020a, Temmuz 23). Bonecos de Estremoz: Tintas de Pintura e Pigmentos. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2020/07/bonecos-de-estremoz-tintas-de-pintura-e.html Matos, H. (2020b, Haziran 3). Peralta e Sécia (ganchos de meia). Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2020/06/peralta-e-secia-ganchos-de-meia.html Matos, H. (2020c, Eylül 19). Presépios e inovação. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=Pres%C3%A9pio+de+trono+ou+altar Matos, H. (2021a, Temmuz 16). Barristas de Estremoz do passado. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/07/barristas-de-estremoz-do-passado.html Matos, H. (2021b, Temmuz 15). Barristas de Estremoz do presente. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora, a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/07/barristas-de-estremoz-do-presente.html Matos, H. (2021c, Mayıs 26). Carlos Alves certificado como bonequeiro de Estremoz. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora, a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/05/carlos-alves-certificado-como.html Munıcipıo de Estremoz, (t.ya). Anos de Cidade. https://www.cm-estremoz.pt/pagina/camara-municipal/estremoz-90-anos-de-cidade Munıcipıo de Estremoz, (t.y.b). Bonecos de Estremoz. Património Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade UNESCO https://www.cm-estremoz.pt/pagina/turismo/bonecos-de-estremoz Newstead, S., & Casimiro, T. M. (2016). Strange Adventures in a City Made of Marble: Exploring Pottery Production in Estremoz, Portugal. Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 37-38, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.5284/1106435 Olaria Alfacinha [yaklaşık 2000] Pucarınho Enfeıtado. Museu Municipal de Estremoz Prof. Joaquim Vermelho. http://museuestremoz.blogspot.com/2010/03/peca-do-mes-pucarinho-enfeitado.html Oliveira, Correia. A. R. (2021). Bonecos, Coleção e Museuo Figurado de Barcelos Pelas Mãos de Sellés Paes [Relatório de Estágio Realizado no Ambito do Mestrado em História da Arte, Património e Cultura Visual Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto]. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/139767 Pinheiro, J. (t.y) Bonecos de Estremoz são Património da Humanidade. Julia. https://julia.pt/2017/12/11/bonecos-de-estremoz-sao-patrimonio-da-humanidade/ Pinto D. F. (2011, Temmuz 21). A Terceira Dimensão. https://portugalfotografiaaerea.blogspot.com/2011/07/estremoz.html Portugal Adventures. (2017). Craftsmanship of Estremoz Clay figures is Recognized as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. https://www.azores-adventures.com/2017/12/craftsmanship-of-estremoz-clay-figures-is-recognized-as-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-human.html Portugal Travel Guide. (2022). The Town of Estremoz. https://portugaltravelguide.com/estremoz/ Portugal visitor. (t.y.). 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Ceramic Dolls of Estremoz Yıl 2024, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16, 38 – 64, 30.06.2024
Seyhan Yılmaz Ayşe Gökoğlu
https://doi.org/10.55004/tykhe.1357010
Öz Estremoz şehri, Portekiz’in, Alentejo bölgesinde konumlanmıştır. Köklü bir seramik kültürüne sahip olan Estremoz şehrinde 13. yüzyıldan itibaren günlük kullanıma yönelik kap kaçaklar üretilmiştir. 17. yy’dan itibaren ise kap kacakların yanı sıra figürlü objeler de üretilmeye başlanmıştır. Çoğunlukla inançların bir parçası olarak üretilenlerle birlikte günlük yaşama ilişkin sahnelerin de ele alındığı objelerde, kültüre ilişkin bilgiler aktarılır. Halk arasında Estremoz Bebekler olarak adlandırılan ürünler, 2017 yılında Unesco’nun Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Listesine “Estremoz Kil Figürler” olarak eklenmiştir. Bu çalışma “Estremoz Seramik Bebekler” ile sınırlı tutularak bu seramiklerin geleneksel kültürdeki yeri ve önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır. 17. yy’dan beri sürdürülen bu köklü geleneğin günümüze kadar yozlaşmadan devam etmiş olması çalışmanın önemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada, Estremoz seramik figürlerin üretim, pişirim ve dekor yöntemleri incelenerek seramik alanına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmıştır. Estremoz’da yerel halkın girişimleriyle üretilen seramik bebekler, genel olarak Portekiz halkının yaşamına ve inançlarına ait olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılmaktadır. İlki Hiristiyan ikonografisi konulu kompozisyonlar olup çoğunlukla yöre halkının ibadet ritüellerinde kullanılmak üzere üretilmiş olan objelerdir. Bunlar arasında azizlerin tasvirleri, Noel ve Hz. İsa konulu kompozisyonlar, diğeri ise yerel halkın günlük yaşamına ilişkin sahnelerdir. Bunlar, Alentejo’nun insanları, Aşkın Gözü Kördür, Bahar ve çeşitli hayvan figürlerinin olduğu temalar sayılabilir. Söz konusu gelenek usta sanatçılar tarafından yeni öğrenenlere bilinçli olarak aktarılmaktadır. Üretim yöntemleri serbest biçimlendirme ile yapılmakta, bisküvi pişiriminden sonra soğuk boyalarla renklendirilmektedir. Sonuç olarak, ilgili geleneğin objeleri Portekiz ve Estremoz kültürünü yansıtması açısından önemli görülmektedir. Söz konusu sanatın Somut Olmayan Kültürel Miras Listesine eklenmesi ile seramik kültürünün yaygınlaşması ve koruma altına alınması Estremoz’un öne çıkmasını sağlamış, bu durum yörenin ekonomi ve turizm bakımından gelişmesine katkı sağlamıştır.
Proje Numarası –
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Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2020/06/peralta-e-secia-ganchos-de-meia.html Matos, H. (2020c, Eylül 19). Presépios e inovação. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/search?q=Pres%C3%A9pio+de+trono+ou+altar Matos, H. (2021a, Temmuz 16). Barristas de Estremoz do passado. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/07/barristas-de-estremoz-do-passado.html Matos, H. (2021b, Temmuz 15). Barristas de Estremoz do presente. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora, a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/07/barristas-de-estremoz-do-presente.html Matos, H. (2021c, Mayıs 26). Carlos Alves certificado como bonequeiro de Estremoz. Do Tempo da Outra Senhora, a Escrita Como Instrumento de Libertação do Homem. https://dotempodaoutrasenhora.blogspot.com/2021/05/carlos-alves-certificado-como.html Munıcipıo de Estremoz, (t.ya). Anos de Cidade. https://www.cm-estremoz.pt/pagina/camara-municipal/estremoz-90-anos-de-cidade Munıcipıo de Estremoz, (t.y.b). Bonecos de Estremoz. Património Cultural Imaterial da Humanidade UNESCO https://www.cm-estremoz.pt/pagina/turismo/bonecos-de-estremoz Newstead, S., & Casimiro, T. M. (2016). Strange Adventures in a City Made of Marble: Exploring Pottery Production in Estremoz, Portugal. Medieval Ceramics: Journal of the Medieval Ceramics Research Group, 37-38, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.5284/1106435 Olaria Alfacinha [yaklaşık 2000] Pucarınho Enfeıtado. Museu Municipal de Estremoz Prof. Joaquim Vermelho. http://museuestremoz.blogspot.com/2010/03/peca-do-mes-pucarinho-enfeitado.html Oliveira, Correia. A. R. (2021). Bonecos, Coleção e Museuo Figurado de Barcelos Pelas Mãos de Sellés Paes [Relatório de Estágio Realizado no Ambito do Mestrado em História da Arte, Património e Cultura Visual Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto]. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/139767 Pinheiro, J. (t.y) Bonecos de Estremoz são Património da Humanidade. Julia. https://julia.pt/2017/12/11/bonecos-de-estremoz-sao-patrimonio-da-humanidade/ Pinto D. F. (2011, Temmuz 21). A Terceira Dimensão. https://portugalfotografiaaerea.blogspot.com/2011/07/estremoz.html Portugal Adventures. (2017). Craftsmanship of Estremoz Clay figures is Recognized as UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. https://www.azores-adventures.com/2017/12/craftsmanship-of-estremoz-clay-figures-is-recognized-as-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-of-human.html Portugal Travel Guide. (2022). The Town of Estremoz. https://portugaltravelguide.com/estremoz/ Portugal visitor. (t.y.). Estremoz Alentejo. https://www.portugalvisitor.com/portugal-city-guides/estremoz-guide Sítio Oficial de Informação da Presidência da República Portuguesa. (2017). Presidente da República congratula-se com a İnscrição da “Produção de Figurado de Estremoz” na Lista Representativa do Património Cultural Imaterial da UNESCO. https://www.presidencia.pt/atualidade/toda-a-atualidade/2017/12/presidente-da-republica-congratula-se-com-a-inscricao-da-producao-de-figurado-de-estremoz-na-lista-representativa-do-patrimonio-cultural-imaterial-da-unesco Unesco Intangible Cultural Heritage. (t.y.a). Decision of the Intergovernmental Committee:12.COM11.B.26. https://ich.unesco.org/en/decisions/12.COM/11.B.26 Unesco Intangible Cultural Heritage. (t.y.b). Craftmanship of Estremoz Clay Figures. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/craftmanship-of-estremoz-clay-figures-01279 Uniao das Misericordias Portuguesas. (2018). Estremoz ‘Até o Barro tem Poesia’ https://www.ump.pt/Home/patrimonio/noticias/estremoz-ate-o-barro-tem-poesia/ U. Porto. (t.y.). José Maria de Sá Lemos. Antigos Estudantes Ilustres da Universidade do Porto https://sigarra.up.pt/up/pt/web_base.gera_pagina?p_pagina=antigos%20estudantes%20ilustres%20-%20jos%c3%a9%20maria%20de%20s%c3%a1%20lemos Vermelho J. (t.y). Municipal Museum Guide. [Broşür]. https://www.cm-estremoz.pt/files/roteiro-museu-municipal-prof-joaquim-vermelho-en-1.pdf Visit Estremoz. (t.y.a). Property for Sale in Estremoz. https://visitestremoz.com/property/ Visit Estremoz. (t.y.b) Bonecos de Estremoz: a living tradition. https://visitestremoz.com/2021/11/03/bonecos-de-estremoz-a-living-tradition/ Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Plastik Sanatlar (Diğer) Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Seyhan Yılmaz Kastamonu Üniversitesi Güzel Sanatlar ve Tasarım Fakültesi 0000-0001-9425-173X Türkiye
Ayşe Gökoğlu KASTAMONU ÜNİVERSİTESİ, SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ 0000-0002-9738-3065 Türkiye
Proje Numarası – Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Eylül 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16
Kaynak Göster APA Yılmaz, S., & Gökoğlu, A. (2024). Estremoz’un Seramik Figürleri. Tykhe Sanat Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 9(16), 38-64. https://doi.org/10.55004/tykhe.1357010
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