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ETRÂF Skip to content Hadislerin baş tarafından bir kısmı zikredilmek suretiyle sahâbe adına veya hadis metinlerine göre alfabetik olarak düzenlenen eserlerin ortak adı.
Etrâf “bir şeyin kenarı, köşesi, yanı” mânasına gelen taraf kelimesinin çoğuludur. I. yüzyılın son çeyreğinden itibaren (VII. yüzyılın sonları) hadis derslerinde hatırlanması için hadisin baş tarafından bir kısmının yazıldığı ve bunlara etrâf dendiği bilinmektedir. Bu usul ilk defa İbn Sîrîn tarafından hocası Abîde es-Selmânî’nin (ö. 72/691) derslerinde uygulanmış ve daha sonra yaygınlaşmıştır (Mustafa M. el-A‘zamî, s. 165). IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren genellikle birden fazla hadis kitabındaki rivayetlere kolayca ulaşabilmek için iki nevi etrâf kitabı yazılmıştır. Birinci nevi öncelikle hadislerin ilk râvisi olan ashap adına, onlardan rivayette bulunanların çok olması halinde ayrıca tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiînin adlarına göre alfabetik olarak düzenlenmiştir. Bu eserler bir çeşit müsned özelliği arzeder. Ancak müsned türü eserlerde bir rivayetin tamamı verildiği halde etrâf kitaplarında rivayetlerin sadece belli bir kısmı zikredilir. Kütüb-i Sitte veya Ṣaḥîḥayn için yapılmış etrâf kitaplarında görüldüğü gibi, bir sahâbînin bu eserlerdeki bütün rivayetleri ve bu rivayetlerin bütün senedleri bir araya toplanarak eserlerin hangi bölümlerinde geçtiği tesbit edilir. Hadisin ilk râvilerine göre telif edilen etrâf kitaplarında bir hadisin birçok eserdeki senedlerinin bir araya getirilmesi araştırmacılar için bazı kolaylıklar sağlar. Bu sayede o hadisin geçtiği diğer kitapların ayrı ayrı incelenmesine gerek kalmadığı gibi hadisin sağlamlık derecesinin kolayca tesbit edilmesi mümkün olur. Bunun faydalarından biri de bazı senedlerde ayırıcı bir vasıf kullanılmadan meselâ Süfyân veya Hammâd diye zikredilen râvinin diğer senedlerde bu kapalılığın giderilmesi sayesinde Süfyân es-Sevrî mi, Süfyân b. Uyeyne mi, Hammâd b. Zeyd mi, yoksa Hammâd b. Seleme mi olduğunun belirlenebilmesidir. Hadisin bütün rivayetlerini birlikte görme imkânı, bir eserin yazımı veya basımı sırasında yapılan hataların tesbitini de kolaylaştırır. Etrâf kitaplarında yer alan hadislerin tanınmış muhaddislerden kimler tarafından ve eserlerinin hangi bölümünde nakledildiğini, ayrıca bir hadisin hangi kitaplarda bulunduğunu görmek azımsanmayacak bir faydadır. Bugün hadislerin kaynaklarını belirlemeye imkân veren mu‘cemlerin (concordance) henüz ortaya çıkmadığı yıllarda bu hususların tesbiti genellikle etrâf kitapları sayesinde mümkün olmuştur.
İkinci nevi etrâf kitapları ise senedleri alınmaksızın hadislerin baş tarafından veya tamamını hatırlamaya imkân veren bir kısmından birkaç kelimeyi almak, sonra da bu metinleri alfabetik sıraya koymak suretiyle yapılan çalışmalardır. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir, Süyûtî’nin mevcut hadislerin tamamını bir araya getirmek için önce kavlî hadisleri alfabetik olarak toplamaya başladığı, fakat tamamlayamadığı Cemʿu’l-cevâmiʿ adlı eseriyle ondan kısa metinli hadisleri seçerek meydana getirdiği el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaġīr ’i birer etrâf kitabı saymaktadır. Bu görüş benimsendiği takdirde Kudâî’nin (ö. 454/1062) daha önce telif ettiği hadis metinlerine göre alfabetik eseri Müsnedü’ş-Şihâb ’ı ile, halk dilinde yaygın olan hadislerin toplandığı Sehâvî’nin el-Maḳāṣıdü’l-ḥasene ’sinin de birer etrâf çalışması kabul edilmesi gerekir.
Hadisin sahâbî olan râvisine göre düzenlenen belli başlı etrâf kitapları şunlardır: 1. Halef el-Vâsıtî (ö. 401/1010), Eṭrâfü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn . Daha sonra aynı konuda kitap yazanların çoğu bu eserin genel planını benimsemiştir. Kitabın Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (Hadis, nr. 31, 42, 56) ve Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de (Hadis, nr. 371, 227 varak) nüshaları bulunmaktadır. 2. Ebû Mes‘ûd ed-Dımaşkī (ö. 401/1010-11), Eṭrâfü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn . Halef el-Vâsıtî’nin kitabı kadar ilgi görmediği anlaşılan eserin bir nüshası Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de bulunmaktadır (Hadis, nr. 373, 140 varak). 3. İbnü’l-Kayserânî, el-Eṭrâf li’l-efrâd li’d-Dâreḳuṭnî . Eṭrâfü’l-ġarâʾib ve’l-efrâd adıyla da anılan eserde Dârekutnî’nin el-Fevâʾidü’l-efrâd ’ı (eṭrâf) alfabetik sıraya konulmuştur. Kitabın Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de (Hadis, nr. 697, 361 varak) ve Fas Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 1065) birer nüshası, ayrıca Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde de (nr. 3209) bir mikrofilmi bulunmaktadır. Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî, tertibinde ve muhtevasındaki bazı eksikleri tamamlayarak eseri ihtisar etmiştir. 4. İbnü’l-Kayserânî, Eṭrâfü’l-Kütübi’s-Sitte . Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir kitabın müellif hattıyla olan nüshasını gördüğünü, fakat eserde fahiş hatalar bulunduğunu söylemektedir (bk. Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 587; ayrıca bk. Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 603). 5. Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Sâbit et-Tarkī, el-Levâmiʿ fi’l-cemʿ beyne’ṣ-ṣıḥâḥ ve’l-cevâmiʿ . Eṭrâfü’l-Kütübi’l-Ḫamse adıyla da anılan ve Kütüb-i Sitte ’nin İbn Mâce dışındaki beş kitabını ihtiva eden eserin bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 533, 210 varak). 6. Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir, el-İşrâf ʿalâ maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf . Ebû Dâvûd, Tirmizî, Nesâî ve İbn Mâce’nin sünenleri üzerine yapılan bu çalışmanın iki cildi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Ayasofya, nr. 455, 279 varak, nr. 456, 267 varak). 7. Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî, Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf . Sahâbe, tâbiîn ve tebeu’t-tâbiîne ait 1391 müsnedde mevcut 19.626 hadisin ele alındığı eser Kütüb-i Sitte ile Ebû Dâvûd’un el-Merâsîl ’ini, Tirmizî’nin eş-Şemâʾilü’n-nebeviyye adlı eserini, Nesâî’nin ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle ’sini de ihtiva etmektedir. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî eserdeki bazı hataları tashih ve ikmal maksadıyla en-Nüketü’ẓ-ẓırâf ʿale’l-Eṭrâf ’ı kaleme almıştır. Her iki eser Abdüssamed Şerefeddin tarafından titiz bir çalışma sonunda bir arada yayımlanmıştır (I-XIV, Bombay 1965-1966). 8. Ebü’l-Mehâsin el-Hüseynî, el-Keşşâf fî maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf . Bir önceki eserin muhtasarı olan ve Kütüb-i Sitte üzerine yapılan bu çalışmanın I ve II. ciltleri Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de bulunmaktadır (Hadis, nr. 445). 9. Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir el-Bûsîrî, Eṭrâfü’l-mesânîdi’l-ʿaşere . Günümüze gelip gelmediği bilinmeyen bu eser, sonuncusu dışında hepsi III. (IX.) yüzyılda vefat eden on muhaddisin müsnedlerini ihtiva etmekte olup bunlar Ebû Dâvûd et-Tayâlisî, Abdullah b. Zübeyr el-Humeydî, Müsedded b. Müserhed, Ebû Bekir b. Ebû Şeybe, İshak b. Râhûye, İbn Ebû Ömer, Ahmed b. Menî‘, Abd b. Humeyd, Hâris b. Ebû Üsâme ve Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Mevsılî’dir (Kettânî, s. 372). 10. İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, İtḥâfü’l-mehere bi-eṭrâfi’l-ʿaşere . İtḥâfü’l-mehere bi’l-fevâʾidi’l-mübtekire min eṭrâfi’l-ʿaşere adıyla da anılan eser İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ını, İmam Şâfiî’nin ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in müsnedlerini, Dârimî’nin es-Sünen ’ini, İbnü’l-Cârûd’un el-Münteḳā ’sını, Ebû Avâne el-İsferâyînî’nin el-Müstaḫrec ’ini, Tahâvî’nin Şerḥu Meʿâni’l-âs̱âr ’ını, İbn Hibbân’ın eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ ’ini, Dârekutnî’nin es-Sünen ’ini ve Hâkim’in el-Müstedrek ’ini ihtiva etmektedir. İtḥâfü’l-mehere ’nin Murad Molla Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası mevcuttur (nr. 349-364). Müellif daha sonra bu eserden Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’ini çıkararak buna İṭrâfü’l-müsnedi’l-muʿtelî bi-Eṭrâfi’l-Müsnedi’l-Ḥanbelî adını vermiştir. İṭrâfü’l-müsned , Züheyr b. Nâsır en-Nâsır tarafından Eṭrâfü Müsnedi’l-İmâm Aḥmed b. Ḥanbel adıyla son cildi fihrist olmak üzere on cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk-Beyrut 1414/1993). 11. Abdülganî en-Nablusî (ö. 1143/1731), Ẕeḫâʾirü’l-mevârîs̱ fi’d-delâleti ʿalâ mevâżıʿi’l-ḥadîs̱ . Kütüb-i Sitte ile el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı ihtiva eden eser sahâbî adına göre yedi bölüm halinde düzenlenmiş olup Mahmûd Rebî‘ tarafından neşredilmiştir (I-IV, Kahire 1352/1934).
Bunlardan başka Ebû Nuaym Ubeydullah b. Hasan b. Ahmed el-Haddâd el-İsbahânî’nin (ö. 517/1123) Eṭrafü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ’ı, İbnü’l-Mülakkın’ın el-İşrâf ʿale’l-eṭrâf ’ı, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Eṭrâfü’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn (Tertîbü eṭrâfi’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn ), Eṭrâfü’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-muḫtâre li’ż-Żiyâ el-Maḳdisî (el-İnâre fî eṭrâfi’l-Muḫtâre ), Tesdîdü’l-ḳavs fî eṭrâfi’l-Müsnedi’l-Firdevs , el-Fevâʾidü’l-mecmûʿa bi-eṭrâfi’l-eczâʾi’l-mesmûʿa , el-Eczâʾ bi-eṭrâfi’l-eczâʾ ve Eṭrâfü Şerḥi Meʿâni’l-âs̱âr ve Süneni’d-Dâreḳuṭnî adlı eserleri ve Zeynüddin el-Irâkī’nin Eṭrâfü Ṣaḥîḥi İbn Ḥibbân ’ı da zikredilebilir.
Hadis metinlerine göre düzenlenen belli başlı etrâf kitapları da şunlardır: 1. Muhammed Şerif Tokadî, Miftâḥu’ṣ-Ṣaḥîḥayn . Eserde önce Buhârî’nin, sonra da Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’lerindeki kavlî hadisler alfabetik olarak dizilmiş, hadislerin bu eserlerdeki ve belli başlı şerhlerindeki yerleri gösterilmiştir (bk. DİA , VII, 123, 128). Günümüzde daha çok bilgisayar yardımıyla meydana getirilen birçok hadis kitabının fihristini bu türe dahil etmek mümkündür. 2. Ebû Hâcer Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl, Mevsûʿatü eṭrâfi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebeviyyi’ş-şerîf . Hadis, siyer, fıkıh, ilel, hadis ricâli, mevzû hadis ve tefsirle ilgili 150 kitabın taranmasıyla meydana getirilen bu çalışmada hadisin baş tarafından veya herhangi bir yerinden en az bir kelime alınmakta, ardından da hadisin geçtiği kaynaklar zikredilmektedir. Eser on bir cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1410/1989). 3. Wensinck, el-Muʿcemü’l-müfehres li-elfâẓi’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî (Concordance et indices de la tradition musulmane ). İkinci nevi etrâf kitaplarının farklı bir türünü meydana getirmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tirmizî, el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir), Kahire, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 58-60.
Mizzî, Tuḥfetü’l-eşrâf bi-maʿrifeti’l-eṭrâf (nşr. Abdüssamed Şerefeddin), Haydarâbâd 1965-66, I-XIV.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIX, 487.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 587.
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Brockelmann, GAL , I, 436; Suppl. , I, 603.
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Şâkir Mahmûd Abdülmün‘im, İbn Ḥacer el-ʿAsḳalânî ve dirâsetü muṣannefâtihî ve menhecühû ve mevâridühû fî kitâbihi’l-İṣâbe , Bağdad 1978, I, 409-419.
Miftâḥu künûzi’s-sünne , Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir’in mukaddimesi, s. dad, zı.
Abdullah Aydınlı, Hadis Istılahları Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1987, s. 38.
Talât Koçyiğit, Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 123.
Mustafa M. el-A‘zamî, İlk Devir Hadis Edebiyatı (trc. Hulusi Yavuz), İstanbul 1993, s. 165.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe (Özbek) , s. 370-372.
Jamila Shaukat, “Classification of Hadīth Literature”, IS , XXIV/3 (1985), s. 360-361.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, “el-Câmiu’s-sahîh”, DİA , VII, 123, 128.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 498-499 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.