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EVKĀF-ı HÜMÂYUN NEZÂRETİ Skip to content Osmanlı ülkesinde bulunan bütün vakıfların idaresinden, mülhak ve diğer vakıfların denetiminden sorumlu olan kurum.
II. Mahmud tarafından, sultanlara ve yakınlarına ait dağınık bir vaziyette bulunan vakıfların tek elden idaresi maksadıyla 1826’da kurulmuştur. O döneme kadar işler durumda olan vakıflar üç ana grupta toplanmaktaydı. Bunlar Osmanlılar’dan önceki İslâm devletlerinden intikal eden evkāf-ı kadîme, mîrî arazinin temliki suretiyle kurulan evkāf-ı irsâdiyye ve hayır sever kimseler tarafından sırf kendi mülklerinden ayırdıkları mallarla tesis ettikleri evkāf-ı sahîha-i lâzime idi (Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi, Ahkâm-ı Evkāf , s. 117). Bu vakıflar müstakil vakfiyelerine, vakfiyesi bulunmayanlar da eski teamüllere göre ayrı hükmî şahsiyetler olarak faaliyet gösteriyordu. Başka bir ifadeyle vakıflar vakıf kurucularının belirlediği esaslar doğrultusunda idare ediliyordu. Vakıfların şartlara uygun ve düzenli biçimde işleyişini iki yetkili sağlardı. Vakfın yönetimini mütevelli yürütür ve yaptığı işe “tevliyet” adı verilirdi; vakfın denetimini ise nâzır yerine getirir, buna da “nezâret” denilirdi. Umumiyetle vakıf mütevellisi vakıf sahibinin kendisi, onun ölümünden sonra da evlât ve ahfadı oluyordu. Padişah ve sultanlar kendi kurdukları vakıfların yönetimi ve denetimiyle yeterince meşgul olamadıkları için bu selâtin vakıflarının nezâreti sadrazam, şeyhülislâm ve kapı ağaları gibi yetkililere şart koşuluyordu. Böylece nezâret görevinin değişik yetkililere devredilmiş olması vakıfların yönetiminde merkezî bir idareye geçiş ortamını da hazırlamıştı.
Sadrazam, şeyhülislâm ve kapı ağalarının nezâreti dışında, XVI. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Mekke ve Medine’deki müesseselere tahsis edilen ve ülkenin çeşitli bölgelerinde bulunan vakıfların tek bir elden idaresi için yeni bir nezâret teşkil edildi ve 995’te (1586) Evkāf-ı Haremeyn Nezâreti kuruldu; daha sonra da padişahların, sultan kadınların, paşalarla Dârüssaâde ağaları vakıflarının nezâretleriyle birleşti. Bu sebeple Evkāf-ı Haremeyn Nezâreti müfettişlik, muhasebecilik, mukātaacılık ve Dârüssaâde yazıcılığı olmak üzere dört memuriyetle yönetilmeye başlandı. Ardından İstanbul, Galata, Üsküdar ve Eyüp kadılarının, kaptanpaşa ile yeniçeri ağalarının, sekbanbaşı, bostancıbaşıların nezâretleri kurularak İstanbul’daki evkaf nezâretinin sayısı on ikiye ulaştı.
Vakıf idarelerinin dağınık bir halde bulunması birçok yolsuzluğa sebep olduğundan I. Abdülhamid “Hamîdiyye” ismiyle tesis ettiği ünlü vakıflarının nezâreti için 1188’de (1774) yeni bir teşkilât kurdu. Vakıflarının içinde yaptırdığı idare binasında çalışmalarına başlayan bu teşkilât mütevelli kaymakamlığı, evkaf kitâbeti ve rûznâmçe kitâbeti olmak üzere üç memuriyetten oluşuyordu. Teşkilâtın başarılı olduğu görülünce Harem-i Hümâyun ile bostancıbaşı evkaf nezâretleri de buraya bağlandı. Hamîdiyye Vakıfları Nezâreti’nin adı Evkāf-ı Hamîdiyye ve Mülhakātı şeklinde değiştirilerek yönetimi 1777 yılından itibaren Darphâne-i Âmire nâzırlarına verildi. Daha önce vakıfların idaresi için özel bir daire yaptıran III. Mustafa’nın kurduğu Lâleli ve Mülhakātı Vakıfları da 1788’de Hamîdiyye Vakıfları ile birleştirildi. Böylece padişahlar kendi vakıfları için merkeziyetçi bir uygulamayı başlatmış oldular. I. Abdülhamid’in tesis ettiği bu teşkilât daha sonra kurulacak olan Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin de temelini oluşturdu.
II. Mahmud 1809’da tesis ettiği vakıfları Hamîdiyye Vakıfları ile birleştirip Evkāf-ı Hamîdiyye ve Mahmûdiyye adıyla yeni bir teşkilât kurarak idaresini 1814’te Darphâne-i Âmire nâzırına bırakınca Evkāf-ı Selâse de denilen Lâleli, Hamîdiyye ve Mahmûdiyye Vakıfları Mütevelli Kaymakamlığı idaresi ortaya çıktı. Çeşitli vakıfların katılmasıyla ve 1826’da Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgası sonucu yeniçeri ve sekbanbaşı ağalarınca yönetilen vakıfların da buraya ilâve edilmesiyle oldukça büyüyüp genişleyen bu teşkilâtın Darphâne-i Âmire Nezâreti tarafından yönetimi güçleşti. Bunun üzerine vakıflar Darphâne-i Âmire’den ayrılarak tek bir elde toplandı ve Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti adıyla müstakil bir nezâret kuruldu; nâzırlığına Darphâne-i Âmire eski nâzırı ve mütevelli kaymakamı Yûsuf Efendi tayin edildi.
Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin tarihini yazan İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal ve Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin nezâretin kuruluş tarihini 12 Rebîülevvel 1242 (14 Ekim 1826) olarak vermekte iseler de (Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâretinin Târihçe-i Teşkîlâtı , s. 26) Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nâzırı Yûsuf Efendi’nin imzasını taşıyan aynı tarihli bir belgenin mevcut olması (VGMA, nr. 964, s. 237), nezâretin kuruluşunu bundan biraz daha önceki günlere götürmektedir. Nezâretin kurulma sebepleri arasında, çok dağınık bir vaziyette olan vakıf yönetiminin tek elde toplanması yanında vakıf sektöründe baş gösteren yolsuzlukların ortadan kaldırılması, devlet yapısının Batı tarzında merkezî bir anlayışla yeniden düzenlenmesi ve vakıf potansiyelinden devletin diğer sektörlerinde de faydalanma fikri, dinî çevrelerin gücünü kırma düşüncesi ve Batılı dostları memnun etme eğilimleri de yer almaktadır. Ancak her şeyden önce vakıf sektöründe yaşanan dağınıklık ve keyfîliğe son vermek, vakıfların yönetimini toplum ve kurum lehine ıslâh etmek, nezâret bünyesinde teşkil edilecek Evkaf Hazinesi kanalıyla vakıflar arası kaynak aktarımını gerçekleştirerek geliri giderini karşılamayan vakıflara destek sağlamak gibi düşünceler ön planda tutulmuştu. Nitekim şeyhülislâm nezâretinde bulunan vakıfların Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne bağlanmasına dair hatt-ı hümâyunda vakıfların tek elde toplanmasının gerekçesi vakıfların idaresini iyi bir şekilde yoluna koymak (BA, HH , nr. 26845), nezâretleri Haremeyn ve şeyhülislâmlığa ait vakıfların dışında kalan bütün vakıfların Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne bağlanmasına dair irâde-i seniyyede ise hayratını imar etmek ve hayır hizmetlerini yerine getirmek (VGMA, nr. 965, s. 140) şeklinde ifade edilmektedir.
Vakıf müessesesinin yeni bir anlayışla idare edilmesinden Osmanlı yönetimi müsbet mânada gelişmeler beklerken Osmanlı topraklarında gayri menkul edinmenin merkezî hükümet üzerinde daha etkili olmayı kolaylaştıracağını düşünen Batılılar da merkeziyetçi bir anlayışın Osmanlı ülkesinde hâkim olmasını istiyorlardı. Hatta devletin bekasını ve Batılı devletler arasında sayılması şartını tavsiye ettikleri yeniliklerin gerçekleştirilmesine bağlıyor, bunun temini için de güçlü bir merkezî hükümeti gerekli görüyorlardı (Lewis, s. 124-127). Nitekim dış kaynaklı siyasî tesirlerle Osmanlı yönetimine Ahkâm-ı Arâzî Kanunu (Düstûr , Birinci tertip, I, 165-245) kabul ettirilmişti. Fakat bu gelişme, Osmanlı arazisini ucuz yoldan elde etmek isteyen Avrupalı sermayedarları tatmin etmiyordu. Çünkü Osmanlı topraklarının bir kısmı mîrî arazi, önemli bir kısmı da vakıf arazisiydi. Her iki arazi türü rakabe ve istimlâk edilemediği gibi intikalleri de zordu. Ancak hükümet mîrî arazi üzerinde kanun yapma yetkisine sahip olduğundan arzu edildiği vakit bu konuda baskı yoluyla istenilen sonucu elde etmek mümkündü. Vakıflar ise hükümetin nüfuzunun tamamıyla dışında bulunuyordu. Avrupalılar, mîrî arazi ile evkafın pazara çıkarılabilecek bir mal halinde bulunmasını ve vakıf arazisinin istimlâk edilmesini, alınacak kredi karşılığında ipotek gösterilmesini istiyorlardı. Nitekim Batı’nın ısrarları sonucunda Bâbıâli Tevsî-i İntikāl Kanunu ile Müsakkafât ve Müstegallât-ı Vakfiyye Nizamnâmesi’ni neşrederek uzun zamandır vaad ettiği vakıfların satışı işini halletti (Engelhardt, s. 421-422). Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin kuruluşu ve faaliyetleri bu konuda önemli bir rol oynamıştır.
Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin kuruluşundan sonra buraya ilk olarak 1244’te (1828) kapı ağaları nezâretine bağlı vakıflar, 1246’da (1830) bostancıbaşı, topçubaşı, hazinedarbaşı, kilercibaşı, sarây-ı cedîd ağaları nezâretinde bulunan vakıflar bağlandı (İA , XIII, 163). 1247 (1831) yılında da İstanbul ve Bilâd-ı Selâse kadıları ve Haremeyn müfettişliği nezâretine bağlı vakıflar ilhak edildi. Bu vakıflardan önce defterdar, reis efendi ve Galata Sarayı ağalarının yönetiminde bulunan vakıfların Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne bağlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. İlk beş yıl içinde nezârete katılan vakıfların toplam sayısı 632’ye yükselmişti. Yine aynı yıl kaptanpaşa, çavuşbaşı, 1248’de (1832) sadrazam nezâretindeki vakıfların idaresi Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne verildi (İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal – Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin, s. 28). İki yıl sonra Dâvud Paşa’nın tasarrufunda bulunan on beş vakıf, hemen ardından da Bursa’da bulunan Murad Hudâvendigâr ve Yıldırım Bayezid vakıfları Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti tarafından alındı. 1251’de (1835) Bergama ve civarındaki Karaosmanzâde Hacı Hüseyin Ağa ve Ebû Eyyûb el-Ensârî vakıfları, bir yıl sonra da çoğu vakıf olan İstanbul, Üsküdar ve Galata’da mevcut akarsuların idaresini üstlenen Su Nezâreti Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne bağlandı.
Nezâreti şeyhülislâmlara meşrut vakıflarla birleştirilen Evkāf-ı Haremeyn Nezâreti 10 Rebîülevvel 1254’te (3 Haziran 1838) Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’ne katıldı (BA, HH , nr. 22865). Aynı tarihte Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti ile Darphâne Nezâreti birleştirilmiş (a.y.) ve Evkāf-ı Hümâyun nâzırı Meclis-i Vükelâ’ya dahil edilmişti (Hâtemî, I, 331). Diğer taraftan 1250 (1834) yılının ortalarından itibaren mütevellileri ve muhasebecileri mevcut olan vakıfların mütevellilerine belirli bir maaş bağlanarak bu tür vakıflar da nezârete ilhak edilmeye başlanmıştı (VGMA, nr. 965, s. 213-214; BA, HH , nr. 27292). Nihayet Sultan Abdülmecid vakıflarının idaresi, saltanatının (1839-1861) son yıllarında çıkan bir irâde-i seniyye ile nezârete bağlandı. Bu ilhak dolayısıyla hesaplanan bilançolara göre bu tarihte Abdülmecid vakıflarının 4.177.315,5 kuruş gelir fazlası bulunuyordu (VGMA, nr. 997, s. 56-57). Bu gelişmeler üzerine Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti, Osmanlı ülkesinde mevcut sekiz kalem müstesna vakfın dışında kalan bütün vakıfların nezâret görevini üstlenerek muhasebelerini yapmaya başladı. Böylece Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti, mazbut ve idaresi mazbut vakıfların hem mütevellisi hem nâzırı, mülhak vakıfların ise tek yetkili idarecisi haline geldi.
Başlangıçta Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti üç daireden teşekkül ediyordu. Bunlar vakıflarla ilgili ilâmları, takrirleri, inhâları yazmakla görevli kesedarlık; mukātaa ve iltizam zabıtnâmelerini, mültezimler ve onların kefilleri olan sarraflardan alınacak borç tahvillerini, iltizam bedellerini ve icarların zimmet pusulalarını düzenlemekle görevli zimmet halifeliği; nezâretin hazinesine gelen meblağları almak, masrafları ödemekle mükellef sergi halifeliği idi. Bu üç daireye ayrıca ikişer kâtip ve ikişer yamak tayin edilmişti (İA , XIII, 163).
Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin teşkilâtı kuruluşundan itibaren dinamik bir yapıya sahip olmuştur. İhtiyaç duyulan her an yeni daireler kurulmuş veya mevcut dairelerde yeni düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Nezâretin teşkilât yapısında en büyük gelişmeler, 1254’te (1838) Evkaf nâzırlarının vekiller heyetine dahil olması, 1255’te (1839) Tanzimat’ın ilânı, 1297 (1880) ve 1330 (1911) tarihli teşkilât nizamnâmeleriyle sağlanmıştır (Öztürk, Türk Yenileşme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakıf Müessesesi , s. 153). II. Meşrutiyet yıllarında Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin merkez teşkilâtı Müsteşarlık, Encümen-i Mahsûs, Encümen-i Me’mûrîn. Gurebâ-i Müslimîn Hastahanesi, Merkez Fen Heyeti’nin yanında bölge esasına göre düzenlenen Taşra Fen Heyeti’nden meydana gelen İnşaat ve Tamirat Umum Müdürlüğü; Anadolu, Rumeli, Arabistan Masaları, Levâzım Müdüriyeti, Terekât ve Nukūd-ı Mevkūfe Müdüriyeti, Vezne Müdüriyeti ve alt birimlerden oluşan Muhâsebât Umum Müdürlüğü; nezâretin taşra teşkilâtı esasına göre dokuz ayrı bölgeden meydana gelen Teftiş Heyeti; Hukuk Müşavirliği, Mahkeme-i Evkāf, Kalem-i Mahsûs ve Evâmir Mebânî-i Hayriyye ve Akarât-ı Vakfiyye, Orman ve Arâzî-i Vakfiyye, Müessesât-ı İlmiyye, Kuyûd-ı Vakfiyye, Me’mûrîn Kalemi, Evrak, Evkāf-ı Mülhaka, Evkāf-ı İslâmiyye Müzesi ve Haremeyn müdüriyetlerinden meydana gelmekteydi (a.g.e. , s. 154-158, 188).
Merkez teşkilâtı gibi nezâretin taşra teşkilâtı da ancak belirli merhalelerden sonra istikrar kazandı. Osmanlı ülkesinde mevcut, idaresi Evkāf-ı Hümâyun ve Haremeyn hazinelerine ait taşradaki mazbut vakıf bina ve arazilerin, Tanzimat’ın getirdiği yeni esaslara göre “hükkâm-ı belde” gözetiminde mahallî meclislerce idare edilmesi kararlaştırılmıştı. Bu yeni düzenlemelerden sonra taşra vakıflarının yıllık gelirleri Evkaf Hazinesi’ne gönderilmek üzere mahallî mîrî sandıklara aktarılıyordu. 1258 (1842) yılına gelindiğinde, iki yıl boyunca toplanarak Evkaf Hazinesi’ne gönderilmek üzere Maliye Hazinesi’ne teslim edilen vakıf paralarının Evkaf Hazinesi’ne teslim edilmediği görüldü (VGMA, nr. 966, s. 399-402) Bunun üzerine taşra vakıflarının müşirler, defterdarlar ve kaymakamlarca yerli halk ve gümrük görevlileri arasından seçilerek tayin edilen memurlar tarafından yönetilmesi kararlaştırıldı (VGMA, nr. 966, s. 398-399). Fakat 1261 (1845) yılında, mahallinden tayin edilen memurlar eliyle taşrada bulunan mazbut vakıfların istenilen seviyede idarelerinin mümkün olmadığı anlaşıldı. Yönetimde görülen bu kargaşa ve dağınıklıklara son vermek amacıyla bu defa İstanbul’dan müstakil müdürler tayin edilmesi ve bunların yanına yeteri kadar kâtip verilmesi kararlaştırıldı. Bu karar uyarınca merkezden tayin edilecek evkaf müdürlerinin eline verilmek üzere taşra vakıflarının idare tarzını düzenleyen dokuz maddelik tâlimat, gedik ile ilgili bent çıkarılarak on dört madde halinde yeniden düzenlendi ve 27 Cemâziyelevvel 1261 (3 Haziran 1845) tarihli irâde-i seniyye ile yürürlüğe konuldu (VGMA, nr. 967, s. 46-48).
Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin taşra teşkilâtı, yerleşim birimlerinin büyüklüğüne ve o yörede bulunan vakıf potansiyeline göre ilk önce muhasebecilik ve müdüriyet olarak ikiye ayrılmıştı. Kaza evkaf memurlukları hariç yirmi dokuzu muhasebecilik, doksan biri müdürlük olmak üzere Osmanlı dönemi evkaf teşkilâtı taşra kuruluşu 120 birime ulaşmıştı (Düstûr , Birinci tertip, VIII, 628-632). Kamu harcamalarında tasarrufa gidilmesi amacıyla 26 Şevval 1296 (13 Ekim 1879) tarihinde alınan karar uyarınca vakıfların taşra teşkilâtında bazı sınırlamalara gidildi. Buna göre muhasebecilikler eskiden olduğu gibi yine yirmi dokuzda bırakılmakla birlikte müdürlük sayısı yetmiş beşe düşürüldü. Vakıfların taşra teşkilâtında meydana gelen bu gelişmelere paralel olarak mevzuatta da bazı değişiklikler yapıldı. 1280 (1863) yılında Taşralarda Kâin Bilcümle Evkāf-ı Şerîfe’nin Cihât-ı İdâresiyle Evkaf Müdürlüklerinin Harekât ve İcraatı Hakkındaki Atik Lâyiha dokuz fasıl ve elli altı bent halinde yeniden düzenlendi (VGMA, nr. 972, s. 63-64; Düstûr , Birinci tertip, II, 146-169). Bu ise Osmanlı döneminde taşra vakıflarının idaresi hakkında yapılan en geniş kapsamlı hukukî düzenlemedir ve Cumhuriyet döneminde 2762 sayılı Vakıflar Kanunu’na (Düstûr , Üçüncü tertip, XVI, 586) dayalı olarak çıkarılan Vakıflar Nizamnâmesi’nin (Düstûr , Üçüncü tertip, XVIII, 1433, md. 64) 17 Temmuz 1936’da kabulüne kadar yürürlükte kalmıştır.
Vakıfların yönetiminde görülen dağınıklığın giderilmesi ve yolsuzlukların önlenmesi için merkezî bir anlayışla Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti’nin kurulması ve bu nezâretin merkez ve taşra teşkilâtının oluşturulması istenilen sonucu vermemiştir. Nezâretin kurulması ile başlatılan ve Tanzimat’la birlikte hız kazanan, vakıf köy ve mezra âşârı ile mukātaa bedellerinin tahsili görevinin maliyeye verilmesi, tahsilat karşılığı kesilen miktarların sürekli mîrî hazine lehine yükseltilmesi, sonraları gelir fazlalarının tamamına el konulması, toplam gelirin % 15’inin tecil edilmesi gibi yollarla vakıf gelirlerinin Maliye Hazinesi içerisinde tutulması vakıf eserlerinin harap ve bakımsız hale gelmesine yol açmıştır. Batılılar’ın teşvik ve baskısı ile önce vakıfların yönetiminin merkezîleştirilmesi, ardından vakıfların imkân ve gelirlerinin devletin diğer sektörlerine aktarılması ve daha sonra hukukî bir düzenleme ile mîrî hazine ile vakıflar arasında mevcut alacak ve borçların karşılıklı ibrâ edilmesi vakıfları borçlu, mütevellileri yoksul hale getirmiştir. Hatta câri giderlerin karşılanamaması sebebiyle binlerce hayır eseri harap olmuş, hayır hizmetleri durma noktasına gelmiştir. Hizmete açık tutulabilen eserler hayır sever vatandaşların yardımı ile ayakta kalabilmiştir (VGMA, nr. 966, s. 464-465). Batılılaşma ve yenileşme döneminde arka arkaya yürürlüğe konulan kararlarla, Osmanlı toplum hayatında sosyal, siyasî ve kültürel açıdan derin izleri bulunan, hatta devletin çöküş dönemi olan XIX. yüzyılda bile Türk istihdam ve iktisadî hayatının % 16’larına hâkim olan vakıf müessesesi (Öztürk, Türk Yenileşme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakıf Müessesesi , s. 92, 1026), hukukî düzenlemeler ve alınan siyasî kararlarla büyük çapta tahrip edilmiştir. Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâreti, rûmî 1337 (1921) tarihli Teşkîlât-ı Esâsiyye kanununa göre Ankara’da Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümeti içinde Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti olarak kurulmuş, bu vekâlet de 3 Mart 1924’te kaldırılarak başbakanlığa bağlı bir umum müdürlük haline getirilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, HH , nr. 22865, 26845, 27292.
BA , Ali Emîrî, II. Mahmud, nr. 9795.
BA , Cevdet-Evkaf, nr. 8308.
VGMA, nr. 964, s. 237 (1242); nr. 964, s. 423-424 (1247); nr. 965, s. 140, 141-142 (1250); nr. 965, s. 143, 190-191 (1251), 213-214, 217-223 (1252); nr. 966, s. 319-321 (1256), 398-402 (1258), 464-465 (1259); nr. 967, s. 46-48 (1261), 278 (1267); nr. 997, s. 56-57 (1278); nr. 972, s. 63-64 (1280); nr. 942, s. 151-153 (1317).
Düstûr , Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1289, I, 165-245; II, 146-169; a.e. , Birinci tertip, Ankara 1934, VIII, 628-632; a.e. , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1935, XVI, 586; a.e. , Üçüncü tertip, Ankara 1936, XVIII, 1433.
Lutfî, Târih , I, 205-207.
Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât , İstanbul 1328, IV, 100-101.
İsmail Sıdkı, Hâtırat: Memâlik-i Osmâniyye’de Kâin Evkāfın Sûret-i İdaresi Hakkında Bazı Mütâlaâtı Hâvidir , İstanbul 1324.
Elmalılı Muhammed Hamdi, Ahkâm-ı Evkāf , İstanbul 1327, s. 117, 120-123, 127-128.
a.mlf., İrşâdü’l-ahlâf fî ahkâmi’l-evkāf , İstanbul 1330, s. 3.
Ed. Engelhardt, Türkiye ve Tanzimat (trc. Ali Reşâd), İstanbul 1328, s. 421-422.
İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal – Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin [Yasar], Evkāf-ı Hümâyun Nezâretinin Târihçe-i Teşkîlâtı ve Nüzzârın Terâcim-i Ahvâli , İstanbul 1335.
Karal, Osmanlı Tarihi , VIII, bk. İndeks.
Hüseyin Hâtemî, Medeni Hukuk Tüzelkişileri , İstanbul 1979, I, 330-340.
Nazif Öztürk, Menşe’i ve Tarihî Gelişimi Açısından Vakıflar , Ankara 1983.
a.mlf., Türk Yenileşme Tarihi Çerçevesinde Vakıf Müessesesi (doktora tezi, 1991), AÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
J. R. Barnes, An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire , Leiden 1986.
B. Lewis, Modern Türkiye’nin Doğuşu (trc. Metin Kıratlı), Ankara 1988, s. 124-127.
Mehmet İpşirli, “II. Mehmed Döneminde Vakıfların İdaresi”, Sultan II. Mahmud ve Reformları Semineri (Bildiriler) , İstanbul 1990, s. 49-57.
Bahaeddin Yediyıldız, “Vakıf”, İA , XIII, 153 vd.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 521-524 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.