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EVLÂT EDİNME Skip to content
Nesebi belli olsun olmasın başkasına ait bir çocuğu kendi çocuğu olarak kabul etme anlamındaki evlât edinme geçmişte ve günümüzde rastlanan sosyal ve hukukî bir vâkıadır. Arapça’da evlât edinme karşılığında kullanılan tebennî , “oğul” anlamındaki ibn kelimesinden türemiş olup “oğul edinme” demektir. Evlât edinme kurumunun var olduğu hemen bütün toplumlarda görüldüğü gibi eski Arap toplumunda da sadece erkek çocuklar evlât edinildiğinden bu vâkıa tebennî kelimesiyle ifade edilmiştir. Kız çocuklarının evlât edinilmesi sonraki dönemlerde görülür.
Yahudilik’te evlât edinme kurumunun varlığından söz etmek oldukça güçtür. Tevrat’ta bu konuya temas eden ifadeler son derece muğlak olup bunların evlâtlık olarak yorumlanmaması da mümkündür (meselâ bk. Tekvîn, 48/5-6; Ester, 2/7, 15). Esasen İbrânîce’de evlâtlık anlamında bir kelimeye de rastlanmaz. Bu sebeple bazı âlimler Yahudilik’te evlât edinmenin bulunmadığını söylemişlerdir. Yahudilik’te atalar kültüne özen gösterildiğinden ailenin devamına da büyük önem verilmiş ve bekârlık tasvip edilmemiştir. Ağabeyin çocuk bırakmadan ölmesi halinde küçük kardeşin yengesiyle evlenmesi kuralı (levirat) ailenin devamı maksadına yöneliktir. Çünkü bu evlilikten doğacak ilk çocuk ağabeyin çocuğu kabul edilmekte ve onun ailesini devam ettirmektedir. Aile kültünün önem taşıdığı diğer toplumlarda bulunan evlâtlık kurumuna Yahudilik’te rastlanmaması, bu müessesenin ve bu yolla kurulan akrabalık ilişkisinin sunî görülmesinin yanı sıra Yahudilik’te çok evliliğe izin verilmesiyle de izah edilmekte ve çocuğu olmayanların ikinci bir evliliğe başvurma imkânına sahip bulundukları ifade edilmektedir. Hıristiyanlık’ta da evlâtlık uygulamalarına ilgi gösterilmemiştir. Yeni Ahid’de “oğulluk” kavramı herhangi bir şahsın değil Allah’ın oğlu olma anlamında kullanılmıştır (meselâ bk. Romalılar’a Mektup, 8/15).
Roma hukukunda evlâtlık kurumu atalar kültüne gösterilen özenin tabii neticesi olarak önemli bir yer tutar. Atalar kültünü erkek çocuklar devam ettireceğinden önceleri sadece onların evlât edinilmesi mümkündü. Sonraki dönemlerde evlât edinmenin bu yönü ikinci plana düşmüş, daha çok sosyal ve psikolojik âmiller etkili olmaya başlamış ve bunun sonucunda da belirli şartlarla kız çocuklarının da evlât edinilmesi imkân dahiline girmiştir. Cumhuriyet döneminde ise bir aile reisinin velâyeti altında bulunmayanlarla bulunanların evlât edinilmesi şeklinde ikili bir uygulama (adrogatio-adoptio) yürütülmüştür. Her iki şekilde uyulacak hukukî usuller ve ortaya çıkan sonuçlar kısmen farklıdır. Kadınlar aile reisi olamadıkları ve hiç kimse üzerinde velâyet kuramadıkları için evlât edinemezlerdi.
Çeşitli Türk boylarında sosyal ve psikolojik ihtiyaçlar yanında başka sebeplerle de evlâtlık uygulamasına başvurulduğu bilinmektedir. Yakutlar’da çocukları kötü ruhların etkisinden korumak amacıyla doğar doğmaz evlâtlık vermek, hatta aynı maksatla çalınmalarına imkân sağlamak yaygın şekilde görülmektedir. Çocuğun sonradan ailesine dönmesi belli şartlarla mümkündü. Altaylar’da da ergenlik çağına gelmeden önce ölen çocukların ailelerine başkalarının çocuklarını çalma hakkı tanınmıştı. Bu yolla çalınan çocuk ancak bir bedel karşılığında ailesine geri dönebilirdi. Bunların dışında normal şekilde evlât edinme, evlâtlık edinecek ve evlâtlık verecek tarafların anlaşmasıyla gerçekleşirdi. Doğu Türkistan’da bulunan Uygur hukuk belgeleri arasında evlât edinmeyle ilgili olanlar da yer almaktadır (meselâ bk. İzgi, s. 89-97). Bu belgelerde evlât edinenin ve evlâtlığın karşılıklı hak ve borçları tesbit edilmiştir. Buna göre evlâtlık ailenin bir ferdi sayıldığından diğer aile fertleriyle aynı haklara sahiptir. Bu statü, evlât edinen ailenin sonradan çocuk sahibi olması durumunda da geçerlidir. Evlâtlık verenler çocuklarını geri almak isterlerse o zamana kadar yapılan masrafları karşılamak mecburiyetindedirler.
Uygurlar’da borçlu kimselerin çocuklarını, hem bir teminat olarak hem de belli bir süre çalışmak üzere alacaklılarına verdikleri ve bunların da bir nevi evlâtlık muamelesine tâbi tutulduğu bilinmektedir. Ancak bu çocuklar normal evlâtlıklara nisbetle daha aşağı bir statüde tutulmuştur.
Evlâtlık kurumuna İslâmiyet öncesi Arap toplumunda da rastlanmaktadır. Araplar’da çok evlilik ve ölen ağabeyin hanımı ile evlenme uygulaması mevcut olduğu halde onlar aynı Sâmî kökten gelen yahudiler gibi bu kurumu reddetmemişlerdir. Hz. Peygamber, nübüvvetten önce eşi Hatice’nin kendisine hediye ettiği Zeyd b. Hârise adlı köleyi ailesinin satın almak istemesi üzerine âzat etmiş, fakat Zeyd Resûl-i Ekrem’in yanında kalmayı tercih etmiş, bunun üzerine Resûlullah onu evlât edinmiştir. Câhiliye döneminde evlât edinenle evlâtlığın birbirlerine mirasçı oldukları anlaşılmaktadır.
İslâm’ın ilk yıllarında eski geleneğin devamı olarak bir süre muhafaza edilen evlâtlık kurumu Medine döneminde nâzil olan, “Allah evlâtlıklarınızı öz oğullarınız olarak tanımadı” (el-Ahzâb 33/4) meâlindeki âyetle kaldırılmış, ardından gelen âyette de evlâtlıkların evlât edinenlere değil asıl babalarına nisbet edilmesi emredilmiştir. Bu kurumun İslâm hukukunca benimsenmemesi, böyle bir uygulamaya sevkeden dinî telakkilerin bâtıl inançlardan kaynaklandığının ortaya konması, ayrıca karşıladığı bazı psikolojik ve sosyal ihtiyaçların İslâm’da farklı kurumlarla karşılanması ve esas itibariyle evlâtlık uygulamasının sunî oluşuyla izah edilebilir.
İslâm dininde atalar kültüne özel bir önem ve değer verilmediğinden çocuğu bulunmayan ailelerin mutlaka bir evlâtlık edinerek ailelerini ve atalar kültünü devam ettirmelerine gerek görülmemiştir. Aileleri evlâtlık uygulamasına sevkeden âmillerin başında çocuklarının olmayışı gelir. Çocuksuz ailelerin bu ihtiyaçları, boşanmaya imkân tanınıp yeniden evlenmenin sağlanması ile, ayrıca birden fazla evliliğe izin verilmekle giderilmeye çalışılmıştır. Esasen çok evliliğe izin veren diğer hukuk sistemlerinde de evlât edinme kurumuna genelde rastlanmamaktadır.
Evlâtlık kurumunu yaşatan etkenlerden biri de kimsesiz çocukların bakım ve gözetim ihtiyacıdır. Bunlara nesebi belli olmayan çocuklar da eklenebilir. I ve II. Dünya savaşlarının doğurduğu sosyal problemler çerçevesinde Batı’da nesebi belli olmayan veya kimsesiz kalan çocukların sayısında büyük bir artış meydana gelmiş ve evlât edinme kurumunun tekrar hukuk sistemlerinin gündemine girmesinin önemli faktörünü oluşturmuştur. Müslümanlığın evlenmeyi kolaylaştırıp özendirmesi, boşanmaya cevaz vermesi, gayri meşrû birleşmelere ağır cezalar tertip etmesi İslâm toplumunda evlilik dışı çocukların sayısını çok azaltmıştır. Öte yandan çocukların bakımı İslâmiyet’in özen gösterdiği konuların başında gelir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in muhtelif âyetleri (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/220; en-Nisâ 4/8-10; ed-Duhâ 93/9) kimsesizleri koruyup gözetme ve onlara iyi davranma mecburiyetini getirirken savaş ganimetlerinin paylaşımını konu alan âyetler de (el-Enfâl 8/41; el-Haşr 59/8) bu mallardan yetimlere pay ayırarak devleti kimsesizlere sahip çıkma hususunda sorumlu tutmuştur. Ayrıca terkedilmiş çocuklarla ilgili olarak getirilen esaslar (bk. LAKĪT ) veya çocukların bakımı ve gözetimi konusunda akrabaya, belirli kurum ve kuruluşlara yüklenilen ödevler (bk. HİDÂNE ), evlât edinme kurumunun karşılamış olduğu ihtiyaçlara cevap verecek bir nitelik taşımaktadır.
Toplumda belli bir fonksiyon ifa etmekle birlikte evlât edinme uygulamasının sunî bir özellik taşıması ve kötüye kullanılmaya müsait bulunuşu da İslâm hukukunun bu kuruma müsbet gözle bakmamasında rol oynamıştır. Küçükken evlâtlık alınıp büyütülen kimselerle evlâtlık edinenler arasında genelde bir sevgi ve saygı bağı oluşmaktaysa da bu durum evlâtlık kurumunun sunîliğini ortadan kaldırmamaktadır. Esasen bu müesseseyi benimseyen hukuk sistemleri de bu sunîliği zımnen itiraf etmektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak tarafların anlaşmaları halinde, bazı durumlarda ise bir tarafın isteği üzerine evlâtlık ilişkisinin sona ermesini kabul etmektedir. Hatta evlâtlık edinenle evlâtlık arasında var olan evlenme yasağı bu ilişkinin sona ermesinden sonra kalkmakta ve taraflar evlenebilmektedirler. Türk pozitif hukukunda evlâtlık ilişkisi devam ederken böyle bir alâkanın farkına varılmadan gerçekleştirilen evlendirme işleminin iptal edilmediği, bunun yerine evlâtlık ilişkisinin sona ermiş sayıldığı dikkate alınırsa, söz konusu kurumu benimseyen hukuk sistemlerinin bile onu sunî bir uygulama olarak değerlendirdiği anlaşılır. Öte yandan bu kurumun zaman zaman kötüye kullanıldığı, evlâtlıkların ucuz iş gücü ihtiyacını giderme amacına yönelik olarak istihdam edildiği de görülmüştür.
İslâm hukukunun evlâtlık kurumunu onaylamamasının tabii bir sonucu olarak evlâtlığın nesebi evlât edinene bağlanmaz, aralarında mahremiyet meydana gelmez ve mirasçılık ilişkisi doğmaz. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber eski evlâtlığı Zeyd b. Hârise’nin boşadığı eşi Zeyneb’le evlenmiş ve böylece evlâtlık kurumunun bütün sonuçlarıyla geçerliliğini yitirdiğini göstermiştir. Bu tür bir uygulamanın Câhiliye alışkanlığının etkisiyle yadırganabileceği veya istismar edilebileceği ihtimali karşısında, “Muhammed sizin erkeklerinizden -Zeyd b. Hârise dahil- herhangi birinin babası değildir” (el-Ahzâb 33/40) meâlindeki âyet nâzil olmuştur.
Ancak İslâm ve özellikle Türk hukuk tarihinde evlâtlık kurumu zaman zaman koruyucu aile tarzında, bazan da hukukî sonuçlarından mahrum fiilî bir evlâtlık şeklinde sınırlı olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Daha çok mahrem sayılabilen yakın akraba çerçevesinde yürütülen bu uygulamada evlât edinen, evlât edindiği kimsenin bakım yükümlülüğünü üstlenmektedir. Zaman zaman bu yükümlülük Allah rızâsı için yerine getirilmekte ve karşılığında bir şey istenmemektedir. Bu durumda evlâtlık için mahkemeye başvurup bir nafaka takdiri cihetine gidilmemiştir (Kurt, II, 564). Bazan da evlât edinen, evlâtlığının sonradan elinden alınmasına karşı bir tedbir olmak üzere onun için nafaka takdir ettirmekte ve evlâtlığın ailesi tarafından geri istenmesi durumunda yapmış olduğu masrafları talep etmeyi garanti altına almaktadır. Osmanlı şer‘iyye sicillerinde bu tür tebennî kayıtlarına rastlanmaktadır (Aydın, s. 102; Kurt, II, 560-567). Böyle bir evlâtlık uygulamasını, İslâmiyet öncesi Türk hukuk teamülünün sonraki dönemlerde de devam ettirilmesi şeklinde yorumlamak mümkündür. Ancak bu uygulamada kanunî bir mirasçılık söz konusu olmayıp sadece vasiyet imkânı vardır. Evlât edinen kişi başka mirasçısı yoksa mallarının tamamını, varsa üçte birini evlâtlığına vasiyet edebilir. Üçte biri aşan kısım için mirasçılarının rızâsı şarttır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 527-529 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.