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EVRÂD Skip to content Allah’a yaklaşmak için belirli zamanda ve belli miktarda yapılan ibadet, dua ve zikri ifade eden tasavvuf terimi.
Evrâd sözlükte “gelmek, çeşmeye varmak, suya gelen topluluk, akan su ve dere” gibi mânalara gelen vird kelimesinin çoğuludur (Kāmus Tercümesi , II, 52). Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de günün değişik zamanlarında Allah’ı zikir ve tesbih emredilmekle beraber vird kelimesi bu anlamda kullanılmamıştır. Hz. Peygamber farklı zaman ve mekânlarda zikir ve dua ile meşgul olmuş ve bunu müslümanlara tavsiye etmiştir. Bu da İslâm’ın ilk asırlarında özellikle hadisçiler arasında “amelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle” adı verilen bir kitap türünün meydana gelmesine sebep olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’in günlük dua ve zikirlerini ve bununla ilgili tavsiyelerini ihtiva eden bu eserler Hasan b. Ali el-Ma‘merî ile (ö. 295/908) başlamış, Nesâî, İbnü’s-Sünnî, Ebû Ömer Talemenkî, Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî, Münzirî, Cemâleddin Ahmed b. Mûsâ b. Ca‘fer ve Süyûtî ile devam etmiştir. Başta Buhârî ve Müslim olmak üzere belli başlı hadis kitapları da dua ve zikir konusuna birer bölüm ayırmışlardır. Sahâbîlerin okuduğu rivayet edilen dua ve tesbihler de ezkâr ve evrâd kitaplarının vazgeçilmez bölümlerini meydana getirmiştir.
Tasavvufî kaynaklarda yer alan bilgilerden anlaşıldığına göre ilk sûfîler vird kelimesiyle her gün okudukları belli âyetleri kastetmişlerdir. Ayrıca virdi nâfile namaz kılma, belli dualar okuma, tefekkür ve ağlama anlamında da kullanmışlardır (Kuşeyrî, s. 291, 298). Kuşeyrî’nin verdiği bilgiye göre Nasrâbâzî tasavvufun vazgeçilmez esaslarını sıralarken “vird ve zikre devam etme” maddesini ilâve etmiş (a.g.e. , s. 173), Azîz Nesefî de tasavvufî hayatın sekiz edebini sayarken belli vakitlere tahsis edilen evrâdı ihmal etmemeyi özellikle tavsiye etmiştir (İnsân-ı Kâmil , s. 181). Yolculuk gibi sıkıntılı zamanlarda, hatta ölüm yatağında dahi günlük evrâdı terketmemeye özen gösteren sûfîler feyzin gelmesini belli dualara bağlamışlar, “Virdi olmayanın vâridi olmaz” demişlerdir. İbn Atâullah el-İskenderî virdi “Allah’ın kuldan istediği şey”, vâridi ise “kulun Allah’tan beklediği şey” olarak tarif etmiş ve bu tesbitin aksinin de doğru olduğunu söylemiştir. Ona göre vâridi olmayanın virdi de olmaz, yani Allah’ın feyzi ve lutfu olmadan kul virdini gerçekleştiremez (Tasavvufî Hikmetler , s. 26, 29).
Evrâdla ilgili düzenli bilgiler ihtiva eden en eski ve en geniş kaynak, Ebû Tâlib el-Mekkî’nin (ö. 386/996) Ḳūtü’l-ḳulûb adlı eseridir. Zikir, tesbih, tevbe ve istiğfarla ilgili âyetleri bir araya getiren Mekkî, “evrâdü’l-leyl ve’n-nehâr” başlığıyla da gündüz ve gecenin muhtelif dilimlerinde okunacak olan evrâdı ve bunların sayısını ayrı ayrı yazmıştır. Bu konuda tarikatlar öncesi dönemde yazılmış diğer önemli bir kitap Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn adlı eseridir. “Virdlerin Tertibi ve Geceleri İhya Etmek” başlığı altında geniş bilgi veren Gazzâlî gündüz yedi, gece dört ayrı vakitte zikir, Kur’an okuma ve tefekkür gibi virdlerle meşgul olunması gerektiğini kaydetmiş, virdlerin dinî-tasavvufî faydaları üzerinde durmuştur (İḥyâʾ , I, 427-468). Özellikle bu iki eser, daha sonra yaygın bir tasavvufî gelenek halini alan evrâd kitaplarının temel kaynağı olmuştur.
V. (XI.) yüzyıldan itibaren teşekkül etmeye başlayan tarikatlar evrâd geleneğine farklı bir boyut kazandırmışlardır. Âyet, hadis, salavat, tesbih ve zikirlere bizzat tarikat kurucuları tarafından tertip edilen dua ve tesbihlerin ilâvesiyle tarikatlara göre oluşan “evrâd kitapları” veya “ahzâb kitapları” türleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Virdlerin zamanla meşhur olanları çeşitli sûfîler tarafından şerhedilmiştir. Bu sahanın en eski örneklerinden biri olan el-Ġunye adlı eserinde Abdülkādir-i Geylânî evrâd okumanın âdâb ve erkânı hakkında bilgi vermiştir. “Vird, evrâd, hizb, ahzâb, mecmûa-i evrâd, ed‘iye” gibi genel adların yanında “enîsü’s-sâlikîn, delîlü’l-mürîd, hediyyetü’z-zâkirîn, burhânü’l-ârifîn, tuhfetü’l-uşşâk, vazîfetü’l-mürîd” gibi çok değişik adlar altında kaleme alınan evrâd kitapları zamanla daha kolay taşınıp okunabilmesi için kitapçıklar şeklinde süslü yazılarla çoğaltılmış ve basılmıştır. Harîrîzâde’nin Şerḥu Virdi’s-settâr ’ında olduğu gibi bazan bu eserlerde genel tasavvufî meselelere de temas edilmiş, müridlere pratik bilgiler verilmiştir.
Evrâd kitaplarında yer alan sûre ve âyetler daha çok Allah’ın isim ve sıfatlarıyla ilgili âyetler ve “rabbenâ”, “Allāhümme” gibi ifadelerle başlayan metinlerdir. Salavat kısmında ise Hz. Peygamber’in özelliklerini sıralayan cümleler ve onun tavsiye ettiği dualar yer alır. Tarikat kurucuları tarafından tertip edilen dua, zikir, tesbih ve salavat dervişin tefekkür ve zikir hayatına derinlik kazandırabilecek, edebî değeri olan özlü ifadelerden ve kolaylıkla ezberlenebilecek kısa cümlelerden meydana gelir. Bazan virdden önce Âyetü’l-kürsî ile Fâtiha, İhlâs, Felak, Nâs gibi sûrelerin, “sübhânallah, elhamdülillâh” gibi ifadelerle başlayan tesbih veya duaların okunması tavsiye edilir. Böylece psikolojik olarak dua ve yakarışlara hazır olan kişi bütün dikkatini okuduğu evrâda ve anlamına vererek tasavvufî hal ve duyguların atmosferine girer.
Her tarikatın kendine has evrâdı vardır. Bunların uzunluğu, tekrar etme adedi farklıdır. Hatta bu farklılıklar aynı tarikatın kolları için bile söz konusu olabilir. Buna karşılık bir tarikatın müridlerine verilen ve yedi günlük evrâdı ihtiva eden evrâd kitapları diğer bazı tarikat pîrlerinin dua ve hizblerini de içerebilir. Meselâ bugün Nakşibendî dervişlerinin elinde bulunan el-Edʿiyetü’l-vâride adlı evrâd kitabında esmâ-i hüsnâ, Kasîde-i Bürde, ism-i a‘zam duasının yanında salât-i Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, evrâd-ı Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, evrâd-ı Şeyh Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî, vird-i Hızır, hizbü’ş-şükr gibi değişik metinler bulunmaktadır. Yine günümüzde Kādirî-Eşrefî evrâdı olarak okunan virdin ilk bölümü Şeyh Hüseyn-i Hamevî’ye, son bölümü ise Abdülkādir-i Geylânî’ye ait olup bunlar Hamevî halifesi Eşrefoğlu Rûmî tarafından bir araya getirilerek tertip edilmiştir. Tarikatlara has evrâd ferdî olarak okunduğu gibi tekkelerde zikir başlamadan önce şeyhin yönetiminde toplu olarak da okunabilir. Vird metinlerinin zamanla yeniden tertiplendiği bilinmektedir. Bu arada bazı virdler çok meşhur olmuş ve âdeta tarikatlar arası ortak metin haline gelmiştir.
Evrâdı en yaygın olan sûfî, Şâzeliyye tarikatının pîri Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî’dir. Özellikle “hizbü’l-bahr ve hizbü’l-ber” adlı kısa ve özlü tesbihlerle dualar asırlardan beri tasavvufî muhitlerde okunan ve şerhedilen virdlerdir. Şâzeliyye tarikatı Osmanlı toplumunda yaygın olmadığı halde bu hizblerin yayılmış olması dikkate değer bir husustur. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin çeşitli virdleriyle Halvetiyye’nin ikinci pîri Seyyid Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî’nin evrâdı da tarikatlar arasında çok meşhurdur. Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî’nin “Yâ settâr” diye başladığı için Virdü’s-settâr , yazarına nisbetle de Vird-i Yaḥyâ olarak tanınan evrâdı pek çok sûfî tarafından şerhedilmiş, bunlardan Harîrîzâde Kemâleddin Efendi’nin Türkçe şerhi basılmıştır (İstanbul 1287). Ayrıca Müstakimzâde Süleyman Efendi, Ömer Fuâdî Efendi, Şah Velî, Tireli Îsâ Muhammed, Abdullah Şerkāvî, Şemseddin Nasûhîzâde, Osman b. Ahmed Fertekî de aynı evrâda şerh yazmışlardır. Yugoslavya bölgesinde yaygın olan şerh ise Prizrenli Markalaçzâde Süleyman Efendi’ye aittir (İstanbul 1988). Yaygın olan bir diğer evrâd kitabı da Seyyid Ali Hemedânî’nin Evrâd-ı Fetḥiyye adlı virdidir. Bu vird istiğfardan sonra kelime-i tevhid, sübhânallah, hasbünallah ve salavat ile başlayan pek çok cümleyi ihtiva eder.
Tarikat mensupları arasında yaygın olan en hacimli evrâd ve ahzâb kitabı, Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî’nin Mecmûʿatü’l-aḥzâb adlı üç ciltlik derlemesidir (İstanbul 1311). Yaklaşık 2000 sayfa hacmindeki bu eserde Hz. Peygamber, dört halife ve sahâbîlerden başka hizb ve virdleri bulunan bazı sûfîler şunlardır: İbnü’l-Arabî, Ebü’l-Hasan eş-Şâzelî, İbrâhim ed-Desûkī, Gazzâlî, Muînüddîn-i Çiştî, Şehâbeddin es-Sühreverdî, Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī, Sa‘deddin el-Cibâvî, Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Abdülganî en-Nablusî, Bahâeddin Nakşibend, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Ahmed er-Rifâî, Ahmed el-Bedevî, Zeynüddîn-i Hâfî. Evrâd kitaplarının bir kısmı isimlere (Evrâd-ı Ġazzâlî , Evrâd-ı Mevlânâ vb.), bir kısmı da tarikatlara (Evrâd-ı Bahâʾiyye , Evrâd-ı Zeyniyye vb.) nisbet edilmiştir. Son dönem Cerrâhî şeyhlerinden Muzaffer Ozak Zînetü’l-kulûb adlı eserinde Kādirî, Rifâî, Nakşî, Halvetî, Cerrâhî virdlerini Arap ve Latin harflerle ve tercümeleriyle birlikte neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1973).
Evrâd ve ezkâr kitapları arasında Nevevî’nin Eẕkâr-ı Nevevî diye tanınan Ḥilyetü’l-ebrâr adlı eserinin de (Dımaşk 1391/1971) önemli bir yeri vardır. Müellifi bir sûfî olmadığı için bu eser tarikat mensupları arasında diğer evrâd kitapları kadar yayılmamışsa da Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn , Kuşeyrî’nin er-Risâle , Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî’nin Ḥilyetü’l-evliyâʾ adlı eserlerinden geniş ölçüde istifade etmesi, Ebû Ali ed-Dekkāk, Zünnûn el-Mısrî, Sehl b. Abdullah et-Tüsterî, Yahyâ b. Muâz er-Râzî, İbrâhim el-Havvâs gibi meşhur sûfîlerin konuyla ilgili tesbit ve tavsiyelerini kaydetmesi sebebiyle sûfîlerin ilgi duyduğu kitaplardan biri olmuştur. Ḥilyetü’l-ebrâr ’ı İbn Teymiyye el-Kelimü’ṭ-ṭayyib adıyla ihtisar etmiş, İbn Allân da el-Fütûḥâtü’r-Rabbâniyye ʿale’l-eẕkâri’n-Neveviyye adıyla şerhetmiştir.
Nevevî’nin eseri gibi hem tarikat mensuplarının hem de tarikata mensup olmayan müslümanların çok okuduğu evrâd kitaplarından biri de Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Cezûlî tarafından tertip edilen Delâʾilü’l-ḫayrât ’tır. Şiî muhitlerde yaygın olan evrâd ve zikirler ise Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî tarafından Biḥârü’l-envâr adlı eserin XCI ve XCII. ciltlerinde bir araya getirilmiştir.
Evrâd okunurken dikkat edilmesi gereken âdâbın en önemlileri şunlardır: Evrâd mürşidin izin ve icâzetiyle okunur. İzinsiz okumak mümkünse de yeteri kadar faydalı değildir. Evrâd okumak için uygun zamanlar seçilmeli, maddî-mânevî temizlik yapıldıktan sonra kıbleye yönelerek ve bir yere dayanmadan okunmalıdır. Okunan metinlerin mânasına nüfuz edilmeli, yavaş okunmalı ve okuma hatası yapmamaya özen gösterilmelidir. Evrâd metinlerinin dinî-dünyevî işlerde çok faydalı ve etkili olacağına inanılmalıdır. İhlâs ve inançla okunan dualara Allah’ın icabet edeceği umulmalı, duaların kabulünün ihlâsa bağlı olduğu bilinmelidir.
Sûfîlere göre vird konusunda müridler gibi şeyhlerin de göz önünde bulundurmaları gereken kurallar vardır. Bunların en önemlisi, okunacak evrâdın miktarını müridin kabiliyet ve ruhî durumuna göre tesbit etmektir. Bu konuda aşırı davranan ve böylece dervişlerin ruhî dengelerinin bozulmasına sebep olan şeyhlere “evrâd şeyhi” adı verilmiştir.
Evrâd ve dua kitaplarının yaygınlığı zamanla bu konunun bir ilim dalı sayılmasına yol açmıştır. Taşköprizâde Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm ’da hadis ilminin alt dallarına “İlmü’l-ed‘iye ve’l-evrâd”ı da ilâve etmiştir. Dua ve evrâd metinlerinin tesbit, tashih ve zaptıyla ilgili rivayetleri, bunların tesirlerini, sayılarını, okuma zamanlarını ve âdâbını konu edinen bu ilmin gayesi, söz konusu metinlerin şartlarına uygun olarak okunmasıyla dinî-dünyevî faydalar elde etmektir (II, 247). Kâtib Çelebi de “İlmü’l-evrâdi’l-meşhûre ve’l-ed‘iyeti’l-me’sûre” başlığıyla aynı bilgileri tekrar etmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 200; ayrıca bk. HİZB ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “vrd” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “vrd” md.
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Nesâî, ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle (nşr. Fârûk Hamâde), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 90.
İbnü’s-Sünnî, ʿAmelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle (nşr. Abdülkādir Ahmed Atâ), Kahire 1389/1969, s. 1-5.
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Sülemî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 50.
Kuşeyrî, Risâle (Uludağ) , s. 173, 291, 298, 464, 598.
Hücvîrî, Keşfü’l-mahcûb (Uludağ) , s. 492, 516.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , I, 427-468.
Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, el-Ġunye li-ṭâlibi ṭarîḳı’l-ḥaḳ (nşr. Tevfîk el-Velîd), Bağdad, ts. (Mektebetü’ş-şarki’l-cedîd), 1074.
Yahyâ b. Ahmed el-Bâharzî, Evrâdü’l-aḥbâb ve fuṣûṣü’l-âdâb (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1345 hş., s. 1-2.
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İbn Atâullah İskenderî, Tasavvufî Hikmetler (trc. Mustafa Kara), İstanbul 1990, s. 26, 29.
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , III, 939-940.
İbnü’l-Mülakkın, Ṭabaḳātü’l-evliyâʾ , s. 167.
Taşköprizâde, Mevzûâtü’l-ulûm , II, 247.
Hüsâmeddin Bursevî, Mühimmâtü’l-müʾminîn , TSMK, Bağdat Köşkü, nr. 189, vr. 23b .
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 200, 669; II, 1447, 1517, 1566, 1654.
Meclisî, Biḥârü’l-envâr , Beyrut 1403/1983, XCI, 372; XCII, 1-200.
Fâzıl Paşa, Şerh-i Evrâd-ı Mevlânâ , İstanbul 1283, s. 2-5.
Harîrîzâde, Şerhu Virdi’s-settâr , İstanbul 1287, s. 1-10.
Prizrenli Süleyman Efendi, Vird-i Settâr Şerhi (haz. Alaeddin Yayıntaş), İstanbul 1988, s. 3-4.
Ahmed Ziyâeddin Gümüşhânevî, Mecmûʿatü’l-aḥzâb , I-III, [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok].
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , I, 371; III, 1665.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 75, 117, 352, 366, 408, 712, 726.
Karatay, Arapça Basmalar , s. 441.
Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı, Mevlevî Âdâb ve Erkânı , İstanbul 1963, s. 110-119.
Muzaffer Ozak, Zînetü’l-kulûb , İstanbul 1973, tür.yer.
Özege, Katalog , IV, 1645.
Pakalın , I, 573.
İsmail L. Çakan, “Amelü’l-yevm ve’l-leyle”, DİA , III, 27-28.
Süleyman Uludağ, “Delâilü’l-hayrât”, a.e. , IX, 113-114.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 533-535 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.