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EVRENGZÎB Skip to content EVRENGZÎB (أورنگزيب; Pâdişâh-ı Gāzî Âlemgîr Ebü’l-Muzaffer Muhammed Muhyiddîn Evrengzîb, ö. 1118/1707) Bâbürlü hükümdarı (1658-1707).
Müellif: Khaliq Ahmad Nizami
Hindistan tarihçilerince daha çok Âlemgîr unvanıyla anılır. Şah Cihan ile Mümtaz Mahal’in üçüncü oğlu olarak 15 Zilkade 1027’de (3 Kasım 1618) Mâlvâ’da (Dhod) dünyaya geldi. Molla Abdüllatîf Sultânpûrî, Mîr Muhammed Hâşim Gîlânî, Seyyid Muhammed Kannevcî, Şeyh Ahmed Molla Cîven, Şeyh Abdülkavî Burhânpûrî, Dânişmend Han ve Sa‘dullah Han gibi meşhur âlimlerden ders alarak yetişti.
Evrengzîb’in aktif siyasî hayatı, 1635’te Cüchâr Singh Bundelâ’ya karşı gerçekleştirilen başarılı bir seferle başladı. Ertesi yıl 1644’e kadar yürüttüğü Dekken valiliğine tayin edildi. Ardından Gucerât valiliğine getirildi. Valilikte iki yıl kaldıktan sonra 1646’da Belh’e gönderildi. Evrengzîb Belh’te başarılı olamadı ve yerini Nazar Muhammed Han’a bırakmak zorunda kaldı. 1646-1647 yıllarında Özbekler ve Safevîler’e karşı düzenlenen seferlerde orduya başarılı bir şekilde kumanda etti. 1648’de Mültan valiliğine getirildi. Bu sırada Şah Cihan ondan Kandehar’a sefer yapmasını ve şehri İranlılar’ın elinden geri almasını istedi. Ancak Evrengzîb buna iki defa teşebbüs ettiyse de başaramadı. 1652’de tekrar Dekken valiliğine tayin edilen Evrengzîb 1655’te Gûlkünde’yi kuşattı ve Şah Cihan’ın isteği üzerine vergi vermeleri şartıyla onlarla barış yaptı. 1657’de Bîcâpûr topraklarına hücum etti. Bîder ve Kelyânî’yi ele geçirmek üzere iken yine Şah Cihan’ın emriyle antlaşma yaptı. Muhtemelen saraydaki bazı çevreler Evrengzîb’in bu harekâtlarda başarılı olup itibar kazanmasını istemiyordu.
6 Eylül 1657’de Şah Cihan ciddi bir hastalığa yakalanınca dört oğlu arasında taht kavgası başladı. Evrengzîb’in liderlik kabiliyeti ve idarî tecrübesi onun başarı şansını arttırıyordu. Tahtın birinci adayı veliaht Dârâ Şükûh (Şikûh) bu özelliklerden mahrum olduğu gibi Şah Cihan’a olan yakınlığı da kendisini gevşekliğe sevketmişti. Bu arada Şah Cihan’ın Bengal valisi olan ikinci oğlu Şücâ‘ ve en küçük oğlu Murâd hükümdarlıklarını ilân ettiler. Şücâ‘ başşehre doğru harekete geçtiyse de Bahâdırpûr’da yenilerek Müngîr’e kaçtı (14 Şubat 1658). Evrengzîb ve Murâd Ücceyn’de kuvvetlerini birleştirerek Dârâ Şükûh’un kumandanı Cesvent Singh’i Dermet’te yendiler (15 Nisan 1658). Daha sonra Evrengzîb Dârâ Şükûh’u Agra civarındaki Sâmûgarh’ta mağlûp etti (29 Mayıs 1658) ve babası Şah Cihan’ı Agra Kalesi’nde gözaltına aldı. Bu arada Murâd’ı da Gvalyor (Gwālior) Hapishanesi’ne gönderdi; Murâd 1661’de burada idam edildi. Böylece Delhi’de tahtı ele geçiren (31 Temmuz 1658) Evrengzîb, Dârâ Şükûh’u da Ecmîr yakınlarında üç gün süren savaşta bozguna uğrattı (23 Mart 1659). Dârâ Şükûh kaçarken Melik Cîven tarafından yakalanıp Delhi’ye götürüldü ve bir süre sonra öldürüldü. Şücâ‘ ise Arakan’da öldü. Kardeşlerini bu şekilde bertaraf eden Evrengzîb devletin tek hâkimi oldu ve tahta çıkışını ikinci defa kutladı (5 Haziran 1659).
Evrengzîb’in yarım yüzyıla yaklaşan hükümdarlığı başlıca iki safhaya ayrılabilir. Kuzeyde bulunduğu ilk dönemde daha çok idarî ve siyasî meselelerle ilgilendi. İkinci dönemde ise güneye doğru hareket ederek Dekken’de Bâbürlü hâkimiyetini sağlamak için çok gayret sarfetti.
Hükümdarlığının ilk döneminde kumandanlarından Mîr Cümle Kuçbihâr ve Asam’ı fethetti (1661-1663). Ancak bu fetih çok pahalı ve geçici oldu. 1667’de Yûsufzaylar ve 1672’de Afridîler’in isyanını bastırma işi çok zaman aldı. 1678 yılında Mârvârlı Maharaca Cesvent Singh’in ölümünden sonra Bâbürlü-Racpût ilişkileri bozuldu ve taraflar arasında savaş başladı. Evrengzîb Ecmîr’de ordugâh kurup savaşı yakından takip ettiği sırada oğlu Ekber Şah’ın isyan etmesi üzerine Rânâ Rac Singh’le barış antlaşması yaptı (1681). Ancak Mârvârlı Rathorlar’ın itaat altına alınması epeyce zaman aldı. Bu esnada Dekken’de Maratalar’ın reisi Sîvâcî, Bâbürlü hâkimiyetine karşı yeni bir tehdit unsuru olarak ortaya çıktı. Evrengzîb, Emîrü’l-ümerâ Şâyiste Han’ı ona karşı sevkettiyse de başarılı olamadı. Fakat Şâyiste’nin yerine geçen Cey Singh, Sîvâcî’yi Purandhar Antlaşması’nın (1665) şartları gereği otuz yedi kalenin yirmi üçünü teslim etmeye zorladı. Bunun üzerine Sîvâcî Evrengzîb’in hâkimiyetini tanıdı. Evrengzîb, büyük dedesi Ekber Şah’ın yaptığı gibi düşmanlarını yumuşatarak hizmetine alma usulünü benimsedi. Ancak Sîvâcî, 5000 kişilik bir ordunun kumandanlığına tayin edilmesini kendisine yakıştırmayarak tekrar Dekken’e kaçtı. Onun Bâbürlü topraklarına saldırması ve halktan zorla vergi toplaması Bâbürlüler’i epeyce endişelendirdi. Sîvâcî’nin 1680’de ölümüne rağmen Maratalar’ın saldırıları durdurulamadı. Bu durum karşısında Evrengzîb güneydeki hareketleri bizzat yönetmek için Burhânpûr’a doğru ilerlemeye karar verdi (1681).
Evrengzîb bu tarihten itibaren ölümüne kadar Dekken’de yaşadı. Bu sırada sekiz aylık bir kuşatmadan sonra Bîcâpûr’u ele geçirdi (1686). Sîvâcî’nin oğlu Sembhâcî yakalanıp idam edildi (1689). Fakat Marata liderleri ondan sonra da Bâbürlüler’e karşı saldırı düzenlemeye devam ettiler. Öyle ki Dekken Evrengzîb’in son zamanlarında bile etkili bir şekilde kontrol altına alınamadığı gibi bu seferler devleti ekonomik açıdan da oldukça yıprattı.
Hindistan’ın kuzeyindeki komşu Türk devletleriyle ilişkilere önem veren Evrengzîb’in bu ilişkilerinin herhangi bir siyasî gaye gütmeyip sembolik ve karşılıklı hediyeleşmelerden ibaret olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. İranlılar’la olan münasebetler ise pek dostça geçmemiştir. İran Şahı II. Abbas’la yapılan yazışmalarda kullanılan ifadeler bir ara gerginliğe kadar yol açmışsa da 1666’da Şah Abbas’ın ölümüyle bu gerginlik ortadan kalkmıştır. Evrengzîb babası Şah Cihan’ın aksine Osmanlılar’la ilişki kurmak istememiştir. Hatta Osmanlılar’ın gönderdiği bir elçiye karşılık bile vermemiştir. Kaynaklarda sebebi belirtilmemekle birlikte bunun büyüklük kompleksinden ileri geldiği söylenebilir. Fakat Osmanlı himayesinde olan Mekke şerifleri ve Basra valileriyle iyi ilişkiler kurmaya önem vermiştir. Evrengzîb 28 Zilkade 1118’de (3 Mart 1707) öldü ve Evrengâbâd yakınlarındaki Huldâbâd’da defnedildi. Oğulları Muazzam (Bahâdır Şah I), A‘zam ve Kâm Bahş arasında başlayan taht kavgası Muazzam’ın galibiyetiyle sona erdi.
Evrengzîb’in tarihteki rolü ve karakteri üzerinde farklı değerlendirmeler yapılagelmiştir. Onun dinine bağlı bir müslüman olduğu ve haftanın dört gününü oruçlu geçirdiği bilinmektedir. Çağının ünlü simalarından Hâce Ma‘sûm, Hâce Seyfeddin ve İmâm-ı Rabbânî’nin torunlarından Hâce Muhammed Nakşibendî ile yakın irtibatı vardı. İslâm fıkhının önemli kaynaklarından biri olan el-Fetâva’l-ʿÂlemgîriyye (el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye) onun himayesinde seçkin bir ulemâ heyeti tarafından meydana getirilmiştir (bk. el-ÂLEMGÎRİYYE ). Evrengzîb ihtisap kanunlarının uygulanmasına çok titizlik gösteriyor ve gayelerini gerçekleştirmek için büyük çaba sarfediyordu. Gerektiği şekilde saygı gösterilmemesinden endişe ederek bütün paralardan kelime-i tevhidi kaldırttı. Hak ve adalet hususundaki hassasiyeti sebebiyle defin giderlerinin kendi kazancından karşılanmasını isteyen bir vasiyet bırakmıştı.
Evrengzîb, sık sık cizye tahakkuk ettirdiği Hindular’a adaletsiz davranmakla itham edilmiştir. Fakat kaynaklar genelde bu verginin sadece kâğıt üzerinde kaldığını ve çok defa toplanamadığını bildirmektedir. Evrengzîb’in bazı fermanları onun Hindu mâbedlerine bağışta bulunduğunu göstermektedir. Evrengzîb’in Ruḳaʿât-i ʿÂlemgîr adını taşıyan mektupları sade Farsça’nın güzel örneklerini teşkil eder. Bir devlet adamı olarak Bâbürlüler’i parçalanmaktan kurtarmaya çalışmış ve güvenliği sağlamıştır. Hân-ı Hânân Abdürrahim Bayram, Sa‘dullah Han el-Allâmî, Mecdüddin Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Îcî, İhtiyâr Han, Efdal Han ve Abdülazîz Âsaf Han gibi devlet adamları ehliyetli kişilerden oluşmaktaydı. Evrengzîb ihtiyatlı, âdil ve disiplinli bir sultan olarak şöhret yapmış ve genelde herkesin takdirini kazanmıştır. Hedeflerini tam olarak gerçekleştirememesine rağmen Jadunath N. Sarkar’ın da belirttiği gibi hükümdarlığı zamanında Bâbürlüler en parlak devrini yaşamış, İngiliz hâkimiyetine kadar Hindistan tarihinde daha önce benzeri görülmemiş büyük devlet vasfını kazanmıştır. Evrengzîb devletin sınırlarını Tencür (Tencevür) ve Triçinapali’ye kadar genişletmesine rağmen Sihler’in, Maratalar’ın ve Zutlar’ın çıkardığı isyanlar, Racpûtlar’ın desteklerini çekmeleri, maaşlarını arazi gelirlerinden alan askerlerin köylüler üzerindeki baskısı ve diğer bazı meseleler Bâbürlüler’in XVIII. yüzyıl ortalarında zayıflamasına sebep oldu. Bir kısım tarihçiler, bazı zaaflarına rağmen Evrengzîb’in meziyetlerinin ve hânedanın tarihindeki şerefli yerinin inkâr edilemeyeceğini kaydederler. Evrengzîb çok keskin bir zekâya ve güçlü bir hâfızaya sahipti. Hükümdar olduktan sonra kırk üç yaşında iken Kur’an’ı ezberlemiştir. Aynı zamanda devrin sayılı âlimlerindendi. Sarayda görevli şarkıcı ve müzisyenlerin, Hindu astrolog ve astronomi bilginlerinin görevlerine son vermiştir. Resim ve sanatı himaye etmekten çok dinî ilimlere değer vermiş, âlimleri ve tarihçileri desteklemiştir. Evrengzîb devrinde yetişen meşhur tarihçiler arasında ʿÂlemgîrnâme yazarı Münşî Muhammed Kâzım, Mirʾâtü’l-ʿâlem yazarı Muhammed Bahtâver Han ve Meʾâs̱ir-i ʿÂlemgîrî müellifi Muhammed Müstaid Han sayılabilir.
Mimari ile fazla ilgilenmemesi yüzünden Evrengzîb döneminde önceki hükümdarların zamanına nisbetle çok daha az sayıda ve daha az değerde eserler ortaya çıkmıştır. Dönemin en önemli mimari eserlerinin başında, Tac Mahal planından ilham alınarak 1678’de Evrengâbâd’da yapılan, Evrengzîb’in hanımı Râbia Devrânî’nin Bîbî-kâ Ravza diye meşhur türbesi gelir. 1659-1660’ta Delhi’de inşa edilen Mothki Mescidi, 1674’te Lahor’da yaptırılan Bâdşâhî (Pâdişâhî) Camii dönemin diğer iki büyük mimari eseridir. Ayrıca Benâres’te Ganj ırmağı kıyısında bir cami ve Mutra’daki Mescid-i Cum‘a da bu dönemde inşa edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 537-539 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.