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EVZÂÎ Skip to content Ebû Amr Abdurrahmân b. Amr b. Yuhmid el-Evzâî (ö. 157/774)
Evzâiyye mezhebinin kurucusu, fıkıh ve hadis âlimi.
88 (707) yılında Ba‘lebek’te doğdu. Evzâî nisbesinin menşei hakkında çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüşse de ataları Himyerîler’den Benî Seybân kabilesine mensup olmakla birlikte ailesi Dımaşk (Şam) yakınlarındaki Evzâ‘ mevkiinde ikamet ettiği için bu yere nisbetle tanınmış olduğu görüşü ağırlık kazanmaktadır. Nitekim Evzâî daha sonra divanda resmî görev aldığı zaman babasının doğum yeri olan Evzâ‘a yerleşmiştir. Küçük yaşta babasını kaybeden Evzâî annesinin yanında büyüdü. İlk derslerini Ba‘lebek’teki hocalardan aldı. Daha sonra Dımaşk’a giderek Nümeyr b. Evs el-Eş‘arî’den ders okumaya başladı. Ardından Mekhûl b. Ebû Müslim başta olmak üzere Dımaşk’ın önde gelen fakihleriyle görüştü. Evzâî uzun süre Mekhûl’ün derslerine devam ettiği ve ondan rivayette bulunduğu için Mekhûl daha çok “Evzâî’nin hocası” diye meşhur olmuştur. Bu arada Dahhâk b. Abdurrahman’dan da bazı dersler okudu.
Evzâî gençlik çağına geldiğinde ilimde oldukça ileri bir seviyeye ulaşmıştı. Ebû İshak eş-Şîrâzî, daha on üç yaşında iken ona fetva sorulduğunu belirtmektedir. Aynı zamanda Arap nesir edebiyatında da üstün bir yetenek sahibi olduğunu gösterdiğinden kendisine Dîvânü’r-resâil’de görev verilmişti. Bu görevde iken Yemâme’ye gönderilen Evzâî o yörenin meşhur âlimleriyle tanışma imkânı bulmuştur. Yemâme âlimlerinden en çok Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr’i takdir etmiş, hatta görevini bırakarak bir süre onun yanında kalmıştır. Evzâî ondan yaptığı rivayetleri çeşitli kitaplarda toplamışsa da daha sonra bu kitapların hepsi yanmıştır.
Yemâme’den sonra Irak, Mekke, Medine ve Beytülmakdis’e giden Evzâî Katâde b. Diâme, Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Muhammed el-Bâkır, Muhammed b. Münkedir ve Abdullah b. Lehîa gibi hocalardan ders okudu. Ayrıca Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr’den başka Nâfi‘, Zührî, İbn Sîrin, Rebîa b. Ebû Abdurrahman başta olmak üzere birçok kişiden hadis dinledi. Kendisinden de hocaları Zührî, Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr ve Katâde’nin de aralarında bulunduğu Mâlik b. Enes, Şû‘be b. Haccâc, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Ebû İshak el-Fezârî gibi tanınmış âlimler rivayette bulundular. Evzâî, hocalarından Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr’in tavsiyesi üzerine Hasan-ı Basrî ve İbn Sîrîn gibi tâbiînin ikinci tabaka âlimlerinden ders almak için Basra’ya gittiğinde Hasan-ı Basrî’nin vefat ettiğini öğrendi. İbn Sîrîn ise hasta ve ders okutamayacak durumdaydı. 110 (728) yılında yaptığı bu seyahatte üçüncü tabakaya mensup âlimlerin en önde gelen simalarından Katâde b. Diâme ile görüşerek ondan faydalandı. Böylece Evzâî tâbiîn neslinin en meşhurları sayılan büyük âlimlerden ders okuma imkânını elde etmiş, Basra’dan Dımaşk’a döndüğünde ileri seviyede bir ilmî birikime sahip olmuştu. Artık hem kendi bölgesinde hem de diğer beldelerdeki âlimlere karşı fıkıh, hadis ve megāzî gibi ilimlerde üstünlük sağlamış bulunuyordu.
Birçok defa hacca giden Evzâî hacda Mâlik b. Enes, Süfyân es-Sevrî ve Hakem b. Uteybe başta olmak üzere çok sayıda âlimle karşılaşmış ve ilmî tartışmalarda bulunmuştur. Çağdaşı âlimler arasında saygın bir yere sahip olmuş, Şam (Suriye) bölgesinin fıkıh otoritesi sayılmıştır. Evzâî döneminin ve sonraki nesillerin fıkıh âlimleri ve imamları tarafından bağımsız fıkıh ekolü, ictihad usulü, re’y ve fetvaları bulunan bir müctehid ve imam olarak benimsenmiş, görüşleriyle amel edilmiş ve fıkıh tarihi içinde Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Hasan-ı Basrî, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Leys b. Sa‘d, İshak b. Râhûye, İbn Cerîr et-Taberî, Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî ve Ebû Sevr gibi mutlak müctehidler arasında yerini almıştır.
Evzâî ileri bir yaşta ve muhtemelen Abbâsîler’in yönetime gelişinin ilk yıllarında sınır bekçiliği (ribât) yapmak maksadıyla Beyrut’a göç etti ve 28 Safer 157 (17 Ocak 774) tarihinde orada vefat etti. Müslümanların yanı sıra yahudilerin, hıristiyanların ve Kıptîler’in de katıldığı bir cenaze merasimiyle o günkü Beyrut’un girişine yakın bir yerde bulunan Hantûş köyüne defnedildi. Deniz kenarında bulunan köy bugün Evzâî mahallesi olarak anılmaktadır. Beyrut’ta Vakfü’l-merkezi’l-İslâmî li’t-terbiye tarafından 1979 yılında Evzâî’nin hâtırasına Külliyyetü’l-İmâm el-Evzâî li’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye adıyla bir İslâm araştırmaları enstitüsü kurulmuştur.
Abdurrahman el-Evzâî’nin görüşleriyle teşekkül eden mezhep Evzâiyye adıyla tanınmış olup başlıca Suriye, Irak, Hicaz, Mısır, Mağrib ve Endülüs’te yayılmıştır. Suriye bölgesine yayılmasında talebeleri Abdullah b. Semâa, Saîd b. Abdülazîz ve Muhammed b. Şuayb’ın, Endülüs’e yayılmasında ise talebesi Endülüs müftüsü ve Kurtuba hatibi Sa‘saa b. Sellâm el-Endelüsî’nin çabaları etkili olmuştur. Ayrıca bu bölgede yayılmasında mezhebin Şam’da doğmuş olması ve Endülüs Emevîleri’nin buraya olan tarihî bağları da rol oynamıştır. Zehebî, Endülüs’te 230 (844) yılına kadar varlığını koruyan Evzâîliğin bu tarihten itibaren yerini Mâlikîliğe bıraktığı yolunda bir tesbitte bulunurken Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr Şam halkının da yaklaşık 220 yıl Evzâî’nin mezhebine tâbi olduğunu belirtmektedir. Dımaşk’ta Evzâiyye kadılığı yapan en son kişi Ebü’l-Hasan Ahmed b. Süleyman b. Hazlem’dir (ö. 347/958). O dönemin Şâfiî kadısı Ebû Zür‘a Muhammed b. Osman Dımaşk kadılığına geldiğinde halkın çoğu Evzâî’ye tâbi idi. Sehâvî’nin kaydettiğine göre Ebû Zür‘a’nın gayretleri sonucunda Dımaşk’ta Evzâiyye zayıflamış, Şâfiî mezhebi yaygın hale gelmiştir.
Evzâî mezhebinin zamanla taraftar bulamayıp ortadan kalkmasına tesir eden en önemli âmil, öğrencilerinin ekolün yayılması ve hocalarının görüş ve fetvalarının kitaplaştırılmasında diğer mezhep mensuplarının gösterdikleri çabayı ve itinayı göstermemiş olmalarıdır. Bunun sonucu olarak özellikle günümüzde Evzâî’ye ait görüşlerin ancak tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh kitaplarında dağınık vaziyette bulunduğu görülmektedir.
Abdurrahman el-Evzâî’nin ehl-i hadîs ile ehl-i re’y arasında bir fıkıh metodu takip ettiği kabul edilmiştir. Evzâî ehl-i re’y gibi kıyasa çok sık başvurmamışsa da hadisçiler gibi bundan uzak kalmamış, daha çok hadise bağlı kalmakla birlikte nassın bulunmadığı yerde re’ye başvurmaktan çekinmemiştir. Bundan dolayı Şâfiî Evzâî hakkında, “Fıkhı hadisine bu kadar benzeyen başka birini görmedim” derken onun, fakihlerin ehl-i hadîs – ehl-i re’y şeklindeki ikili ayırımı içinde ehl-i hadîs grubunda yer aldığına dikkat çekmek ister. İbn Kuteybe’nin Evzâî’yi ehl-i re’y olarak nitelendirmesi ise hadisçilerin “ehl-i hadîs” tâbirini daha dar anlamda kullanması sebebiyledir. Evzâî’nin hadisin bulunduğu yerde kıyasa ve re’ye fazla iltifat etmemesi, mürsel de olsa hadisle veya sahâbe görüşüyle amel etmeye çalışması, metot ve görüşlerinin Irak fıkhından çok Medine fıkhına yakın oluşu, onun ehl-i hadîs grubunda mütalaa edilmesinin belli başlı sebeplerini oluşturur. Evzâî’nin Ebû Hanîfe’yi bazı konularda görüş belirttiği için değil kendisine hadis ulaştığı halde onu terkettiği ve hadise muhalefet ettiği için kınaması ve kendisinin de yeri geldiğinde görüş belirttiğini ifade etmesi re’y konusundaki düşüncesini yansıtması bakımından dikkate değer. Ebû Hanîfe’nin hadis mevcut olduğu halde onu terkederek re’y ile amel etmesi ise, hadisi mutlak anlamda terketmesiyle değil, iki farklı hadisten birini diğerine tercih etmesi veya kendisine ulaşan hadisle amel etmesini engelleyecek bir sebebin mevcut olmasıyla izah edilebilir (bk. EBÛ HANÎFE ). İbn Abdülber de Evzâî’yi nassın bulunmadığı yerde kıyasa başvuran bir fakih olarak tanımlamakta, Dımaşk’ta ictihad ederek ve kıyas yaparak fetva veren iki kişiden birinin Mekhûl b. Ebû Müslim, diğerinin Evzâî olduğunu belirtmektedir.
Evzâî’nin fıkhî görüşlerini tesbit konusunda, günümüze kadar ulaşan Kitâbü Siyeri’l-Evzâʿî adlı eseri kadar Taberî ve Tahâvî’nin İḫtilâfü’l-fuḳâhâʾ , İbn Rüşd’ün Bidâyetü’l-müctehid adlı hilâfiyat eserleri, el-Muḥallâ (İbn Hazm), el-Muġnî (İbn Kudâme), el-Mecmûʿ (Nevevî) gibi mufassal ve mukayeseli fıkıh eserleri, hadis ve tefsir kitapları da önemli kaynaklardır. Onun fıkhî görüşleri arasında kişilik hak ve hürriyetlerini, özellikle de zimmî ve müste’menlerin temel hak ve hürriyetlerini korumaya yönelik görüşleri ayrı bir önem taşır. Evzâî’nin, had cezalarının uygulanmasında suçlu lehine aşırı titiz davranılacağı, suç yargıya intikal edinceye kadar suçlunun tövbesinin veya mağdurun affının cezaya etkili olacağı, hâkimin şahsî bilgisiyle değil yargılamada delillerle sabit olan objektif bilgiyle hüküm verebileceği, bulûğa ermiş kızın ancak kendi rızâsı ile evlendirilebileceği, savaşta bilfiil savaşmayanların öldürülmemesi, savaş esnasında düşmana ait bina, arazi, orman vb.nin tahrip edilmesinin doğru olmayıp bunun yeryüzünde fesat çıkarma sayılacağı, beşerî veya milletlerarası ilişkilerde sözleşme ve antlaşmalara bağlılığın esas olduğu gibi görüşleri de aynı anlayışın sonucudur.
Alfred von Kremer başta olmak üzere bazı müsteşrikler Evzâiyye mezhebinin Roma hukukundan etkilendiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Onlara göre Evzâî ve Şâfiî kuvvetli bir Roma hukuku geleneğinin ve birikiminin bulunduğu Suriye topraklarında doğdukları için her iki imam da burada mevcut hukukî mirastan büyük ölçüde faydalanmışlar ve bu hukukun belli esaslarını İslâm hukukuna taşımışlardır. Ancak Dımaşk’ta bir Roma hukuku mektebinin mevcudiyetinden hareketle ortaya atılan bu iddia, söz konusu mektebin I. Iustinianos’un (Jüstinyen) emriyle 533 tarihinde kapatıldığı, Beyrut mektebinin de 551 yılında ilga edildiği göz önüne alınınca mesnetsiz kalmaktadır. Öte yandan Evzâî’nin hadisçiliği re’yciliğine galip geldiğine göre onun Roma hukukundan etkilendiğini iddia etmek fazla tutarlı değildir. Nitekim Kitâbü Siyeri’l-Evzâʿî ’yi bu açıdan gözden geçiren Ahmed Emîn ve Philip K. Hitti Evzâî’nin Roma hukukundan etkilendiği iddiasını reddetmektedirler.
İbn Teymiyye, tâbiîn asrının dört imamından birinin (diğerleri Mâlik b. Enes, Leys b. Sa‘d ve Süfyân es-Sevrî) Dımaşk imamı Evzâî olduğunu söyleyerek onun fıkıhtaki üstün yerini belirtmektedir. Nevevî, “Bütün âlimler Evzâî’nin imamlığı konusunda icmâ etmişlerdir” dedikten sonra onun ilimdeki mertebesi, mükemmel ahlâkı, zühdü, hakka riayeti, fıkıh bilgisindeki enginliği ve sünnete bağlılığı konularındaki meziyetlerinin selef âlimlerince dile getirildiğini haber vermektedir.
Evzâî fıkıhta otorite olduğu kadar hadiste de tanınmış bir imamdı. Dımaşk’ta ondan daha çok hadis bilen hiç kimsenin bulunmadığını belirten Abdurrahman b. Mehdî Evzâî, Mâlik b. Enes, Süfyân es-Sevrî ve Hammâd b. Zeyd’in devrin dört büyük hadis imamı olduklarını söylemiştir. A. J. Wensinck’in I. Goldziher’den naklen Evzâî’nin çağdaşlarından birinin sözü olarak kaydettiği, “Gerçi şeriata vâkıf ise de hadiste kifayet ve salâhiyeti noksandı” (İA , IV, 419) şeklindeki bilgi de Abdurrahman b. Mehdî’nin bir başka rivayetine dayanmaktadır. Ancak gerek çağdaşlarının gerekse daha sonra gelen âlimlerin Evzâî’nin hadisteki yeri hakkında belirttikleri görüşler ve özellikle İbn Mehdî’nin onu döneminde ki dört hadis imamından biri olarak göstermesi karşısında zayıf bir rivayetten hareketle böyle bir hükme varılması mâkul görünmemektedir. Zehebî Evzâî’yi hadis hâfızlarının beşinci tabakasından kabul etmiş, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî onun Dımaşk’ta hadis ilminde ilk eseri tasnif ettiğini ve hadisleri bablara ayırdığını söylemiş, İbn Sa‘d, Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî ve İbn Hibbân da Evzâî’nin sika olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Sika râvilerden hadis nakletmeye büyük özen gösteren Evzâî’nin kesintisiz bir isnadla (müsned) rivayet ettiği hadislerin 1000 kadar olduğu, mürsel ve sahâbe kavli olarak rivayet ettiklerinin ise birkaç bine ulaştığı söylenmektedir. Zira Evzâî Süfyân es-Sevrî, Mâlik b. Enes ve benzeri âlimler gibi mürsel hadisleri delil olarak kullanmıştır. Onun rivayetleri Kütüb-i Sitte ’de ve diğer hadis kitaplarında yer almıştır. Evzâî’nin cerh ve ta‘dîl sahasındaki değerlendirmeleri de kabul görmüştür.
Yaşadığı dönemin özelliğine ve sahip olduğu ilim anlayışına paralel olarak Selef itikadının temsilcilerinden biri durumunda olan Evzâî bid‘at konusunda çok hassas davranır, bir yerde bid‘at ortaya çıkar da âlimler ona karşı koymazlarsa o bid‘atın zamanla sünnet haline geleceği endişesini dile getirirdi. Bakıyye b. Velîd, “Biz bazı insanları Evzâî ile denerdik, onun hakkında hayırlı sözler söyleyenin sünnete bağlı olduğuna hükmederdik” demektedir.
Kuvvetli bir hâfızaya, açık ve düzgün bir ifadeye sahip bulunan Evzâî aynı zamanda cesur bir kimseydi. Hakkı her şeyin üstünde tutar, zâlim idarecileri uyarmaktan çekinmezdi. Nitekim Emevîler’i kılıçtan geçirerek Abbâsî Devleti’nin kuruluşunda önemli rol oynayan kumandan Abdullah b. Ali’nin Emevî ileri gelenlerinin öldürülmesi konusunda fikrini sorması üzerine Evzâî bunun zulüm olduğunu asker ve kumandanlarının önünde söylemekten çekinmemiştir. Bu meziyetleri sebebiyle hem Emevîler hem de Abbâsîler döneminde kendisine teklif edilen kadılık görevini kabul etmemiştir.
II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ortalarında tedvin ve tasnif faaliyetlerine başlayan İslâm âlimlerinden İbn Cüreyc Mekke’de, Mâlik b. Enes Medine’de, İbn Ebû Arûbe ve Hammâd Basra’da, Ma‘mer Yemen’de, Süfyân es-Sevrî Kûfe’de bu konuda ilk olma özelliğini taşırken Evzâî de Dımaşk’ta ilk tedvin ve tasnif faaliyetinde bulunan âlim olarak tanınır. Çok sayıda eser telif ederek rivayetlerini bunlarda toplamıştır. Ancak Velîd b. Müslim’in kaydettiğine göre bu eserler Beyrut’ta otururken vuku bulan bir zelzele sırasında yanmıştır.
Evzâî’den günümüze ulaşan tek eser Kitâbü Siyeri’l-Evzâʿî ’dir ve Şâfiî’nin el-Üm adlı eseri içinde bir bölüm olarak yer almıştır (VII, 303-336). Eser savaş hukuku konusunda Ebû Hanîfe’ye muhalefet ettiği otuz beş meseleyi ihtiva eder. Ebû Hanîfe’nin talebesi Ebû Yûsuf da buna reddiye olarak er-Red ʿalâ Siyerî’l-Evzâʿî (nşr. Ebü’l-Vefâ el-Efgānî, Kahire 1357) adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır. Evzâî’nin ayrıca Müsnedü’l-Evzâʿî , Kitâbü’s-Sünen fi’l-fıḳh , Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil fi’l-fıḳh adlı eserleri kaynaklarda zikredilmektedir.
Evzâî’nin hayatı ve fıkhı hakkında birçok eser kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlardan zamanımıza kadar gelmiş en eski telif Meḥâsinü’l-mesâʿî fî menâḳıbi’l-İmâm Ebî ʿAmr el-Evzâʿî ’dir (bk. bibl.). Emîr Şekîb Arslan tarafından neşredilen eserin müellifi önceleri bilinmezken daha sonra bunun Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir b. Zeyd el-Mevsılî (ö. 870/1465-66) olduğu tesbit edilmiştir (Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , II, 73). Kaynaklarda Evzâî’ye dair ayrıca Ahmed b. Yelûl’ün (ö. 262/876) Feżâʾilü’l-Evzâʿî , Emîr Ebü’l-Hüsâm en-Nu‘mân b. Emîr Hânî b. Emîr Arslan’ın el-Aḳvâlü’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥa fî uṣûli meẕhebi’l-Evzâʿî , Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir’in Mâ veḳaʿa li’l-Evzâʿî mine’l-ʿavâlî ve Aḫbâru Ebî ʿAmr el-Evzâʿî ve feżâʾilüh adlı eserlerinden bahsedilmektedir. Son dönemde bu konuda yazılan eserler arasında ise Enîs Zekeriyyâ en-Nasûlî’nin el-İmâmü’l-Evzâʿî (Beyrut 1950), Şefîk Tabbâre’nin el-İmâmü’l-Evzâʿî (Beyrut 1380), Abdülazîz Seyyidülehl’in el-İmâmü’l-Evzâʿî faḳīhu ehli’ş-Şâm (Kahire 1386/1966), Tâhâ el-Velî’nin ʿAbdurraḥmân el-Evzâʿî Şeyḫu’l-İslâm ve imâmü ehli’ş-Şâm (Beyrut 1388/1968), Abdürrezzâk Kāsım es-Saffâr’ın el-İmâmü’l-Evzâʿî ve menhecühû kemâ yebdû min fıḳhihî (Bağdad 1986), Subhî Mahmesânî’nin el-Evzâʿî ve teʿâlîmuhü’l-insâniyye ve’l-ḳānûniyye (Beyrut 1978) ve Mervân Muhammed eş-Şeâr’ın el-Evzâʿi: imâmü’s-Selef (Beyrut 1412/1992) adlı eserleri sayılabilir.
Abdullah Muhammed el-Cübûrî Evzâî üzerine Ezher Üniversitesi’nde bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (1977), bu çalışmanın Evzâî’nin hayatı, görüşleri ve dönemiyle ilgili birinci bölümü el-İmâmü’l-Evzâʿî: ḥayâtühû ve ârâʾühû ve ʿaṣruh (Bağdad 1400/1980), fıkhî konularla ilgili görüşlerinin toplandığı ikinci kısmı ise Fıḳhü’l-İmâm el-Evzâʿî (I-II, Bağdad 1977) adıyla neşredilmiştir. Evzâî’nin rivayet ettiği hadisler çeşitli kaynaklardan taranarak kitap haline getirilmiştir. Mervân Muhammed eş-Şeâr derlediği hadisleri fıkıh bablarına göre düzenleyerek Sünenü’l-Evzâʿî (Beyrut 1413/1993), Hıdır Mahmûd Şeyho da topladığı hadisleri müsnedlere göre tertip ederek Beẕlü’l-mesâʿî fî cemʿi mâ revâhü’l-İmâm el-Evzâʿî (Beyrut 1414/1993) adıyla yayımlamıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şâfiî, el-Üm , VII, 303-336.
İbn Sa‘d, eṭ-Ṭabaḳāt , VII, 488.
Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī, Târîḫ (nşr. Şükrullah b. Ni‘metullah el-Kūcânî), Dımaşk 1980, II, 720-725.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , III, 315.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 11. cildinde, 546-548 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.