Examining the Predictive Role of Depression on Smartphone Addiction

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 156 – 165, 27.06.2024

Mehmet Enes Sağar , Feridun Kaya , Yüksel Eroğlu , Durmuş Sinan , Yılmaz Çelik , Cafer Tosun

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.2.06

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı depresyonun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemektir. Çalışmaya 219’u kadın, 107’si erkek olmak üzere toplam 326 yetişkin birey katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaşları 18 ile 61 yaş arasında değişmekte olup, yaş ortalaması 26.86±8.05’tir. Araştırma kapsamında kişisel bilgi formu, DASS-21 (Depresyon, Anksiyete ve Stres Ölçeği) depresyon alt ölçeği ve Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeği-Kısa Formu uygulanmıştır. Kişisel bilgi formunda yaş ve cinsiyet ile ilgili sorular yer almaktadır. DASS-21 depresyon alt ölçeğinin bu araştırmadaki iç tutarlık katsayısı .91 olarak bulunmuştur. Akıllı Telefon Ölçeği-Kısa Formunun bu araştırmadaki Cronbach alfa katsayısı .88 olarak belirlenmiştir. Pearson Korelasyon analizinden elde edilen bulgular depresyonun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı ile negatif yönde ilişkili (r=.391, p<.001) olduğunu göstermiştir. Depresyonun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolünü incelemek için yapısal eşitlik modeli kullanılmıştır. Yapısal eşitlik modelinden elde edilen sonuçlara göre depresyonun akıllı telefon bağımlılığını pozitif yönde ve anlamlı olarak (β = 0.416, p < .001) yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Depresyonun akıllı telefon bağımlılığında meydana gelen değişimin % 17’sini açıkladığı bulunmuştur. Bulgular ilgili literatür bağlamında tartışılmış ve önleyici ruh sağlığı kapsamında araştırmacılara öneriler sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depresyon, Akıllı telefon bağımlılığı, Yapısal eşitlik modeli

Etik Beyan

etik kurul belgesı yüklenmiştir

Destekleyen Kurum

–

Proje Numarası

–

Teşekkür

–

Kaynakça

• Allen, J. P., Insabella, G., Porter, M. R., Smith, F. D., Land, D., & Philips, N. (2006). A social-interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.55
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Ataş, H., & Çelik, B. (2019). Smartphone use of university students: Patterns, purposes, and situations. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(2), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2019.02.004
• Baker, T.B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D.E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
• Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779
• Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, P., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
• Boumosleh, J. M., & Jaalouk, D. (2017). Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182239. https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182239
• Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications programming (2nd. ed.). Routledge.Cheng, Y., & Meng, J. (2021). The association between depression and problematic smartphone behaviors through smartphone use in a clinical sample. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(3), 441-453. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.258
• Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
• Deng, T., Kanthawala, S., Meng, J., Peng, W., Kononova, A., Hao, Q., Zhang, Q., & David, P. (2018). Measuring smartphone usage and task switching with log tracking and self-reports. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918761491
• Derevensky, J., Hayman, V., & Gilbeau, L. (2019). Behavioral addictions: Excessive gambling, gaming, internet, and smartphone use among children and adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 66(6), 1163-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.008
• Ding, Y., Wan, X., Lu, G., Huang, H., Liang, Y., Yu, J., & Chen, C. (2022). The associations between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 (1029323). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029323
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Non-suicidal features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2019). The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005
• Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., Fang, J., Bai, X., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator. Addictive Behaviors, 101, 105962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019. 04.020
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., G., & Bucher, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
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• Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
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Examining the Predictive Role of Depression on Smartphone Addiction

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 156 – 165, 27.06.2024

Mehmet Enes Sağar , Feridun Kaya , Yüksel Eroğlu , Durmuş Sinan , Yılmaz Çelik , Cafer Tosun

https://doi.org/10.35365/ctjpp.24.2.06

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine the predictive role of depression on smartphone addiction. A total of 326 adults, 219 women and 107 men, participated in the study. The ages of the participants ranged between 18 and 61 years old, and the average age was 26.86±8.05. Within the scope of the research, a personal information form, DASS-21 (Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale) depression subscale and Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Form were applied. The personal information form includes questions about age and gender. The internal consistency coefficient of the DASS-21 depression subscale in this study was found to be .91. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the Smartphone Scale-Short Form in this study was determined as .88. Findings from Pearson Correlation analysis showed that depression as negatively associated with smartphone addiction (r=.391, p<.001). Structural equation modeling was used to examine the predictive role of depression on smartphone addiction. According to the results obtained from the structural equation model, depression was found to predict smartphone addiction positively and significantly (β = 0.416, p < .001). Depression was found to explain 17% of the variation in smartphone addiction. The findings were discussed in the context of the relevant literature and suggestions were made to researchers within the scope of preventive mental health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Depression, Smartphone addiction, Structural equation modelling

Proje Numarası

–

Kaynakça

• Allen, J. P., Insabella, G., Porter, M. R., Smith, F. D., Land, D., & Philips, N. (2006). A social-interactional model of the development of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.55
• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Ataş, H., & Çelik, B. (2019). Smartphone use of university students: Patterns, purposes, and situations. Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Technology, 7(2), 54-70. https://doi.org/10.17220/mojet.2019.02.004
• Baker, T.B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D.E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 33-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33
• Bian, M., & Leung, L. (2015). Linking loneliness, shyness, smartphone addiction symptoms, and patterns of smartphone use to social capital. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439314528779
• Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, P., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioral addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
• Boumosleh, J. M., & Jaalouk, D. (2017). Depression, anxiety, and smartphone addiction in university students- A cross-sectional study. PLoS One, 12(8), e0182239. https//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182239
• Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, Article 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications programming (2nd. ed.). Routledge.Cheng, Y., & Meng, J. (2021). The association between depression and problematic smartphone behaviors through smartphone use in a clinical sample. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(3), 441-453. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.258
• Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85-92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
• Deng, T., Kanthawala, S., Meng, J., Peng, W., Kononova, A., Hao, Q., Zhang, Q., & David, P. (2018). Measuring smartphone usage and task switching with log tracking and self-reports. Mobile Media & Communication, 7(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050157918761491
• Derevensky, J., Hayman, V., & Gilbeau, L. (2019). Behavioral addictions: Excessive gambling, gaming, internet, and smartphone use among children and adolescents. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 66(6), 1163-1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.008
• Ding, Y., Wan, X., Lu, G., Huang, H., Liang, Y., Yu, J., & Chen, C. (2022). The associations between smartphone addiction and self-esteem, self-control, and social support among Chinese adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13 (1029323). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1029323
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Non-suicidal features of smartphone use are most related to depression, anxiety and problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 75-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.023
• Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2019). The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005
• Elhai, J. D., Yang, H., Fang, J., Bai, X., & Hall, B. J. (2020). Depression and anxiety symptoms are related to problematic smartphone use severity in Chinese young adults: Fear of missing out as a mediator. Addictive Behaviors, 101, 105962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019. 04.020
• Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A., G., & Bucher, A. (2007). G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03193146
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications. Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2015). How to design and evaluate research in education (9th ed.). McGraw Hill Education.
• Frommer, D. (2011, June 6). History less: How the iPhone changed smartphones forever. Business Insider.
• Gao, Y., Li, A., Zhu, T., Liu, X., & Liu, X. (2016). How smartphone usage correlates with social anxiety and loneliness. Peer J 4: e2197. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2197
• Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 25 step by step: A Simple Guide and Reference (15th ed.). Routledge.
• Green, M. C., Brock, T. C., & Kaufman, G. F. (2004). Understanding media enjoyment: The role of transportation into narrative worlds. Communication Theory, 14(4), 311–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00317.x
• Hoyle, R. H. (2014). Handbook of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Kardefelt-Winther, D. (2014). A conceptual and methodological critique of internet addiction research: Towards a model of compensatory internet use. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 351–354. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.059
• Kim, E.Y., Cho, I., & Kim, E.J. (2017). Structural equation model of smartphone addiction based on adult attachment theory: Mediating effects of loneliness and depression. Asian Nursing Research, 11(2), 92-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/.anr.2017.05.002
• Kim, M., Kim. H., Kim, K., Ju, S., Choi, J., & Yu, M. (2015). Smartphone addiction: (focused depression, aggression and impulsion) among college students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 8 (25), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i25/80215
• Kim, J. H., Seo, M., & David, P. (2015). Alleviating depression only to become problematic mobile phone users: Can face-to-face communication be the antidote? Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 440–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.05.030
• Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.) Guilford Press.
• Kwon, M., Kim, D., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescent. PLoS One, 8(12), e83558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
• Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., & Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H., & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SCAS). PLoS One. 8(2), e56936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
• Lattie, E. G., Lipson, S. K.., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Technology and college student mental health: Challenges and opportunities. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, Article 246. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt. 2019.00246
• Lee, E., & Kim, H. C. (2022). Effects of depression and social interaction on smartphone addiction among female adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 35(1), 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.12349 Lin, Y. H., Lin, S. H., Yang, C. C. H., & Kuo, T. B. J. (2017). Psychopathology of everyday life in the 21st century: Smartphone addiction. In C. Montag & M Reuter (Eds.), Internet addiction (pp339-358). Springer.
• Lipson, S. K., Lattie, E. G., & Eisenberg, D. (2019). Increased rates of mental health service utilization by U. S. College Students: 10-year population-level trends (2007-2017). Psychiatric Services, 70(1), 60-63. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800332
• Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995a). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
• Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995b). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation of Australia.
• Machell, K. A., & Goodman, F. R., & Kashdan, T. B. (2015). Experiential avoidance and well-being: a daily diary analysis. Cognition and Emotion, 29(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2014.911143
• Mi, K.S., Jung, H. H., Hyun, C., Min, K., Hye, C. J., June, A. H., Woo, S. L., Ji, Y. K., & Jin, D. K. (2014). The effect of depression, impulsivity, and resilience on smartphone addiction in university students. Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association, 53(4), 214-22I.0. https: //doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2014.53.4.214
• Mun, I.B., & Lee, S. (2021). How does parental smartphone addiction affect adolescent smartphone addiction? Testing the mediating roles of parental rejection and adolescent depression. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 24(6), 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2020.0096
• Noyan, C. O., Darçin, A. E., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version among university students. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
• Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
• Parent, N., Bond, T., Wu, A., & Shapka, J. D. (2022). Predicting patterns of problematic smartphone use among university students: A latent class analysis. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2022, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4287600
• Park, Y., & Lee, S. (2022). Gender differences in smartphone addiction and depression among Korean adolescents: Focusing on the internal mechanisms of attention deficit and self-control. Computers in Human Behavior, 136, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107400
• Pivetta, E., Harkin, L., Billieux, J., Kanjo, E., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). Problematic smartphone use: An empirically validated model. Computers in Human Behavior, 100, 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2019. 06.013
• Reinecke, L., Klatt, J., & Krämer, N. C. (2011). Entertaining media use and the satisfaction of recovery needs: Recovery outcomes associated with the use of interactive and noninteractive entertaining media. Media Psychology, 14(2), 192–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15213269.2011.573466
• Rotondi, V., Stanca, L., & Tomasuolo, M. (2017). Connecting alone: Smartphone use, quality of social interactions and well-being. Journal of Economic Psychology, 63, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2017.09.001
• Rottenberg, J. (2005). Mood and emotion in major depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(3), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00354.x
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• Sarman, A., & Çiftci, N. (2024). Relationship between smartphone addiction, loneliness, and depression in adolescents: A correlational structural equation modeling study. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 76, 150-159. https://doii.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2024.02.019
• Saunders, J.B., Hao, W., Long, J., King, D. L., Mann, K., Fauth-Buhler, M., Rumph, H. J., Bowden-Jones, H., Rahimi-Movaghar, A., Chung, T., Chan, E., Bahar, N., Achab, S., Lee, H. K., Potenza, M., Petry, N., Spritzer, D., Ambekar, A., Derevensky, …Pozynak, V. (2017). Gaming disorder: Its delineation as an important condition for diagnosis, management, and prevention. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 271-279. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.039
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• Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics (6th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. Van Deursen, A. J. A. M., Bolle, C. L., Hegner, S. M., & Kommers, P. A. M. (2015). Modeling habitual and addictive smartphone behavior: The role of smartphone usage types, emotional intelligence, social stress, self-regulation, age and gender. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 411-420. https://doi.org/10..1016/j.chb.2014.12.039
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Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

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