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EYVAN Skip to content İslâm mimarisinin en önemli elemanlarından biri.
Eyvan Farsça bir kelime olup Arapça (îvân, lîvân) ve Türkçe’ye de geçmiştir. Genel olarak binaların ortasında bulunan ve iç avluya açılan üç tarafı kapalı, üstü tonoz örtülü bir mekândır; özellikle İran ve Orta Asya’da tercih edilmiş ve cami, medrese, bîmâristan gibi binalarla birlikte evlerin planlarında da sıkça kullanılmıştır. İslâm dünyasının batısında fazla ilgi çekmediği anlaşılan bu mimari elemanın en mükemmel örneklerine daha çok büyük Türk devletleri zamanında yapılan binalarda rastlanır. Arkeolojik araştırmalara göre ana fikri Asur mimarisine kadar giden ve ilk defa I. yüzyılda Mezopotamya’da görülen eyvan, II. yüzyıldan itibaren Part ve ardından Sâsânî mimarilerinde en sevilen eleman olarak hemen her önemli binada kullanılmıştır. Mevcut örnekler arasında özellikle, Bağdat yakınlarındaki Arsakî hânedanının başşehri Ktesifon’da (bk. MEDÂİN ) Sâsânî Hükümdarı I. Şahpûr (241-272) tarafından yaptırılmış olan büyük sarayın (Hüsrev Sarayı), İslâm âleminde Eyvân-ı Kisrâ veya Tâk-ı Kisrâ, Batı’da Ktesifon Kemeri (Arc de Ctésiphon) adıyla bilinen taht eyvanının kalıntısı büyük bir şöhrete sahiptir. İslâm fethinden sonra cami olarak kullanıldığı bilinen binanın ortasında yer alan 43,5 m. derinlik, 25,5 m. genişlik ve 35 m. yüksekliğindeki bu devâsâ eyvan müslüman sanatkârlar kadar hükümdarları da etkilemiş ve özellikle saray mimarisi için fikir alınan bir kaynak teşkil etmiştir.
Partlar’la Sâsânîler’in saray ve mâbedlerinde tören salonu olduğu anlaşılan eyvanların İslâm saraylarında da bu gayeye hizmet ettiği sanılmakta ve tarihî kayıtlarda eyvan kelimesinin “tören ve kabul salonu, kasır ve saray” anlamlarında da kullanılması bu görüşü doğrulamaktadır. Ancak İslâm mimarisinde eyvanın daha çok medreselerde yazlık dershane ve bîmâristanlarda yine yazlık teşhis ve tedavi mekânı olarak tercih edildiği görülmektedir. Çünkü sıcak ve kuru iklime sahip bölge mimarilerinin temel elemanını teşkil eden eyvanın gölgeli ve serin olduğu kadar açık hava ile de temas sağlayan bir düzeni bulunmaktadır. Orta Asya ve İran’ın özellikle mescid-i cum‘a planlarında üstü kubbeli mihrap önü mekânının avluya açıldığı kısımda çok haşmetli biçimde yükselen kıble eyvanları ise özellikle uzaktan kıble istikametini göstermek ve mihrabın önemini vurgulamak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Emevî kasırlarında ve Abbâsî saraylarında benzer teşkilâtlara rastlanmakla beraber İslâm mimarisinde eyvan kullanımı tam anlamıyla ancak X. yüzyıldan sonra görülmektedir. Mevcut bilgilere göre en erken tarihli örnek Neyrîz Mescid-i Cum‘ası’nda karşılaşılan eyvandır ve bu ilk örnek, binanın eski bir Sâsânî eseri olduğunu savunanların itirazlarına rağmen İran ve Orta Asya İslâm mimarisi için önemli bir merhale teşkil etmektedir. İslâm mimarisi içinde eyvanın yaygınlık kazanması güçlü Türk devletlerinin kurulmasıyla yakından ilgilidir. XI ve XII. yüzyıllar Karahanlılar, Gazneliler ve Selçuklular’ın Orta Asya, Horasan, İran, Irak ve Suriye üzerinde Türk kimliğini tesis ettikleri bir devir olurken aynı zamanda eyvanın değişik biçimlerde mimariye dahil edildiği süreci oluşturmuştur. Yapılan araştırmalar, bu mimari elemanın özellikle Gazneli sarayları ile Karahanlı ribât ve kervansaraylarında mükemmel bir biçimde uygulandığını göstermektedir.
Eyvan kullanımının doruğa çıktığı devrin başlangıcı cihanşümul bir devlet olan Selçuklular’ın hâkimiyetine rastlar. Gazneliler devrinde Şiî tehlikesini bertaraf etmek için bir Sünnî idare ve tahsil kurumu olarak geliştirilen medreselerde, bölge halkının içinde yaşadığı evlerde görülen merkezî bir avluya açılan dört eyvan planının kullanılmaya başlanması eyvanın dinî ve sivil mimarideki önemini arttırmıştır. Gazneliler’in XI. yüzyıla tarihlenen Leşker-i Bâzâr Sarayı’nın güney kasrı kalıntılarında tesbit edilen dört eyvanlı plan, böylece sarayların ve evlerin dışında diğer bir önemli müesseseyle de irtibat haline getirilmiş, 1135 tarihli Zevvâre Cuma Camii’nin inşasıyla da cami mimarisine dahil edilmiştir. Zevvâre Cuma Camii’nde, yanlarda kanatları bulunan mihrap önü kubbeli cami planıyla birlikte uygulanan dört eyvanlı medrese planı İran ve Orta Asya için bir dönüm noktası teşkil eder. Zamanla bu plan bölgeyi tamamen etkisi altına almış ve ilerleyen asırlar içinde vücuda getirilen önemli yapıların hemen hepsinde uygulanmıştır.
Selçuklular’ın batıya doğru yayılmasıyla Anadolu’ya giren eyvanın cami mimarisinde pek tercih edilmediği görülmektedir. Bilinen tek örnek, 621 (1224) tarihli Malatya Ulucamii’nin mihrap önü kubbeli mekânına açılan eyvan teşkilâtıdır. Anadolu’da bu mimari unsura, camilerin aksine kapalı ve açık medreselerle bîmâristanlarda çok sık rastlanmaktadır. Genellikle tek, çift veya üç eyvanlı planların görüldüğü medreseler arasında XIII. yüzyıla ait Kayseri’deki Çifte Minare, Sivas’taki Gökmedrese, Burûciye Medresesi ve Çifte Minareli Medrese ile Erzurum’daki dört eyvanlı Çifte Minareli Medrese, Anadolu’daki eyvan kullanımının en üstün örneklerini sergilemektedir. Bu binalar dışında kervansaraylar da eyvanlara rastlanan yapılar arasında dikkat çekmektedir. Anadolu Selçuklu ve İlhanlı eserlerinin dışında Beylikler dönemine ait medreseler arasında da genel olarak tek eyvanlı örneklere rastlanmaktadır.
Büyük Selçuklular’dan sonra İlhanlılar ve özellikle Timurlular’la Safevîler tarafından İran ve Orta Asya’da ısrarla kullanılan eyvan, Semerkant’taki Bîbî Hanım Camii ile İsfahan’daki Mescid-i Şâh ve Medrese-i Mâder-i Şâh gibi âbidevî yapılar içinde daima en ihtişamlı bölümleri teşkil etmiştir. Orta Asya ve İran’dan tesirler alan Hint İslâm mimarisinde ise dört eyvanlı planın ve eyvan örneklerinin hem daha az sayıda, hem de mahallî tesirlerin güçlü etkisi altında farklı mimari elemanlarla birlikte çeşitli değişikliklere uğratılmış olarak kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Eyvan, Selçuklu tesiriyle Irak ve Suriye’de özellikle Zengîler döneminde gelişen medreselerin yanı sıra dârülhadislerle bîmâristanlarda da önemli bir mimari eleman olarak yer almıştır. En erken örneğini 1136 tarihli Busrâ Gümüştegin Medresesi’nin teşkil ettiği eyvanlı medrese planı Eyyûbîler tarafından Mısır’a taşınmıştır. Suriye’de Zengîler dönemine ait eyvanlı binalar arasında Şam’daki Nûreddin Zengî’nin (1146-1174) yaptırdığı medrese üç eyvanlı, bîmâristan ise dört eyvanlı tiplerin en güzel örneklerini oluşturmaktadır. Eyvanlı Eyyûbî binaları arasında, el-Melikü’s-Sâlih Eyyûb’un Kahire’deki 640-641 (1242-1243) tarihli medresesi önemli bir yere sahiptir. Birer eyvanı bulunan karşılıklı iki bloktan meydana gelen bu medrese özellikle daha sonraki Memlük medreseleri için bir öncü olmuştur. Bu tarihlerde Irak’ta inşa edilmiş olan eyvanlı binaların hiç şüphesiz en güzeli ve en önemlisi, Abbâsî Halifesi Müstansır’ın yaptırdığı 630 (1233) tarihli Müstansıriyye Medresesi’dir; Bağdat’ta bulunan medrese üç eyvanlı âbidevî bir binadır. Memlükler, Mısır’da Eyyûbîler’i takip ederek bugün eyvanlı medrese ve bîmâristanların en büyük örnekleri arasında yer alan muhteşem eserler bırakmışlardır. Sultan Kalavun tarafından Kahire’de inşa ettirilen 1284 tarihli Kalavun Bîmâristanı’nın dört eyvanlı planı, oğlu el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed’in yaptırdığı Nâsıriyye Medresesi’nde gelişmiş, 1357-1362 tarihli Sultan Hasan Medresesi’nde ise en üstün şeklini almıştır.
Osmanlı mimarisinde eyvan olarak adlandırılan bazı elemanlara rastlanmaktaysa da bunların hepsine klasik anlamda eyvan demek mümkün değildir. Üstü tonoz örtülü olan eyvanların yerine Osmanlılar bir tarafı açık kubbeli bir mekân türü geliştirmişlerdir. Özellikle erken Osmanlı mimarisinde görülen ve XVI. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren ortadan kalkan bu tip mekânlara, aynı döneme ait gerçek anlamda eyvan denebilecek bir iki örnekle birlikte rastlanması Osmanlı mimarisinin kökleriyle kurulan irtibatın bir neticesidir. Bu tür eyvanlar, erken devirde sıkça yapılmış olmasına rağmen zamanla terkedilen zâviyeli camilerle medreseler ve diğer bazı mimari türlerde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Zâviyeli medreseler arasında klasik tarz tonozlu eyvan kullanımına örnek olarak, Orhan Gazi devrine ait tartışmalı bir eser olan ve Beylikler devri medreselerinin genel özelliklerini sergileyen Bursa’daki 749 (1348) vakfiye tarihli Lala Şâhin Paşa Medresesi gösterilebilir. Bu yapıda girişin hemen ardındaki kubbeli merkezî mekâna derin beşik tonozlu bir eyvan açılmakta ve molla odaları avlu yerine geçen kubbeli mekânla bu eyvanın yanlarında yer almaktadır. Eyvan düzenlemeli Osmanlı yapıları arasında, İran mimari anlayışına yakın diğer özellikleriyle de dikkat çeken İstanbul’daki Çinili Köşk önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. 1472 yılında Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından, çevresindeki alanda tertip edilen yarışmaları takip etmek için yaptırılmış olan köşkün cephesi revaklıdır ve yan yüzlerindeki fazla derin olmayan eyvanlar cephelere hareketlilik verirken binanın ihtişamını da arttırmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 12-14 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.