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EZELİYET Skip to content Allah Teâlâ’nın başlangıcının olmadığını ifade eden bir terim.
Sözlükte “başlangıcı olmama” anlamındaki ezel kelimesinin ezl (şiddet, darlık) kökünden değil “yok olmadı, zeval bulmadı” mânasındaki lem yezel fiilinden türediği kabul edilir. İbn Manzûr bu kelimenin aslında yezeliyyûn dan geldiğini, başındaki yâ harfinin tahfif için elife dönüşerek ezeliyyûn olduğunu ve “kadîm” anlamını taşıdığını belirtir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ezel” md.). Ezelden yapma masdar olan ezeliyyet ise “ezelî olma, başlangıcı bulunmama” demektir. Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî ve Tehânevî’ye göre varlığın geçmiş yönünde sonsuz olarak devamına ezel, kendisinden önce yokluk bulunmayan şeye de ezelî denir. Buna göre varlık Allah Teâlâ gibi ezelî ve ebedî, âlem gibi ne ezelî ne ebedî ve âhiret gibi hâdis fakat ebedî olmak üzere üçe ayrılır (et-Taʿrîfât , “el-Ezeliyyü”; Tehânevî, I, 84-85).
Gerek Kur’an’da gerek hadis rivayetlerinde ezel ve türevlerinden herhangi bir kelime geçmemekte, buna karşılık Hadîd sûresinde (57/3) Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın evvel ve âhir olduğu bildirilmektedir. Buradaki evvel kelimesi “ezelî”, âhir de “ebedî” (sermedî) anlamındadır. Allah’ın ahad ve vâhid isimlerinden her biri ezeliyet ve ebediyet anlamını da içermekle birlikte bazı âlimler ahadı ezeliyet, vâhidi ebediyet mânasına tahsis etmişlerdir (bk. AHAD ). Esmâ-i hüsnâya dair hadis rivayetlerinde de evvel ve kadîm gibi isimler zikredilir (İbn Mâce, “Duʿâʾ”, 10). Aynı şekilde, “Hiçbir şey yokken Allah vardı” meâlindeki hadis (Müsned , IV, 431, 432; Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 1; “Tevḥîd”, 22; Tirmizî, “Menâḳıb”, 74) bu mânayı ifade eder.
Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın zâtı gibi sıfatlarının da ezelî ve ebedî olması mutlak yokluk ve hiçlik kavramını ortadan kaldırmaktadır; çünkü vâcibü’l-vücûd ile mutlak yokluk bir araya gelmez. İnsanlara göre mevcut veya mâdum olan her şey Allah’ın ezelî ve ebedî ilminde sabit ve dâimdir. Her şey biri Allah’ın ilminde yer alan, diğeri hariçteki vücudu olmak üzere iki varlığa sahiptir. Birincisi onun mahiyetini ifade etmekte olup Allah Teâlâ, ezelî irade ve kudretiyle bu mahiyetlere hâricî bir vücut verdiğinde onlar ilmîlikten çıkıp hâricî vücuda bürünürler. Burada ezelî ve sermedî olan hariçteki vücutlar değil ilm-i ezelîdeki aynlardır. Mutasavvıflar ilm-i ezelîdeki bu mahiyetlere “a‘yân-ı sâbite” adını vermektedir. Onların hâricî vücuda bürünmüş şekli ise “hakîkat” veya “mahlûkat” diye nitelendirilir. Bir canlı ölünce sûreti ve cismi gider, mahiyeti ise devam eder. Dolayısıyla nesnelerin özü sabit ve dâim olup mutlak yokluğa mâruz kalmaz. Meselâ bir mimar bir binayı plan olarak tasarlasa, ardından bu tasarıya göre onu inşa etse ve bina bir müddet sonra yıkılsa plan ve program onun zihninde devam eder. Ancak hâricî vücut için irade ve kudretin taallukuna ihtiyaç vardır, bunlar olmadan gerçekleşemez (Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, I, 101-104; Said Nursi, s. 61).
Ezel zamandan ve mekândan münezzeh olan, başı ve sonu bulunmayan, hiçbir kayda bağlı olmayan Allah’ın sıfatıdır. Zaman içindeki kayıtlar burada geçerli değildir. Yani Allah ezelî ilmiyle her şeyi kuşattığından O’nun ilminde geçmiş zaman, şimdiki zaman ve gelecek kavramları yoktur. O her şeyi şimdiki gibi bilir. Said Nursi bu durumu ayna örneğiyle açıklar. Yukarıdan eşyaya tutulan ayna yere yaklaştıkça kapsama alanı daralır, uzaklaşıp yükseldikçe genişler (a.g.e. , s. 51). Burada ayna Allah’ın ilmi, görüntüye konu olan şeyler de zaman olarak kabul edilirse zamanın kapsamı aynanın seviyesiyle genişleyip daralmaktadır. Allah’ın ilmi sınırsız olduğundan bütün zaman onun ilmine “an” olarak taalluk eder. Bu sebeple Allah her şeyi meydana gelmeden önce bilir. Allah’ı zamandan münezzeh görmeyenler ezel kavramını mâzideki sonsuzluk diye anlamışlardır.
Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın ilminde yer alan varlıkların vücut bulmadan önce ilm-i ezelîdeki durumları, vücut buldukları anda ve vücutları sonlandıktan (fenâ) sonraki durumları olmak üzere üç aşaması söz konusudur. Birinci aşama ezeliyet, ikinci aşama hakikat, üçüncü aşama ebediyettir. Ezeliyet ve ebediyet içinde bulunan birinci ve üçüncü aşamalar, hariçte mevcut olmayıp sadece ilm-i ilâhîde var oldukları için “taaddüd-i kudemâ”ya yol açmamaktadır. İkinci aşamayı oluşturan hakikat ise Allah’ın ilminde yer alan mahiyetlerin O’nun irade ve kudretiyle hariçte vücut bulmasıdır. Hudûs ile kastedilen de budur. Fenâ ise bahis konusu hakikatlerin sonlanması halidir. Dolayısıyla mümkin varlıklardan oluşan hakikatler hâdis ve fânidir; onların ilm-i ilâhîdeki mahiyetleri ise ezeliyete ve ebediyete sahiptir.
Ezeliyetle ahval teorisi arasında irtibat söz konusudur. Haller, arazları cevherlere bağlayan ve cevherle araz arasında bulunan vasıtalardır. Hallere varlık ve yokluk, ezelîlik ve hudûs gibi nitelikler yüklenemez. Haller bağımsız nitelikleri olmadığından gerçek anlamda mevcut sayılmazlar. Bununla birlikte varlığın zatıyla ilişkilerinden dolayı yok da sayılmazlar. Onlara ne mevcut ne de ma‘dûm denilir. Söz gelimi kişinin âlim olması zatının ötesinde bir haldir, dolayısıyla âlimden anlaşılan şey zattan anlaşılandan başkadır. Kādir, hay, mürîd sıfatlarıyla diğer sıfatlarda da durum aynıdır. Buna göre Allah’ın âlimlik, kādirlik gibi sıfatları vardır (Şehristânî, I, 82). Allah ilimle âlim olduğu gibi kıdemle de kadîmdir. Kıdem O’nun zâtından yokluğu nefyettiği için selbî, zâtı ötesinde bir mânaya sahip olduğu için de vücûdî (sübûtî) sıfattır.
Filozoflar âlemin kıdemini benimsemekle beraber onun varlığını, zâtında zorunlu (mûcib bizzât) olduğuna inandıkları bir varlığa (sâni‘) dayandırmışlardır. Daha sonra bazı kelâmcılar, söz konusu kıdemin Allah’ın zâtı ve sıfatları dışındaki şeylerden nefyedilmesi hususunda ittifak etmişlerdir. Mu‘tezile ise her ne kadar sıfatların kıdemini benimsememişse de vücûdiyet, hayyiyet, âlimiyet, kādiriyet ve ulûhiyyetten oluşan beş kadîm halin mevcudiyetini kabul etmiştir. Ebû Hâşim el-Cübbâî, beşinci hali diğer dördü için illet ve zâtı ayıran hal diye kabul etmektedir (Siyâlkûtî, III, 10). Allah’a fiil olarak nisbet edilen sıfatlarda değil zât olarak nisbet edilenlerinde ezelîlik vardır. Meselâ, “Allah ezelde muhsindir” denmez, çünkü ihsan bir fiildir. Ancak ihsanda bulunduğu varlıkları yarattıktan itibaren muhsin diye nitelenir (Eş‘arî, II, 251). O’nun “sefehi nefyetme” anlamında hakîm oluşu, “kizbi nefyetme” anlamında sâdık oluşu gibi selbî sıfatlarında ise ezelîliğin bulunması gerekir. Nitekim Allah’ın “kelâma kādir olma” anlamında mütekellim oluşu da ezelîdir (a.g.e. , II, 256).
Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî’ye göre Allah Teâlâ nesne ve olayları yaratmadan önce de kādir olup onları bilendir. Çünkü nesneler yaratılmadan önce de bilinir ve şey, cevher, renk gibi kavramlarla anılabilir. Ancak yaratılmadan önce cisimlerin cisim olarak, fiillerin de fiil olarak adlandırılması mümkün değildir (a.g.e. , II, 205). Dolayısıyla “şey” her türlü mâlûm için kullanılan bir kavramdır, yaratılmadan önce mâlûm olunca şey olarak adlandırılması da mümkün olur. Bir şeye kendi sebebiyle şey denilmesi câiz ise ona yaratılmadan önce de şey denebilir. Bir şey, kendisinde olmayan bir illet dolayısıyla böyle adlandırılıyorsa söz konusu illet kendisinde bulunduğunda da -yaratılmadan önce, yani adem halinde olsa bile- bununla isimlendirilebilir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî’ye göre ezelî varlık hakkında mutlak olarak yokluk söz konusu değildir. Zira ezelînin varlığının öncesi yoktur ve onun mevcudiyetini sürdürmesi başkasına bağlı değildir, o sebepsiz varlıktır. Ezelî olan için madde, sûret, fâil ve sebepten söz edilemez. Ayrıca ezelî olanın cinsi yoktur, bozulmaz, dönüşmez, o cisim de değildir. Bilkuvve varlık imkândan öte bir şey olmadığına göre âlem bilkuvve sonsuzdur. Bilkuvve sonsuza bağlı olan her şeyin de bilkuvve sonsuz olacağı açıktır. Buna göre hareket ve zaman aynı türden olmak üzere bilkuvve sonsuzdur. Ancak bir şeyin bilfiil sonsuz olması mümkün değildir. Böylece zamanın bilfiil sonsuz olamayacağı ortaya çıkar (Kindî, s. 18-19). Netice olarak fiiliyatta selbî bir nitelik olan ezeliyet, imkân dahilindeki ma‘dûm söz konusu edildiğinde sübûtî olarak nitelendirilebilir. Mümkin ma‘dûmların hariçte vücutları olmasa da ilm-i ilâhîde mahiyetleri vardır. Buna göre Allah’ın ilmi ezelî olduğu için mümkin ma‘dûmların da bir tür ezeliyet kazandığı düşünülebilir ve hâricî vücutları olmadığı için de hal olarak benimsenebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , I, 84-85, 143; Müsned , IV, 431, 432; Kindî, “İlk Felsefe Üzerine”, İslâm Filozoflarından Felsefe Metinleri (trc. Mahmut Kaya), İstanbul 2003, s. 18-19; Eş‘arî, Maḳālâtü’l-İslâmiyyîn (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Beyrut 1416/1995, II, 205, 251, 256; Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî), I, 82; Seyyid Şerîf Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf (nşr. M. Bedreddin en-Na‘sânî), Kahire 1325/1907, III, 10-11; Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , Kahire 1402/1981, I, 101-104; Siyâlkûtî, Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Mevâḳıf (nşr. M. Bedreddin en-Na‘sânî), Kahire 1325/1907, III, 10; Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, İşârâtü’l-merâm min ʿibârâti’l-İmâm (nşr. Yûsuf Abdürrezzâk), Kahire 1368/1949, s. 90-91; Said Nursi, Mektûbât , İstanbul 1958, s. 51, 61.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 430-431 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.