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EZGİ, Mehmet Suphi Skip to content (1869-1962)
Türk mûsikisi âlimi ve bestekârı.
İstanbul Üsküdar’da doğdu. Babası Telgraf ve Posta Nezâreti muhasebe mümeyyizi İsmail Zühdü Bey, annesi Emine Hanım’dır. Orta öğreniminden sonra girdiği Askerî Tıbbiye’den 1892’de tabip yüzbaşı olarak mezun oldu ve Bingazi’deki 58. Alay’ın birinci taburuna hekim tayin edildi. Mehmet Suphi asabiye mütehassısı olarak uzun süre burada görev yaptı. Bu arada Osmanlı-İtalyan harbine katıldı ve 1913 yılında İstanbul’a döndü. I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında miralay rütbesiyle Beykoz Serviburnu Emrâz-ı İntâniyye Hastahanesi başhekimliğinde bulundu. İstiklâl Harbi başladıktan sonra Anadolu’ya geçti ve Ankara Merkez Hastahanesi başhekimliği yanında çeşitli yerlerde hekimlik yaptı. Cumhuriyet’in ilânını müteakip askeriyedeki görevinden emekliye ayrıldıysa da dokuz yıl daha çeşitli yerlerde hükümet ve belediye tabipliği gibi resmî görevlerde bulunduktan sonra istifa etti.
1932 yılında İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı Tarihî Türk Mûsikisi Eserlerini Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti üyeliğine tayin edildi. Böylece Ezgi’nin hayatında, Türk mûsikisi inceleme ve araştırmaları doğrultusundaki çalışmalarının ağırlık kazandığı yeni bir dönem başlamış oluyordu. Bu heyetteki çalışmaları on beş yıl sürdü. Son yıllarını Beykoz’da münzevi bir şekilde geçirdi. 12 Nisan 1962 tarihinde vefat etti ve Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Fransızca yanında Arapça ile Farsça’ya vâkıf ve mûsikiden dinî ilimlere kadar uzanan çeşitli alanlarda geniş bir kültüre sahip olan Ezgi asıl şöhretini Türk mûsikisi çalışmalarıyla elde etmiştir. Henüz beş yaşında iken mahalle mektebinde okuduğu ilâhilerle dikkati çekti. Aynı zamanda hânende ve sâzende olan babasının evinde düzenlediği ve devrin belli başlı mûsikişinaslarının iştirak ettiği toplantılara önceleri sesiyle katılmaya başladı. İlk mûsiki derslerini on iki yaşlarında, keman hocalığı da yapan Muzıka-yi Hümâyun Kolağası Tahsin Bey’den alan Ezgi, kısa sürede evlerindeki toplantılara kemanı ile iştirak edecek bir seviyeye geldi. Babasının kanun hocası Kanûnî Hacı Ârif Bey’den Batı notası, Rauf Yektâ Bey’den işaretli Hamparsum notası öğrendi. Daha sonra da bunun gizli Hamparsum denilen şeklini çözdü. On yedi yaşında Zekâi Dede’nin talebesi oldu ve ondan üç yıl kadar ders aldı. Zekâi Dede vasıtasıyla tanıştığı Kozyatağı Rifâî Tekkesi şeyhi Halîm Efendi’den önce sînekeman, ardından tanbur dersleri aldı. Halîm Efendi’nin tanbur çalmayı III. Selim’in tanbur hocası İsak’ın talebesi Oskiyam’dan öğrendiği göz önüne alınırsa geleneksel tanbur tavrının böylece Suphi Ezgi’ye intikal ettiği anlaşılır. Hocaları arasında ayrıca, Askerî Tıbbiye’de öğrenci iken derslerine devam ederek birçok fasıl geçtiği Medenî Aziz Efendi ve özellikle seçkin bir dinî mûsiki repertuvarı elde ettiği Bahariye Mevlevîhânesi şeyhi Hüseyin Fahreddin Dede ile 1911’den sonra Batı mûsikisi ve armoni dersleri aldığı Edgar Manas’ın önemli bir yeri vardır.
Suphi Ezgi, meşhur mûsikişinaslardan aldığı çeşitli dersler sayesinde daha önce yaşamış birçok mûsiki üstadının üslûbuna da nüfuz etti ve bunlar ileride katılacağı eser tesbiti çalışmalarının esasını oluşturdu. 1913’te Hüseyin Sadeddin Arel ile birlikte, öncülüğünü Rauf Yektâ Bey’in yaptığı Türk müzikolojisi incelemelerine katıldı. Daha sonra Arel ile Ezgi’nin çalışmalarına iştirak eden Salih Murat Uzdilek’le birlikte “Arel-Ezgi-Uzdilek sistemi”ni ortaya koydu. Türk mûsikisinin ses sistemindeki perdelerin mahiyetini tesbit eden bu düzen, uzun yıllar öncesine giden yoğun araştırmalar sonucunda meydana getirilmiştir. Tartışmaları günümüzde de süren Türk mûsikisinin ana dizisi konusunda, Suphi Ezgi ile Rauf Yektâ Bey arasındaki karşılıklı mektuplarda (1924) ve yine aynı şekilde Türk Musikisi Dergisi ’nde Ezgi’nin Muhyiddin Erev ve Ekrem Karadeniz ile olan yazışmalarında (bk. bibl.) ileri sürülen ve tartışılan fikirler mûsiki araştırmacıları için incelenmeye değer niteliktedir.
Ezgi, İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı Tarihî Türk Mûsikisi Eserlerini Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti’nde önce Rauf Yektâ, Ali Rifat Çağatay ve Ahmet Irsoy’la, ilk ikisinin vefatı üzerine (1935) Ahmet Irsoy ve Mesut Cemil’le birlikte, 1943 yılında Irsoy’un vefatından sonra da tek başına çalıştı. Bu çalışmalar, birçok eserin unutulmaktan kurtarılıp yeniden Türk mûsikisi repertuvarına kazandırılması bakımından büyük önem taşımaktadır.
Hamparsum ve Batı notasını iyi bilen Suphi Ezgi, bilhassa eser incelemesi esnasında mukayeseler sonucu ortaya çıkan farklılıkların giderilmesi hususunda gösterdiği titizlik ve gayretiyle tanınmıştır. İyi bir tanburî idi. Aynı zamanda ney üflüyor, keman ve sînekeman da çalıyordu. İcracılığının en önemli yönü ise güzel sesinin yanında kendine mahsus tavır ve üslûbunun hâkim olduğu hânendeliğidir. Ezgi ayrıca pek çok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Bunlar arasında Kemal Batanay, Ercüment Berker, Fahri Kopuz, Lâika Karabey, Mesut Cemil, Yılmaz Öztuna, Ahmet Çağan, Ârif Sami Toker tanınmış bazı isimlerdir.
Eserleri. 1. Nazarî, Amelî Türk Musikisi (I-V, İstanbul 1933-1953). Türk mûsikisi kaidelerinin müsbet ilim esaslarına göre araştırılıp tesbit edildiği eser, en eskisinden başlayarak mûsikiyle ilgili kaynakların incelenmesi suretiyle kaleme alınmıştır. Kendi bestelerinden yirmi beşinin de yer aldığı eserde ayrıca 650 civarında yazar tarafından derlenen mûsiki eserinin notası mevcuttur. Bunlar arasında Ezgi’nin otuz yıllık çalışma sonucu tesbit ettiği, Türk mûsikisinin zamanımıza ulaşan en büyük eseri kabul edilen Nâyî Osman Dede’ye ait Mi‘râciyye’nin ayrı bir yeri vardır.
2. Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden İlâhîler (I-III, İstanbul 1931-1933). Rauf Yektâ, Ahmet Irsoy ve Ali Rifat Çağatay ile müşterek olarak hazırlanan eser “Türk Mûsikisi Klasiklerinden” ana başlığı altında yayımlanan serinin ilk üç cildi olup I. cildi tevşîh, II ve III. ciltleri ilâhi notalarına ayrılmıştır.
3. Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Bektaşî Nefesleri (IV-V, İstanbul 1933). Rauf Yektâ, Ahmet Irsoy ve Ali Rifat Çağatay ile ortak hazırlanan bu eser adı geçen serinin iki cildini teşkil etmekte ve seksen dokuz nefes notası ile bazı nefes güftekârlarının hayatı hakkında kısa bilgiler ihtiva etmektedir.
4. Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Mevlevî Âyinleri (VI-XVIII, İstanbul 1934-1939). Ezgi, kırk bir adet âyîn-i şerif notasının güfteleriyle birlikte yer aldığı bu eserin ilk dört cildini Rauf Yektâ, Ahmet Irsoy ve Ali Rifat Çağatay ile, diğerlerini ise Ahmet Irsoy ve Mesut Cemil’le beraber hazırlamıştır. “Türk Mûsikisi Klasiklerinden” serisi içinde yer alan eser on üç fasikülden meydana gelmekte olup günümüzde Mevlevî âyinleri konusunda klasik eser hüviyetini kazanmıştır.
5. Hâfız Mehmed Zekâî Dede Efendi Külliyâtı (I-III, İstanbul 1940-1943). Ahmet Irsoy’la müştereken hazırlanan kitapta Zekâi Dede’nin eserlerinin notaları neşredilmiştir.
6. Evc Bûselik, Mâhur Bûselik, Muhayyer Bûselik, Nevâ Bûselik, Bûselik, Hisâr Bûselik Fasılları (İstanbul 1943). Ahmet Irsoy’la birlikte hazırlanmıştır.
7. Tanbûrî Mustafa Çavuş’un 36 Şarkısı (İstanbul 1948). Biri hariç eserde yer alan bütün şarkıların ara nağmeleri Suphi Ezgi tarafından bestelenmiştir.
8. Türk Musikisi Klasiklerinden Temcit-Na’t-Salât-Durak (İstanbul 1945). Ezgi tarafından tesbit edilen elli dört parçanın notasını ihtiva eden eserde Arapça metinlerin tercümeleri de verilmiştir.
Suphi Ezgi’nin hepsi İstanbul Konservatuvarı neşriyatı olan bu eserlerinin dışında, ilk kısmı Musiki Mecmuası ’nda (sy. 17-19) tefrika edilmiş “Tanbur Metodu” ile yarım kalmış bir “Türk Musikisi Solfej Metodu” mevcuttur. Ayrıca İstanbul Enstitüsü Dergisi ’nde Türk mûsikisi usul geçkilerini konu alan bir makalesi yayımlanmıştır (sy. 2 [İstanbul 1956], s. 37-49). Ezgi Tanbûrî Ali Efendi, Hacı Ârif Bey ve Şevki Bey külliyatlarını hazırlamaya çalışmışsa da bunları tamamlayamamıştır.
Suphi Ezgi 700’den fazla eser bestelemiş, ancak bunlardan sadece durak, peşrev, saz semâisi, oyun havası, taksim, beste, ağır semâi, yürük semâi, marş ve şarkı formundaki 165’ini neşre lâyık görmüştür. Sözleri Tevfik Fikret’e ait olan Vatan Şarkısı adlı eseri Paris Konservatuvarı profesörlerinden Albert Lavignac tarafından armonize edilmiştir (notası için bk. Şehbâl , sy. 64 [1 Temmuz 1328], s. 307). Şarkılarından yirmi sekizini, 1916 yılında Musahibzâde Celâl’in Lâle Devri Opereti için şair Nedîm’in kaside, gazel ve şarkılarından bestelediği eserler teşkil eder. Ayrıca kürdî makamının hüseynî-aşiran perdesindeki şeddini “aşkefzâ”, bûseliğin aynı perdedeki şeddini de “ruhnüvâz” adlarıyla müstakil yeni makamlar haline getirmiş ve şeref-i hamîdî makamının adını “şerefnümâ” olarak değiştirmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ezgi, Türk Musikisi , I, 3-6.
a.mlf., “Vatan Şarkısı”, Şehbâl , sy. 64, İstanbul 1328, s. 307.
a.mlf., “Özlü Bir Musiki Hasreti Başlıklı Yazıya Cevap”, TMD , sy. 29 (1950), s. 4-5.
a.mlf., “Bay M. Erev’in Birinci ve İkinci Mektuplarına Cevap”, a.y. , sy. 32 (1950), s. 4-5, 20.
a.mlf., “Bay M. Erev’e İkinci Cevabım”, a.y. , sy. 33 (1950), s. 4, 20-21.
a.mlf., “M. Erev’in Yazısına Üçüncü Cevap”, a.y. , sy. 34 (1950), s. 4-5, 22-23.
a.mlf., “Bay M. Erev’e Cevap”, a.y. , sy. 35 (1950), s. 4-5, 23.
a.mlf., “Bay Muhittin Erev’e Cevap”, a.y. , sy. 36 (1950), s. 4-5, 21-24.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 264-265.
Sadun Kemâlî Aksüt, Beşyüz Yıllık Türk Musikisi Antolojisi , İstanbul 1967, s. 147-148.
Bedî‘ Mensî [Hüseyin Sadettin Arel], “Subhi Ezgi”, Şehbâl , sy. 5, İstanbul 1325, s. 89.
Muhittin Erev, “Özlü Bir Musiki Hasreti”, TMD , sy. 28 (1950), s. 1, 23-24.
a.mlf., “Üstad Dr. Subhi Ezgi’ye”, a.y. , sy. 30 (1950), s. 9.
a.mlf., “Nazarî ve Amelî Türk Musikisi Adlı Eser Üzerine Bazı Mülâhazalar”, a.y. , sy. 31 (1950), s. 6-7, 20-21.
Ekrem Karadeniz, “Sayın Doktor Subhi Ezgi’ye Açık Mektup”, a.y. , sy. 31 (1950), s. 8-9.
İsmail Baha Sürelsan, “Doktor Subhi Ezgi’nin Ardından”, MM , sy. 171 (1962), s. 75, 94.
a.mlf., “Doktor Subhi Ezgi”, a.y. , s. 75, 94.
a.mlf., “Doktor Subhi Ezgi”, Âhenk Gazetesi , 15 Ağustos 1963, s. 2.
a.mlf., “Doktor Subhi Ezgi”, MM , sy. 206 (1965), s. 37-38.
a.mlf., “Doktor Subhi Ezgi’nin Mektupları”, Musiki ve Nota Mecmuası , sy. 6, İstanbul 1970, s. 4-6; sy. 8 (1970), s. 4-6; sy. 11 (1970), s. 4-6; sy. 13 (1970), s. 4-7; sy. 14 (1970), s. 4-6; sy. 17 (1971), s. 4-6.
Bedi N. Şehsuvaroğlu, “Türk Musikisi ve Dr. Subhi Ezgi”, MM , sy. 171 (1962), s. 71, 76.
Hayri Yenigün, “Subhi Ezgi ve Nedîm’in Şiirleri”, a.y. , sy. 206 (1965), s. 39-41.
TA , XVI, 69.
Salahattin Göktepe, Büyük Müzisyenler Ansiklopedisi , İzmir 1962, s. 310.
Türkiye 1923-1973 Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1974, II, 623.
Ahmet Say, Müzik Ansiklopedisi , Ankara 1985.
Öztuna, BTMA , I, 274-277.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 51-52 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.