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FAHREDDİN, Ma‘noğlu Skip to content (ö. 1044/1635)
Lübnan’da bağımsız bir idare kurmak üzere Osmanlılar’a isyan eden Dürzî emîri.
Lübnan’ın güçlü Dürzî ailelerinden biri olan Ma‘noğulları’nın (Âl-i Ma‘n, Benî Ma‘n) reisi Emîr Korkmaz’ın oğlu olup 1572’de doğdu. Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır seferi sırasında Osmanlı hâkimiyetini kabul eden ailenin başında bulunan ve adını aldığı dedesi Fahreddin’den dolayı bazı Batı kaynaklarında II. Fahreddin şeklinde anılır. Söz konusu kaynaklarda bu aileden müstakil bir hânedan gibi bahsedilmesi doğru değildir. Aile mensuplarının birbirinin yerine geçmesinde Osmanlı hükümetinin onayı gerektiği gibi bunlara Osmanlı idarî teşkilâtında sancak beyi statüsü tanınmıştı. Babası Korkmaz’ın 1585’te ölümünün ardından Mârûnî Hâzin ailesinin yanına gönderilen ve burada yetişen Fahreddin kısa süre içinde bölgedeki Dürzî emîrleri arasında sivrilmeye başladı. Özellikle 1594’te Şam beylerbeyi olan Kuyucu Murad Paşa ile yakınlık kurarak gücünü daha da arttırdı; rakiplerinin bir kısmını bertaraf etti, bir kısmını da kendisine bağladı. En güçlü rakibi daha sonra kayınpederi olan Ebû Seyf Yûsuf idi. Onunla 1598’de giriştiği mücadelede başarı kazanarak nüfuzunu Kuzey Lübnan’a doğru yaydıysa da Seyfoğulları ile olan anlaşmazlığı uzun yıllar sürdü. Kendisine Osmanlı hükümeti tarafından Safed sancak beyliği verilen Fahreddin’in Yûsuf’a karşı başarı sağlamasında Halep Beylerbeyi Canbolatoğlu Ali Paşa’nın da rolü olmuştu. Osmanlı idaresine karşı doğrudan ilk isyanı Canbolatoğlu ile yaptığı ittifak sonucu gerçekleşti. Bu arada Osmanlılar’ın Avusturya ve İran savaşları ile meşgul olmasından faydalanarak nüfuz bölgesini Safed’den Aclûn ve Banyas’a, Güney Lübnan’a doğru genişletmiş, tüfekli asker (sekban) toplayarak düzenli birlikler kurmuş, iktisadî gücünü arttırmıştı. Oğlu Emîr Ali’ye de Sayda ve Beyrut sancak beyliği verilmişti. Vergisini düzenli olarak göndermeye itina gösterdiği, bazı devlet adamlarını elde ettiği için onun bu hareketlerine hükümet merkezi tarafından göz yumulduğu, bu sayede gücünü ve nüfuzunu genişlettiği de belirtilir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nin içinde bulunduğu karışıklıklardan faydalanıp istiklâlini kazanmak için harekete geçtiği anlaşılan Emîr Fahreddin Şam’ı kuşatan Canbolatoğlu’na yardım ettiği gibi askerleri de Oruç Ovası Savaşı’na katıldı. Bundan biraz önce kendisine hüküm gönderilerek Vezîriâzam Murad Paşa’nın çıkacağı Şark seferine asker yollaması istendiyse de o sırada Canbolatoğlu ile ittifak halinde bulunduğundan buna cevap vermemişti (BA, MD Zeyli , nr. 8, s. 41, hk. 164, s. 148, hk. 856, 857). Fakat Canbolatoğlu’nun 23 Ekim 1607’de Kuyucu Murad Paşa tarafından yenilgiye uğratılması üzerine geri çekildi ve eskiden beri tanıdığı vezîriâzamdan af diledi. İsteği kabul edilerek Safed sancağı yeniden kendisine verildi. Hemen ardından 3 Safer 1017’de (19 Mayıs 1608) vezîriâzamın ordusuna oğlu Emîr Ali idaresinde asker gönderdi (MD Zeyli , nr. 8, s. 137, hk. 751). Topçular kâtibi Abdülkādir Efendi’ye göre ise Fahreddin Oruç Ovası Savaşı’ndan sonra orduya gelmiş, vergilerini teslim edip özür dilemiş, Kuyucu Murad Paşa da onun özrünü kabul ederek hil‘at giydirmiş, hatta o sırada orduya gelen rakibi ve düşmanı Trablus Beyi Seyfoğlu ile barıştırılmıştır (Târih , s. 413-414).
Fahreddin bundan sonra kendisine yeni müttefikler aramaya başladı, özellikle İtalya’da Toskana dukaları ile ilişki kurdu. Hatta zâhiren barıştığı Seyfoğulları ile mücadele için onlardan yardım aldı. Mârûnîler’le de temasa geçti. Fakat 1611’de Kuyucu Murad Paşa’nın ölümü ve yerine Nasuh Paşa’nın geçmesi durumunu oldukça zorlaştırdı. Halep beylerbeyiliği sırasında kendisini yakından tanıyan, vaktiyle anlaşmazlığa düştüğü Nasuh Paşa onun hareketlerini daha dikkatli bir şekilde takip etmeye başladı (Sâfî Mustafa, vr. 374b ). Toskana ile irtibatını geliştirmesi, sekban toplamayı sürdürmesi, yöredeki sancaklarla ilgilenerek bunları kendisine bağlamaya çalışması ve göndermeyi taahhüt ettiği vergiyi aksatması üzerine Şam Beylerbeyi Hâfız Ahmed Paşa onun te’dibiyle görevlendirildi. Ahmed Paşa’nın 1021-1022 (1612-1613) yıllarında Dürzî dağlarındaki harekâtının yanı sıra bir Osmanlı filosunun da denizden sıkıştırması Fahreddin’i güç durumda bıraktı. Diğer Dürzî emîrlerinin muhalefetiyle de karşılaşınca emirliği ve diğer işleri büyük oğlu Ali ile kardeşi Yûnus’a bırakarak bir Fransız gemisiyle Sayda’dan ayrılıp İtalya’ya gitti (15 Eylül 1613). Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre bu kaçışı Avrupa’dan yardım almak içindi (Kâtib Çelebi, I, 359). Hatta beylerbeyilikle Safed’e tayin edilen Hasan Paşa ve Hâfız Ahmed Paşa Dürzî kalelerini zaptederken beş parça Floransa gemisi yardım için sahile asker ve top çıkarmaya başlamış, ancak Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin yetişmesi üzerine Dürzîler dağlara, Floransalılar da gemilerine kaçıp uzaklaşmışlardı.
Kendisinin Lorraine hânedanına mensup bulunduğunu, Toskana dukaları ile akraba olduğunu söyleyerek İtalya’da iyi kabul gören Fahreddin, Papa V. Paul ile görüşmek üzere Roma’ya gitmiş, Haçlı seferlerinin hâtıraları ile duygulanan papa ona büyük bir saygı göstermişti. Bu sırada Nasuh Paşa ölmüş, İran seferiyle uğraşan Osmanlı Devleti de bazı kalelerin yıktırılması, emirliğin oğlu Ali’de kalması ve kendisinin hiçbir işe karışmaması şartlarıyla Fahreddin’in dönüşüne izin vermişti (1027/1618). Beş yıl kadar Floransa’da yaşayan Fahreddin, Toskana dükü ile anlaşma yapıp yanına mühendisler, mimarlar ve bir miktar zanaat erbabı alarak geri döndü.
Fahreddin’in geri döndüğü 1618’den 1635’e kadar geçen süre zarfında Lübnan bölgesinde Ma‘noğulları güçlerini ve nüfuzlarını oldukça yaydılar, rakiplerini bertaraf ettiler. Fahreddin’in Floransa’da bulunduğu sırada Hasan Paşa ile Ebû Seyf Yûsuf Ma‘noğulları ile mücadeleyi sürdürerek bunların çoğunu ortadan kaldırmışlar, birçok yeri ele geçirmişler, Emîr Yûnus’u Banyas Kalesi altında yenmişlerdi (Sâfî Mustafa, vr. 375b -380b ). Fakat Fahreddin dönünce Ebû Seyf ele geçirdiği yerleri geri verdiği gibi onunla bir anlaşma yaptı, ayrıca kızını da onunla nikâhladı (1619). Ancak bu geçici bir anlaşma oldu, aralarındaki mücadele yeniden başladı. Fahreddin birçok yeri ele geçirdi; Yûsuf’un 1624’te ölümünden sonraki üç yıl boyunca nüfuz sahasını daha da genişletti. Anne tarafından Seyf ailesine mensup olan oğlu Hüseyin’i Trablus beyliğine tayin ettirdi. Kendisi de Nablus ve Aclûn sancak beyi unvanını aldı. Bu hareketleri sırasında Osmanlı hükümet merkezini dikkatle takip ediyor, oranın durumuna göre siyasetini ayarlıyordu. Merkezde elde ettiği adamları vasıtasıyla olup biteni haber alıyor, giriştiği harekâtı, Arap eşkıyalarına karşı memleketi koruma ve emniyeti sağlama şeklinde gösteriyordu. Kendini güçlü hissetmeye başladığında da Şam beylerbeyine karşı harekete geçmekten çekinmedi. 1623’te Şam Beylerbeyi Mustafa Paşa’yı Ayncar’da (Ancar) yenip esir aldı. Bu zafer onun şöhretini çok arttırdı. Ancak hükümet merkezine olayın bir yanlış anlamadan dolayı meydana geldiğini söyleyerek Mustafa Paşa’yı serbest bıraktı. Bu hareketinde Osmanlı hükümet merkezindeki karışıklığın önemli rolü olsa gerektir. Nitekim o sırada II. Osman katledilmiş, I. Mustafa yeniden tahta çıkmış, onun bir yıl sonra azliyle yerine küçük yaştaki IV. Murad geçmişti (1623). Bu durumdan istifade eden Fahreddin merkezin kontrolünden uzakta müstakil hareket ederek Avrupa devletleriyle sıkı ticarî ilişkiler kurduğu gibi 1631’e doğru hâkimiyeti altındaki yerleri hemen hemen Anadolu’ya doğru uzatmış bulunuyordu.
Onun bu başarıları uzun sürmedi; özellikle bu son tarihten itibaren bölgedeki nüfuzlu Arap aileleri arasında kendisine karşı bir tepki başladı. Müslümanları tahkir ettiği, camileri kiliseye çevirdiği, Toskana dukası ve Malta şövalyeleriyle irtibat kurup sahilleri korsan gemilerine yağmalattırdığı ve onları barındırdığı, mukaddes yerleri ele geçirmek isteyen hıristiyan devletlerle anlaştığı gibi gerekçelere dayanan bu tepkiler aslında onun siyasî ve iktisadî gücünden, baskılarından duyulan rahatsızlıktan kaynaklanıyordu. Bu sırada Osmanlı hükümet merkezinin dikkati de bu yöne çevrilmişti. Daha önce II. Osman’ın onun üzerine sefere çıkma isteği Dilâver Paşa tarafından engellenmişti. Şimdi idareye tamamen hâkim olan IV. Murad bu meselenin bütünüyle halline karar verdi. Bunda kısmen, ticarî menfaatleri dolayısıyla Venedikliler’in Fahreddin aleyhine hükümet nezdinde bulundukları çeşitli teşebbüslerin de rolü vardı. Ayrıca böyle nüfuzlu ve şöhreti Avrupa’ya yayılmış bağımsız hareket eden bir emîrin bertaraf edilmesi IV. Murad’ın iktidarını, idareyi tam olarak yeni ele aldığı bir sırada daha güçlü hale getirmiş olacaktı. Bu arada, 1632 yılı sonlarında Sayda, Safed ve Beyrut mirlivâsı olarak zikredilen oğlu Emîr Ali’nin 1041 (1631) yılına ait 1.700.000 akçe tutarındaki vergisi hazineye geldiyse de (BA , Ali Emîrî, IV. Murad, nr. 789) bu durum alınan kararda herhangi bir değişikliğe yol açmadı.
Fahreddin’in tenkili işiyle Şam Beylerbeyi Küçük Ahmed Paşa görevlendirildi. Ahmed Paşa, Fahreddin’in oğlu Ali kumandasındaki kuvvetleri Safed yakınlarında mağlûp etti; mücadele sırasında Ali maktul düştü. Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin harekâtı sürdürmesi üzerine Fahreddin Cizzîn’de Sakīf Tirûn’a çekildi. Bu arada bir Osmanlı filosu da denizden Suriye sahillerini abluka altına alarak batıdan gelebilecek yardımları önledi. Fahreddin, Ahmed Paşa’nın sarp dağlardaki harekâtı karşısında Cizzîn yakınında bir mağaraya saklandıysa da sonra teslim oldu. Oğulları Mesud ve Hüseyin ile birlikte İstanbul’a gönderildi. İstanbul’a varışları, IV. Murad’ın otağının Revan seferi için Üsküdar’a geçtiği güne rastladı (21 Şubat 1635). Fahreddin derhal bostancıbaşı hapsine verildi. 25 Şevval 1044’te (13 Nisan 1635) idam edildi. Bu arada Ahmed Paşa Sayda, Beyrut, Safed, Şûf ve Sakīf bölgelerine tamamen hâkim olmuş, ancak 1636’da Ma‘noğulları’ndan Emîr Mülhem Sayda’yı, Seyfoğulları’ndan Emîr Ali de Beyrut’u ele geçirmişler, fakat bunlar Şam mütesellimi Abdullah Paşa tarafından uzaklaştırılmışlardı (BA, MD , nr. 86, s. 74, hk. 127, s. 76, hk. 131-132). Fahreddin’in İstanbul’daki oğullarından Hüseyin Bey Osmanlı sarayında yetişerek önemli devlet hizmetlerinde bulunmuş, ayrıca Naîmâ’nın kaynağı Şârihulmenârzâde’nin başlıca râvileri arasında yer almıştır.
Maceralı hayatı ve faaliyetiyle Avrupa’da büyük ilgi çeken, hatta birçok kitap ve romana konu olan Fahreddin bazı araştırmacılar tarafından modern Lübnan’ın kurucusu olarak kabul edilir. Onun Avrupa ile sürekli irtibat halinde bulunarak siyasî, ticarî ve dinî isteklerini yerine getirdiği bilinmektedir. Özellikle İtalya’dan döndükten sonraki faaliyetleri dikkat çekicidir. Fransa Kralı XIII. Louis’nin ricasıyla Nezâret şehrindeki eski kiliseyi tamir ettirmiş ve bir manastır yapımına yardımcı olmuştur. Hıristiyan çiftçileri Güney Lübnan’daki arazilere yerleştirerek ziraatı canlandırmaya çalışmıştır. İpek sanayiini geliştirmiş, Fransız ve Hollandalı tâcirlere geniş imkânlar tanımış, önemli bir ticaret limanı haline gelen Beyrut ve Safed’in imarını sağlamıştır. Sayda’da Fransızlar’a büyük bir han inşa izni verdiği gibi Floransalılar’a da bir konsoloshâne açmış; özellikle Şûf ipeği, keten, zeytinyağı, pirinç gibi malların ticaretini teşvik etmiştir. Fahreddin’in vergileri düzenli şekilde toplamak için halka baskı yaptığı, yeni vergilerle onları ezdiği de belirtilir. 1621’de Fransız Deshayes de Courmenin onu Osmanlı beylerinin en büyüklerinden biri olarak anar ve gelirinin 900.000 franga ulaştığını, bunun 340.000 frangını vergi olarak gönderdiğini yazar. Bazı kaynaklarda Fahreddin’in Hıristiyanlığı kabul ettiği kayıtlıdır. Bu hususta kesin bir şey söylenememekle birlikte Mârûnî bir ailenin yanında yetiştiği, en yakın yardımcısının bir Mârûnî (Ebû Nâdir Han) olduğu, özellikle Dürzî ve Mârûnî birleşmesini sağlayarak siyasî birliğin teşekkülünde önemli bir rol oynadığı bilinmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 80-82 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.