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FAKR Skip to content İnsanın zorunlu ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak imkânlardan yoksun olması veya kendisini her zaman Allah’a muhtaç bilmesi anlamında tasavvuf terimi.
Fakr kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bir âyette (el-Bakara 2/268), fakîr ve bunun çoğulu olan fukarâ da on iki âyette geçer (meselâ bk. Âl-i İmrân 3/181; en-Nisâ 4/6; et-Tevbe 9/60). Fakîr ile yakın anlamda kullanılan miskîn ve çoğulu mesâkîn ile bâis ve mahrûm gibi kelimeler de çeşitli âyetlerde geçmektedir. Hadis mecmualarında da Hz. Peygamber’in fakirliğe ve fakirlere dair birçok açıklamasına yer verilmiştir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “faḳr”, “faḳīr” md.leri).
Kur’an’da yer alan fakirlikle ilgili kelimeler maddî veya mânevî ihtiyaç anlamında kullanılmıştır. Mânevî mânada bütün insanlar fakir ve Allah’a muhtaç olup zengin olan yalnız Allah’tır. Bu anlamdaki fakrın insanın temel niteliklerinden biri olduğu hususunda görüş birliği vardır. Söz konusu âyetlerin çoğunda ise maddî anlamdaki fakirlik üzerinde durulmuş ve bununla ilgili hükümler konulmuştur. Buna göre fakirlik Allah’ın insanları imtihan ettiği yollardan biri olup sabredenler bu imtihanı kazanmış olurlar (el-Bakara 2/155). Zenginlerin mallarında ihtiyacından dolayı isteyenin ve yoksulun belirli bir hakkı vardır (el-Meâric 70/24-25). Zekâtın kimlere verileceğini açıklayan bir âyette (et-Tevbe 9/60) sıralamanın başında fukarâ yer almaktadır (bk. FAKİR ).
Hadislerde fakirlik konusu daha geniş olarak ele alınmıştır. Hz. Peygamber fakirliğin tabii olarak korkulan ve istenmeyen bir durum olduğuna işaret eder (Müsned , II, 231, 250, 410; İbn Mâce, “Veṣâyâ”, 4; Nesâî, “Veṣâyâ”, 1, “Zekât”, 60). Bizzat kendisi fakirlik fitnesinin şerrinden Allah’a sığınmış (Müsned , VI, 57, 207; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 101, Nesâî, “İstiʿâẕe”, 14, 16, “Sehiv”, 90), çevresindekilere de şu tavsiyede bulunmuştur: “Fakirlikten, kıtlıktan, zilletten, kötülük etmekten ve kötülüğe uğramaktan Allah’a sığının” (Müsned , II, 540). Bununla birlikte Resûl-i Ekrem o günün güç şartları içinde yoksulluk sıkıntısı çekenlere sabır ve metanet tavsiye etmiş, iffetli ve onurlu yoksulları âhirette nâil olacakları üstün nimetlerin müjdeleriyle sevindirmiştir. Bu hadislerde fakirlerin zenginlerden önce cennete gireceği, cennet ehlinin çoğunu dünyada fakirlik sıkıntısı çekenlerin oluşturacağı haber verilmiştir (Müsned , III, 224; IV, 443; Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 8, “Riḳāḳ”, 16, 51; Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 94). Bazı hadislerde ise fakirliğin ve zenginliğin dinî ve ahlâkî bakımdan hem faydaları hem de tehlikeleri bulunduğu belirtilmiş, insana görevini unutturan fakirlik yanında azgınlığa sürükleyen zenginliğe de dikkat çekilmiştir (Tirmizî, “Zühd”, 3). Hz. Peygamber insanlar hakkında fakirlikten çok, zengin olup da benlik ve çıkar kavgalarına girişenlerden kaygılandığını, geçmişteki bazı toplumların bu yüzden yıkılıp gittiğini ifade etmiştir (Buhârî, “Cizye”, 1, “Meġāzî”, 13; Müslim, “Zühd”, 6).
İlk dönem zâhidleri dünyayı kötüleyip fakrı zenginliğe tercih ederken bu konuda fakir sahâbîleri ve özellikle ashâb-ı Suffe’yi kendilerine örnek almışlardır. Fakirlerin zenginlerden önce cennete gireceğini ve cennet ehlinin çoğunu fakirlerin teşkil edeceğini ifade eden hadisler de ilk zâhidlerin yoksulluğu zenginliğe tercih etmelerinde etkili olmuştur. İlk dönem âbid ve zâhidleri fakirliği dinî kurtuluş için daha ihtiyatlı bir yol kabul etmekle birlikte zenginliği de kötülememişlerdir. Ancak zamanla fakrı aşırı derecede öven ve zenginliği yeren bazı zümreler ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu şekilde fakr ile sabır, zenginlikle şükür arasında bir bağ kurularak sabırlı fakirin şükreden zenginden daha faziletli olduğu ileri sürülmüştür. Fakat bunun aksini savunan sûfîler de olmuştur (Serrâc, s. 520; Hücvîrî, s. 25; Gazzâlî, II, 258; IV, 195).
Maddî anlamdaki fakrın zenginlikten üstün olduğu görüşünü benimseyen ilk sûfîler insanın Allah’a muhtaç olduğunun idrakinde olmasının mı (fakr ilallah), yoksa mânevî zenginliğin mi (istiğnâ billâh) daha üstün olduğu konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Yahyâ b. Muâz er-Râzî, Ahmed b. Ebü’l-Havârî, Hâris el-Muhâsibî, Ebü’l-Abbas İbn Atâ, Ruveym, Ebü’l-Hasan b. Şem‘ûn ve Ebû Saîd-i Ebü’l-Hayr gibi büyük sûfîler, mânevî zenginliğin kendini Allah’a karşı muhtaç bilme halinden daha üstün olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Bunlara göre zenginlik Allah’ın sıfatı olduğundan kulun sıfatı olan fakrdan daha üstündür. Diğer bir grup sûfî ise Allah’ın kendisine ganî, insanlara fakir sıfatını verdiğini (Fâtır 35/15) göz önüne alarak insana fakrın daha çok yakıştığını savunmuşlardır (Hücvîrî, s. 24-33). Aslında insanın kendisini Allah’tan başkasına muhtaç bilmemesi anlamına gelen “istiğnâ billâh” ile kendini mutlak olarak O’na muhtaç hissetmesi anlamına gelen “iftikār ilallah” arasında fazla fark yoktur. Nitekim Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî, “Allah’a muhtaç olma hali sağlam olmayanın Allah ile müstağni olma hali de sağlam olmaz; bu iki halden biri olmadan öbürü tam olarak gerçekleşmez” demiştir. Ebû Bekir eş-Şiblî de fakrı, “Kulun Allah’tan başka hiçbir şeyle müstağni olmamasıdır” şeklinde tarif etmiştir (Kuşeyrî, s. 539, 545).
İlk sûfîler “yoksulluk” anlamına gelen fakr ile “Allah’a muhtaç olma” anlamına gelen fakrı birleştirerek bunu kendi meslekleri ve gayeleri haline getirmişlerdi. Onlara göre fakr (dervişlik) Allah’a giden yol, fakir de (derviş) bu yolun yolcusudur. Tövbe, vera‘, zühd, fakr, sabır, tevekkül, rızâ şeklinde sıralanan tasavvuf makamların dördüncüsü olarak fakr kabul edilmiştir (Serrâc, s. 68-81). Fakat fakr çok defa tasavvufî bir makam değil bir yol yahut metot olarak görülmüştür. Nitekim Müzeyyin, “Allah’a giden yollar yıldızlar kadar çoktur, bunların en iyisi fakrdır” derken bu hususa işaret etmiştir (Kuşeyrî, s. 544). Fakir de aynen sûfî gibi tarif edilmiştir. Sûfîler fakirin vasıfları ve uyması gereken kurallar üzerinde de durmuşlardır. Ebü’l-Hüseyin en-Nûrî’ye göre fakir maddî bir şey bulamadığı zaman sükûn ve huzur halinde olur, bulunca da onu başkalarına verir (a.g.e. , s. 545, 548). Kendi kendine yettiğinden dilencilik yapmaz. Çünkü fakr Allah’ın kuluna emanet ettiği bir sırdır; kul dilencilik yaparak bu ilâhî sırrı ifşa etmemelidir (Gazzâlî, IV, 202, 205; Kuşeyrî, s. 539). Fakir almaktan çok vermeyi sevmeli, İbrâhim b. Edhem gibi el emeği ve alın teriyle geçinmeli, kazandığı malı da elinde tutmamalıdır. Gerçek fakir halinden şikâyet etmez, yoksulluğa razı olur, hatta ondan hoşlanır, fakir olduğu için Allah’a şükreder, böylece huyu ve davranışları güzelleşir. Kimseden bir şey istemez, bir beklentisi olmaz. Fakir olduğu için yakınmaz, sızlanmaz, hatta zenginmiş gibi görünmeye çalışır (Gazzâlî, IV, 201; Abdülkādir-i Geylânî, Ġunyetü’ṭ-ṭâlib , II, 150). Zengin nasıl zenginliği nimet bilir ve onu korursa gerçek fakir de fakrı ilâhî bir lutuf olarak görür ve onu korur. Nitekim bundan dolayı fakr, “fakr halinin sona ermesinden korkmaktır” diye tarif edilmiştir.
Sûfîler genellikle fakrı ikiye ayırırlar. Maddî varlığa sahip olmamak anlamındaki fakra şeklî (zâhirî) fakr derler. Fakir bir şeye sahip olmadığı gibi sahip olmayı da istemez. Rüyasında Muhammed b. Vâsî’nin Mâlik b. Dînâr’dan biraz daha önce cennete girdiğini gören bir sûfî bunun sebebini birincisinin bir, ikincisinin iki gömleği oluşuyla açıklamıştır (Kuşeyrî, s. 549). Bu anlamda fakire “ehl-i tecrîd” ve “ehl-i terk” de denir. Tasavvufun sonraki dönemlerinde gerçek (bâtınî) fakr daha çok önem kazanmış, bunun yeni ve değişik yorumları yapılmıştır. Meselâ İbn Hafîf (ö. 371/981) kötü huyları bırakıp iyi huy edinmeyi fakr saymıştı (a.g.e. , s. 546). Sûfîler daha sonraki devirlerde fakr anlayışını fenâ ve kulluk anlayışıyla birleştirmişlerdir. Buna göre Allah mevlâ (rab), insan onun kuludur; kulun sahip olduğu her şey mevlâsına aittir. Şu halde iyi bir kul mevlâsı karşısında hiçbir şeye sahip olmadığını yani fakir olduğunu idrak eder. Kul kendi varlığının gerçek sahibinin de mevlâsı olduğunun şuuruna varınca fenâ mertebesine ulaşır. Fakr bu noktada tevhidin de en yüksek derecesi olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sûfîler, “Fakr iki cihanda yüz karasıdır” şeklindeki yaygın ifadeyi, “Hiçbir şeye sahip olmayan sâlikin Allah’ta külliyen fâni olmasıdır” diye yorumlamışlardır ki onlara göre gerçek fakr budur. Hadis olduğu söylenen, “Fakr kendisiyle övündüğüm bir şeydir” anlamındaki söz de fakrın bu yönünü dile getirir. Bu anlamdaki fakr sâlikin aslî yokluğa dönüp bir hiç olmasından ibarettir. “Fakr tamamlanınca geriye sadece Allah kalır” sözüyle sûfîler bu durumu kastederler (Baklî, s. 580; Kâşânî, s. 104; İbn Teymiyye, XI, 116). “Fakir Allah’tır”; “Fakir Allah’a muhtaç değildir” (Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “faḳir” md.; Kuşeyrî, s. 546) sözleri de bu anlamda kullanılır. Zira sâlikin fakrın en ileri derecesine vararak Allah’ta fâni olmasıyla ikilik ortadan kalkacağından ikilikten gelen ihtiyaç da yok olur (İbnü’l-Arâbî, el-Fütûḥât , II, 348; Câmî, s. 16-18, 21).
Zengine zengin olduğu için saygı gösterenin imanından çok şey kaybedeceğini söyleyen, zenginleri ölü, meclislerini de ölülerin meclisi sayan mutasavvıflar zenginliği öven hadisleri de gönül zenginliği olarak anlamışlardır (Kuşeyrî, s. 540, 544).
Serrâc, bir zümrenin fakrdan maksadının sadece yoksulluk ve züğürtlük olduğunu söylediğini, fakrın âdâbını dikkate almadığını, bu zümrenin fakra takılıp kalmasının fakrın gerçeğini anlamasına perde teşkil ettiğini söyler (el-Lümaʿ , s. 522). Sülemî de Uṣûlü’l-Melâmiyye ve ġalaṭâtü’ṣ-ṣûfiyye ile (s. 177-178) Beyânü zeleli’l-fuḳarâʾ (s. 187) adlı risâlelerinde fakr ve fakir anlayışı hususunda düşülen hatalara dikkati çekmiştir.
Fakr ve fakir terimleri, bazan önde gelen sûfîlerin kabul edemeyecekleri kadar yanlış şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Aristo geleneğine bağlı bir ahlâk anlayışının savunucusu olan filozof İbn Miskeveyh, dünya işlerinden uzak durmayı fazilete engel olduğu gerekçesiyle en büyük rezîletlerden biri sayar ve, “Bu yüzden zâhidleri yerdik” der (Tehẕîbü’l-aḫlâḳ , s. 107, 147). Râgıb el-İsfahânî de mutasavvıf olduklarını ileri sürerek dünya işlerini bırakanların kaçınılmaz olarak başkalarının kazançlarıyla geçinmek zorunda kalacaklarına, bunun da ahlâken kabul edilebilir bir durum olmadığına işaret eder (eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ mekârimi’ş-şerîʿa , s. 266-268). Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî ve Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye gibi Selefî âlimler de sûfîlerin fakrı zenginlikten üstün tutmalarını tenkit etmişlerdir. İbnü’l-Cevzî’ye göre servetin miktarı yerine servet biriktirmedeki niyete ve bunun ne şekilde kullanıldığına bakmak gerekir (Telbîsü İblîs , s. 170-177). İbn Teymiyye, Kur’an ve Sünnet’te fakr kavramının dar ve zâhirî anlamda ganînin zıddı olarak kullanıldığını, tasavvufun ilerlemiş dönemlerinde bu kavrama yüklenmiş olan anlamlarla ilişkisi bulunmadığını ileri sürer. Ona göre zengin ile fakirden hangisinin daha üstün olduğu yolundaki sorunun cevabı, hangisi takvâda daha ileri ise onun üstün olduğu şeklindedir (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , XI, 20-21, 119, 122-123). Bu sözler aslında sûfîlerin takvâ anlayışından farklı bir görüşü içermemektedir. İbn Teymiyye, bazı mutasavvıfların ashâb-ı Suffe’nin durumunu delil göstererek sabreden fakirin şükreden zenginden daha üstün olduğu tarzındaki görüşlerine de katılmaz. Zira ashabın en faziletlileri aşere-i mübeşşeredir ve bunlardan sadece Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās ehl-i Suffe’dendir (a.g.e. , XI, 44, 56-57). Ancak, “İnsanların en üstünü oldukları tartışmasız olan peygamberlerden bir kısmının hayli zengin olduğu da bilinmektedir” (a.g.e. , XI, 68-69, 120-121, 127-128) derken peygamberlerin büyük çoğunluğunun fakir olduğunu göz ardı eder. Ayrıca çok varlıklı sûfîler de vardır. Öte yandan Mevlânâ, “Dünya mal mülk, altın ve kadın değil Allah’ı unutmaktır” diyerek tasavvufun maddî zenginliği asla reddetmediğini özellikle vurgulamıştır (ayrıca bk. DERVİŞ ).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 132-134 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.