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FÂRÛKĪ, İsmâil Râcî Skip to content (1921-1986)
Son dönem müslüman bilim ve fikir adamı.
21 Ocak 1921’de Filistin’in Yafa şehrinde doğdu. İlk ve orta öğrenimini Saint Joseph Koleji’nde yaptı. Felsefe öğrencisi olarak girdiği Beyrut Amerikan Üniversitesi’nden 1941’de mezun oldu. 1945-1948 yılları arasında Celîle’nin son Filistinli valisi olarak görev yaptı. Görevi süresince Filistinliler’in haklarının ısrarlı bir savunucusu oldu. 1948’de İsrail Devleti’nin kurulup Filistin’in işgal edilmesi üzerine Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne göç etti. 1949’da Indiana ve 1951’de Harvard üniversitelerinde felsefe alanında yüksek lisans yaptı. “Değerin Metafiziği ve Epistemolojisi” konulu doktora tezini 1952’de Indiana Üniversitesi’nde tamamladı. Daha sonra Ezher Üniversitesi’nde üç yıl süreyle şer‘î ilimler alanında öğrenim gördü. 1959’da Fulbright doktora sonrası bursuyla Mc Gill Üniversitesi’ne giderek Yahudilik ve Hıristiyanlık hakkında araştırmalar yaparken bir yandan da dersler verdi. 1961 yılına kadar burada çalıştı. Amerika’daki müslüman öğrencilerin kültürel dayanışmasını sağlamak amacıyla 1963’te teşkil edilen Muslim Student Association mensuplarıyla yakınlık kurarak ilmî ve fikrî konularda onlara rehberlik yaptı. Ardından Pakistan’a gitti ve orada kaldığı iki yıl boyunca Karaçi’deki Central Institute of Islamic Research çalışmalarına katkıda bulundu. Tekrar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ne dönüp Chicago Üniversitesi’nde misafir hoca olarak ilâhiyat dersleri verdi. 1964-1968 yılları arasında Syracuse Üniversitesi’nde doçent olarak çalıştı ve burada İslâm araştırmaları programını başlattı. Daha sonra evleneceği Lois Lamyâ ile burada tanıştı. 1968’de din ilimleri profesörü olarak Philadelphia Temple Üniversitesi’ne geçen Fârûkī burada da İslâm araştırmaları bölümünü kurdu.
1972’de kurucu başkanı olduğu Association of Muslim Social Scientists, Fârûkī’nin Amerika’daki teşkilâtçı faaliyetlerinin ikinci önemli basamağını oluşturdu. Bu dernek Amerika Birleşik Devletleri üniversitelerinde çalışan müslüman hoca ve öğrenciler için önemli bir kültür merkezi haline geldi. 1970’li yılların sonuna doğru Muslim Student Association ve Association of Muslim Social Scientists’in öteki öncü şahsiyetleriyle bir İslâm koleji veya üniversitesi kurulması için çalışmalara girişti. Bu teşebbüsleri sonunda Chicago’da American Islamic College kuruldu. Başkanı olduğu bu müessesedeki görevini ölümüne yakın zamanlara kadar yürüttü. Bu teşebbüslerin milletlerarası çaptaki diğer önemli sonucu International Institute of Islāmic Thought’un 1981’deki kuruluşu oldu. Kuzey Amerika’da büyük bir İslâm araştırmaları merkezi haline gelen bu enstitünün özellikle “bilginin İslâmîleştirilmesi” yolundaki araştırma programlarının belirlenmesinde Fârûkī’nin öncü bir rolü oldu.
Entelektüel faaliyetlerindeki teşkilâtçı ve aktif özelliğiyle Fârûkī Pakistan, Hindistan, Güney Afrika, Malezya, Libya, Suudi Arabistan ve Mısır’daki İslâmî araştırma kurumlarına da proje, uygulama ve danışmanlık düzeylerinde önemli katkılarda bulundu. Bu arada iştirak ettiği ilmî toplantılar, verdiği konferanslar, katkıda bulunduğu dergiler de önemli bir yekün tutmaktadır.
Fârûkī ve eşi Lois Lamyâ, 27 Mayıs 1986’da Pennsylvania Wyncote’taki evlerinde sahur vaktinde bıçaklı bir saldırıya uğrayarak öldürüldüler. Olay Amerikan basınında ısrarla göz ardı edilmesine rağmen İslâm dünyasında geniş yankılar uyandırdı.
Fârûkī’nin fikrî hayatının ilk dönemleri felsefenin metafizik, bilgi teorisi ve ahlâk disiplinlerini birlikte ele alan çalışmalarla başlamıştır. Batı felsefesi konusundaki ilmî birikimine hıristiyan teolojisi hakkındaki incelemeleri de tamamlayıcı bir boyut eklemiştir. Bu arada İslâmî kültürle temasını yenilemek için girdiği Ezher’de önceki birikimini geleneksel İslâm ilimleriyle yenilemiş, burada üç yıl boyunca devam ettirdiği yoğun program kendi ifadesine göre âdeta yeni bir doktora çalışması olmuş (Manzoor, III/7, s. 34), bu birikim, fikrî hayatı boyunca başka dinlere mensup ilâhiyatçılarla giriştiği diyaloglarda kendisi için büyük bir imkân teşkil etmiştir.
Mısır, Fârûkī’nin burada kaldığı dönemde Arap milliyetçiliğinin merkezi halindeydi ve bu akım ile evrensel İslâm düşüncesi taraftarları arasında ciddi bir kutuplaşma mevcuttu. Bu gerilimli ortam, Fârûkī’nin hayatı boyunca üzerinde çalıştığı kavim gerçeği ve kavmiyetçilik konularına yönelmesinin temel sebebi sayılabilir. Onun Arap asıllı müslüman bir düşünür oluşu, bu çerçevede Arapçılık (Arabism) ve Araplık (Urubah) arasında bir ayırıma gitmesi sonucunu doğurmuş ve bu ayırımı İslâm’ın temel prensipleri ışığında yorumlamaya çalışmıştır. Basılmış ilk eseri olan On Arabism, ‘Urubah and Religion ile başlayan bu çaba son dönemlerine kadar sürmüştür. Nitekim 1979 yılında New York’ta toplanan “Trialogue of the Abrahamic Faiths” (İbrâhimî inançların üçlü diyalogu) konulu konferansta sunduğu tebliğde de bu konuyu işlemiş; kavim gerçeğini İslâm’ın da kabul ettiğini, hatta çeşitli kavimlerin İslâm’a girmekle etnik karakterlerini de olgunlaştırdıklarını belirtmiş; ancak bu gerçekleri ırkçı tezlere dönüştürmenin yanlış olduğunu, esasen İslâm’ın da buna “asabiyyetü’l-Câhiliyye” nitelemesiyle daha başında karşı çıktığını ileri sürmüştür (Trialogue , s. 48-57).
Akademik çevrelerde Fârûkī bir mukayeseli dinler tarihi uzmanı olarak tanınır. Onun bu alanla temelde, İslâm’ın öteki dinlere üstünlüğünü ortaya koymak ve öteki din mensuplarının İslâm’a yönelttikleri eleştirileri göğüslemek amacıyla uğraştığı, dolayısıyla bu konuda yazdığı eserlerin klasik kelâm ilminin “ilmü’l-milel ve’n-nihal” disiplini çerçevesine oturtulabileceği anlaşılmaktadır (Trialogue , “Önsöz”; ayrıca bk. Manzoor, III/7, s. 35). Nitekim Fârûkī’nin Batı felsefesi ve teolojisi alanındaki birikiminin mükemmel bir ifadesi olan Christian Ethics adlı eseri, “modern, akılcı bir müslümanın… Hıristiyanlığa, özellikle de Batı Hıristiyanlığına karşı bir reddiyesi” şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir (a.g.e. , “Önsöz”, s. VII). Bu kitabın esas tezi, St. Paul’den itibaren Hz. Îsâ’nın tebliğ ettiği dinin gerek mesajı gerekse ahlâk sistemi bakımından dejenere edildiği görüşüdür. Bu dejenerasyonu teolojik ön kabullerin ötesinde akılcı yöntemlerle teşhis ve tenkit etmek mümkündür. Dolayısıyla bu eser Hıristiyanlığa karşı tarafgir bir polemik değil akılcı ve ilmî bir tenkitten ibarettir. Eserin bu yönü, İslâm ve Hıristiyanlık arasında ilmî ve fikrî bir diyalog için gerekli zemini hazırlamaktadır. Esasen Fârûkī böyle bir diyalog için dinler üstü (metareligious) yaklaşımın gerekli olduğuna inanmakta ve bu yaklaşımı mümkün kılan akılcı prensiplerin İslâm’ın ruhunda mevcut olduğunu belirtmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 1-33).
Fârûkī’nin, 1980’li yıllarda çağdaş İslâm düşüncesi çevrelerinin gündemini işgal eden “bilginin İslâmîleştirilmesi” tezi, böyle bir başlığın gerektirdiği epistemolojik derinliğe ne kadar sahip olduğu kesin olmamakla birlikte genelde tartışılmaya değer bir metodoloji olarak görülmüştür. Islamization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan adlı eserinde ileri sürdüğü bu tezin hareket noktası İslâm dünyasında yaşanan epistemolojik bunalımdır. Fârûkī’ye göre bu bunalım ancak mevcut eğitim sisteminin ıslah edilip çifte standartlardan kurtarılmasıyla aşılabilir. Bir tarafta geleneksel İslâmî bilgilerin, öte yanda modern din dışı ilimlerin nisbetsiz ve dengesiz biçimde yer aldığı eğitim sistemi bu iki başlı yapısından kurtarılmalı ve bu iki bilgi sistemi uzlaştırılıp bütünleştirilmelidir. Fârûkī’nin tesbitine göre daha önceki ıslahatçılar Batı bilim ve teknolojisinin olduğu gibi alınması gerektiği fikrindeydiler. Fakat onlar Batı bilgi sisteminin İslâm’ınkiyle çatıştığını farkedememişlerdi. Bu çatışmayı farkeden ve bizzat yaşayan, müslüman üniversitelerinde okuyan yeni kuşaktır. Bilgi ile hakikat bir ve aynı olduğuna göre müslümanlar modern birikim içinde bilginin ve tabiatıyla hakikatin ifadesi olan unsurları kendilerine mal etmelidirler. Bilgi ve hakikat arasındaki bu birlik, esasen akıl ve vahiy arasında nihaî bir çelişki olamayacağı kabulüne dayanır.
Fârûkī’nin bilginin İslâmîleştirilmesi için öngördüğü çalışma planının beş temel şartı vardır: a) Modern disiplinleri iyice öğrenmek; b) İslâmî kültür mirasına iyice nüfuz etmek; c) Modern bilginin her alanıyla İslâm arasında özel bir uygunluk ve uzlaşma sağlamak; d) İslâmî kültür mirasıyla modern bilgi arasında verimli bir terkip için metotlar geliştirmek; e) İslâm düşüncesini, ilâhî modeli icra edecek ve ona işlerlik kazandıracak bir yörüngeye oturtmak (Islamization of Knowledge , s. 39). Bu çalışmalarla İslâm kültür mirası yeniden keşfedilecek ve yorumlanacak, bu miras modern bilgi birikimiyle tenkitçi bir tarzda uzlaştırılacak, edinilen çağdaş İslâmî bilgi İslâm topluluğunun ve genel olarak insanlığın problemlerine çözümler getirecek, bu şekilde İslâmîleştirme programı gayesine ulaşmış olacaktır.
1980’li yıllarda metafizik ve tarihî özellikleriyle “Islamic science” (İslâm bilimi) kavramını ortaya atan Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr ile tasavvuf doktrinlerini esas atarak bilginin Batılı muhtevasından arındırılması (de-Westernization of Knowledge) gerektiğini vurgulayan Nakīb el-Attâs’ın çalışmalarıyla birlikte göz önüne alındığında Fârûkī’nin tezi, ortaklaşa ele alınan meselelere pratik çerçevede bir çözüm teklifi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Fârûkī’nin bilginin İslâmîleştirilmesi konusundaki yaklaşımı öteki iki düşünürden farklı olarak problemin şematik çözümünü ön plana çıkarmakta ve tasavvufî doktrini projesinin dışında bırakmaktadır (Kutluer, s. 25-34).
Fârûkī’nin teklifinde İslâmîleştirilmesi öngörülen bilgi dallarının yalnızca sosyal bilimler sahasına inhisar etmesi, fen bilimlerinin kesin (exact) ve objektif kabul edilmesi, modern bilim felsefesindeki yeni eğilimler bakımından bu teze eleştirilerin yöneltilmesine sebep olmuştur. Eleştiriler özellikle, onun modern bilimin felsefî ve kültürel temellerini yeterince kavrayamadığı noktasında yoğunlaşmaktadır. Fazlurrahman ise bilginin özü itibariyle iyi olduğu, kötülüklerin onun kötü kullanımından doğabileceği şeklindeki temel İslâmî anlayışa dayanarak “bilgi” denilen şeyde İslâmîleştirme programlarına konu olabilecek bir muhtevanın bulunmadığını savunmuştur.
Fârûkī’ye göre tevhid inancı, hem bilgiyle hakikati uzlaştırıcı hem de düşünce ve hayatın bütün merhalelerinde yönlendirici bir ilke olarak İslâm düşüncesinin esasıdır. Metafizik, bilim, tarih, ahlâk, sosyal, siyasî ve ekonomik nizam ve nihayet estetik bu ilkeden hareketle yorumlanması gereken alanlardır. Daha genel bir ifadeyle tevhid bir dünya görüşüdür (Tawhid , s. 11). Tevhidin bu şekilde değerlendirilmesi, onun aynı zamanda İslâm medeniyetinin belirleyici unsuru olduğu anlamına gelir. Bu medeniyete mensup olan hiçbir müslüman bundan asla kuşku duymamıştır. Şu halde yakın geçmişteki bazı misyonerler, şarkiyatçılar ve diğer bazı medeniyet yorumcularının bu konudaki kuşku uyandırmayı hedefleyen beyanlarının hiçbir ilmî değeri yoktur (The Cultural Atlas of Islam , s. 73).
İslâm medeniyetinin tevhide dayalı karakteri onu aynı zamanda evrensel kılmıştır. Bu anlamda Fârûkī, kültürel rölativizm kavramının merkezîleştirilmesine karşı çıkarak tarihteki bütün kültürlerin değerlendirilmesine elverişli olan, dolayısıyla kültür ötesi karakter arzeden bir metodolojinin var olduğunu savunmaktadır. Fârûkī’ye göre esasen her kültür doğruluk, iyilik ve güzellik hakkında kültür ötesi iddialara sahiptir. Ancak önemli olan, bu iddiaların ne ölçüde evrensel olduğu ve ne ölçüde vâkıaya tekabül ettiğidir (Islam and Culture , s. 2-4).
Eserleri. 1. On Arabism, ‘Urubah and Religion: A Study of the Fundamental Ideas of Arabism and Islam at Its Highest Movement of Consciousness (Amsterdam 1962).
2. Uṣûlü’ṣ-Ṣahyûniyye fi’d-dîni’l-Yahûdî (Kahire 1964).
3. Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas (Montreal 1967).
4. Islam and Culture (Kuala Lumpur 1980).
5. Islāmization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan (Herndon 1982, 1986, 1987). Eser Fehmi Koru tarafından Bilginin İslâmîleştirilmesi adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1985).
6. Divine Transcendence and Its Expression (Kuala Lumpur 1983). Bu küçük risâlede Fârûkī çeşitli dinlerde Tanrı’nın aşkınlığı kavramını incelemekte ve konunun İslâm düşüncesine ilâhî sıfatlar şeklindeki yansımasını değerlendirmektedir.
7. Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life (Kuala Lumpur 1982). Dilaver Yardım tarafından Tevhid adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir (İstanbul 1987).
8. Trialogue of the Abrahamic Faiths (Herndon 1982). New York’ta Amerikan Din Akademisi’nin düzenlediği aynı adı taşıyan konferansa müslüman, yahudi ve hıristiyan bilginlerce sunulan tebliğlerin Fârûkī tarafından hazırlanmış bir edisyonudur.
9. Essays in Islamic and Comparative Studies (Herndon 1982). Fârûkī’nin editörlük çalışmalarından olup İslâm kültürü hakkındaki çeşitli yazarlara ait makalelerden oluşmaktadır.
10. Islam (Niles, Illinois 1984). “Major World Religions” dizisinde yayımlanan bu eserin Osman Tunç tarafından yapılan Türkçe çevirisi yine İslam adıyla yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1987).
11. Hijrah and its Iqāmah (Islamabad 1985). Müellif Hz. Muhammed’in hicretine çağdaş bir yorum getirdiği bu eserinde, dünyevî ve malî meşakkatler yüzünden müslüman olmayan ülkelere göç eden milyonlarca müslümanın hicret bilinciyle bir “Medine” arayışına girmesi gereğini telkin etmektedir.
12. Toward Islamic English (Herndon 1986).
13. Islam and the Problem of Israel . Eseri Atilla Özdür İslam ve Siyonizm adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1987).
14. The Cultural Atlas of Islam (New York 1986). Eşi Lois Lamyâ ile birlikte hazırladığı bu hacimli eser resimli bir İslâm kültür ve medeniyeti tarihidir. Kitap Zerrin Kibaroğlu ve Mustafa O. Kibaroğlu tarafından İslam Kültür Atlası adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir (İstanbul 1991).
Fârûkī’nin The Great Asian Religions (1969) ve Historical Atlas of the Religions of the World (Macmillan, New York 1974) gibi dinler tarihine ait öteki eserleri yanında, Muhammed Hüseyin Heykel’den The Life of Muhammad (London 1983) adıyla İngilizce’ye yaptığı çeviri de zikredilebilir. Ayrıca Fârûkī müstakil eserler verdiği konularda çok sayıda makale de yazmıştır.
Fârûkī’nin bir mühtedi olan eşi Lois Lamyâ da özellikle İslâm sanatı ve estetiği alanında önemli araştırmalar yapmış, entelektüel çabalarında eşiyle beraber olmuş ve onu desteklemiştir. Lois Lamyâ’nın İslâm sanatı hakkındaki ilk sistematik eseri, Syracuse Üniversitesi’nde hazırladığı The Nature of the Musical Art of Islamic Culture: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Arabian Music (1974) başlıklı basılmamış doktora tezidir. Daha sonra kaleme aldığı müstakil eserler ve çok sayıdaki makalenin de İslâm sanatı konusunda yoğunlaştığı görülmektedir. Eşinin, tevhid inancını topyekün İslâm medeniyetinin ana ilkesi gören düşüncesi doğrultusunda İslâm sanatının da bu ilkeye dayandığı görüşünü savunmuştur. Lamyâ el-Fârûkī’nin İslâm sanatı ve estetiği konusundaki fikirleri şöyle özetlenebilir: Bu ilke yaratıcının insan ve tabiatı kuşatıp aşan mutlak kudretini gösterir. Söz konusu aşkınlık sebebiyle İslâm sanatında Allah hiçbir tabii nesne veya canlıya ait figürle sembolize edilemez. Yaratılmış nesnelerin doğrudan doğruya taklidi müslüman sanatçıya pek ilginç gelmemiştir. İslâm sanatında yaratılmış nesneler tabii bağlarından koparılıp soyutlanmış ve yeniden stilize edilmiştir. Sanatçının amacı tabiatı aşmak ve aşkın varlığı hissetmek, hissettirmektir. Bu estetik anlayışın temeli, tevhid inancından hareketle arabesk motifler kullanarak sonsuzluğu yakalama fikrine dayanır. Aynı şekilde Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in tertîl ve tecvid esaslarına uygun olarak okunması da okuyuşun sesle dekorasyonundan ibarettir. Görsel sanatlardaki arabesk burada melodik bir özellik kazanmıştır ve arabeskin uyandırdığı sonsuzluk etkisini bu okuma teknikleri uyandırır. İslâm sanatının görsel olsun işitsel olsun her alandaki ifadeleri köklerini tevhid, aşkınlık ve sonsuzluğun idraki gayretinde bulur. Dolayısıyla müslümanların yalnızca figüratif tasvirlerle ilgili yasaktan ötürü soyut bir sanat geliştirdikleri tezi çok tartışmalıdır. Lamyâ el-Fârûkī’ye göre tasvir yasağı anlamına gelebilecek âyet ve hadisler, sanata kısıtlama getirme amacından çok putperest çağrışımlarla ilgilidir. İslâm’da sanat eserlerinin özelliği aynı zamanda yararlı ve pratik nesneler olmalarıdır. Bu eserler medenî hayatın iş gören birer parçasıdır. Ne yalnızca teşhir salonlarını işgal etsin, ne de modern toplumda düzenlenenlere benzeyen konserlerde okunsun diye üretilmişlerdir. Bir hüsn-i hat örneği Kâbe örtüsünde de bir Kur’an sayfasında da bir medrese kubbesinde de bir sultan zevcesinin türbesinde veya bir mahalle çeşmesinde de uygulanmış, dinî-dinî olmayan ayırımı söz konusu olmaksızın hayatın her seviyesinde İslâm’ın mesajını yansıtmıştır. İlke fikrinden dolayı İslâm’da süreklilik esastır ve değişme için değişme yoktur. İslâm’ın ilkelerini yorumlamayan veya ona ters düşen moda akımlar anlamsızdır. Ancak bu sanat tezahürlerinin hep aynı kalacağı anlamına gelmez; İslâm sanatında gelişme olmuştur ve olmalıdır (Islam and Contemporary Society [1982], s. 191-212; ayrıca bk. Gulzar Haidar, III/7, s. 59-61).
Lamyâ el-Fârûkī’nin İslâm’da kadının yeri konusunda da dikkat çekici fikirleri vardır. Ona göre Kur’an insan olma, mükellef kılınma ve hukukî şahsiyet taşıma bakımından erkek ve kadını tam anlamıyla eşit saymaktadır. Ayrıntılarda eşitsizlik gibi görülebilecek hususlar, esasen erkek ve kadının fonksiyonel farklılıklarıyla ilgili olduğu gibi başka düzenlemelerle dengelenmiştir. Kur’an’da çizilen toplum modeli her iki cinsi de göz önüne alan bir yapıdadır. Modern feminizmin veya bu yöndeki modern yaklaşımların kadın-erkek eşitliği anlayışı toplumun tek cinsten oluştuğu kabulüne dayanır. Halbuki sosyal ve hukukî yapının her iki cinse has fonksiyonları yok sayan böyle bir kabule dayanması tabii olmayan uygulamaları da beraberinde getirecektir. Ancak iki cinsi esas alan toplum birinin diğerine despotik hâkimiyet kurduğu bir model öngörmez. Kur’an’a göre karşı cinsler şer‘î kurallar çerçevesinde birbirinin “libası”, “sükûnet kaynağı” ve “velisi”dir. Erkeklerin kadınlar üzerine “kavvâmûn” olduğunu belirten âyette (en-Nisâ 4/34) geçen “kavvâmûn” terimi hâkimiyet anlamında değil “gözetme ve kollama” anlamındadır. Bu âyet ailenin erkeğine despotik bir yetki tanımayıp aile reisinin yüklenmesi gereken sorumluluğu vurgulamaktadır (Mecelletü’l-Müslimi’l-muʿâṣır , II-1/41, s. 83-96).
Lamyâ el-Fârûkī’nin yukarıda adı geçen doktora tezi ve çok sayıda makalesi dışında iki önemli müstakil eseri daha vardır: An Annotated Glossary of Arabic Musical Terms (Westport 1981), Aesthetic Experience and the Islamic Arts (Islamabad 1405/1985).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ismail Raci Faruqi, Islam and Culture , Kuala Lumpur 1980, s. 2-4.
a.mlf., Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas , Montreal 1967, Hendrik Kraemer tarafından yazılan önsöz, s. VII-VIII, ayrıca bk. s. 1-45.
a.mlf., Tawhid: Its Implications for Thought and Life , Kuala Lumpur 1982, s. 11.
a.mlf., Trialogue of the Abrahamic Faiths , Herndon 1982, s. 48-57.
a.mlf., Divine Transcendence and Its Expression , Kuala Lumpur 1983.
a.mlf., Islamization of Knowledge: General Principles and Work Plan , Herndon 1987, s. 8, 14-19, 27, 39.
a.mlf. – Lois Lamyā al-Fārūqī, The Cultural Atlas of Islam , New York 1986, s. 73.
Lois Lamyā al-Fārūkī, “Islam and Aesthetic Expression”, Islam and Contemporary Society (ed. Salem Azzam), London 1982, s. 191-212.
a.mlf., “en-Nisâʾ fi’l-müctemaʿi’l-Ḳurʾânî” (trc. M. Rıfkī Îsâ), Mecelletü’l-Müslimi’l-muʿâṣır , II-1/41, Beyrut 1985, s. 83-96.
İlhan Kutluer, İki Denizin Birleştiği Yer , İstanbul 1987, s. 9-34.
Mustafa Armağan, İslâm Bilimi Tartışmaları , İstanbul 1990, s. 108-127.
S. Parvez Manzoor, “Al-Faruqi – Man of Thought, Man of Deeds”, Afkār , III/7, London 1986, s. 34-39.
Gulzar Haidar, “From Tawheed to Arabesque”, a.e. , III/7 (1986), s. 59-61.
Süleyman S. Nyang, “In Memoriam”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , III/1, Herndon 1986, s. 6-9.
“Notes of the Quarter; in Memoriam: Ismā‘īl Rājī A. al-Fārūqī and Lamyāʾ (Lois) Ibsen al-Fārūqī”, MW , LXXVI/3-4 (1986), s. 251-252.
Syed Ali Ashraf, “Ismā‘īl Rājī al-Fārūqī”, Muslim Education Quarterly , III/4, Cambridge 1986, s. 1-5.
Akbar S. Ahmed, “In Memory of Professor Ismā‘īl Fārūqī”, a.e. , IV/1 (1986), s. 57-58.
Yusuf Abbas Hashmi, “The Death of a Muslim Scholar”, JPHS , XXXV (1987), s. 67-69.
Fazlur Rahman, “Islamization of Knowledge”, The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , V/1, USA 1988, s. 3-11.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 178-181 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.