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FELSEFE-i ÛLÂ Skip to content Teorik felsefenin varlığı varlık olarak ele alan, Tanrı ve diğer fizik ötesi varlıkları ve tabii ilimlerin ilkelerini araştıran bölümü; ilk felsefe, metafizik.
Terim ilk defa Aristo’nun Metafizika adlı eserinde kullanılmış ve bu eserin Arapça’ya tercüme edilmesiyle İslâm dünyasında yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Filozof bu eserinde teorik ilimleri matematik, fizik ve metafizik şeklinde sınıflandırırken metafizik yerine “ilk felsefe” (prote philosophia) tabirini kullanmış, bu disiplini ayrıca hikmet (sophia), felsefe (philosophia) ve ilâhiyyât (theologia) terimleriyle de ifade etmiştir. Gerçekte ise metafizik terimine Aristo’da rastlanmamaktadır; bu terimin ilk defa, Aristo’nun eserlerini sınıflandıran Rodoslu Andronikos (m. I. yüzyıl) adlı bir editör tarafından kullanıldığı yaygın bir kanaat olarak belirtilmektedir. Andronikos filozofun eserlerini tasnif ederken bu disipline ait metinleri “fizikten (fiziğe dair kitaplardan) sonra gelen” anlamında “meta ta physika” başlığıyla düzenlemiştir. Bu kelime grubunun “fizik ötesi” şeklinde bir terime dönüşmesi işi sonraları gerçekleşmiş ve metafizik tabiri Aristo’nun “ilk felsefe” dediği disiplinin adı olmuştur.
Bizzat filozofun belirttiğine göre, fiziğin konusuna giren değişken maddî cevherlerin ötesinde hareket etmeyen, madde ile ilişkisi bulunmayan, fakat hareketin ilkesi sayılan bir cevher kabul ediliyorsa düşünce olarak bu fizikten önce gelmeli, ancak öğretimde buna Andronikos’un tasnifinde olduğu gibi fizikten sonra yer verilmelidir. Bu açıdan bakıldığında gerçekten de fizik bir “ilk ilim” olamaz; ondan önce varlığın varlık olarak ele alınıp bütün ortak ilkeleriyle incelendiği felsefî bir disiplin gelmelidir ki o da “ilk felsefe”dir (felsefe-i ûlâ, el-felsefetü’l-ûlâ).
Şu halde hareket eden maddi varlıkların teorik ilmi olarak fizik ve maddeden bağımsızlıkları tartışmalı olan, yani maddesinden ancak zihinde ayrılabilen varlıkların teorik ilmi olarak matematikle kıyaslandığında ilk felsefe, hareket etmeyen ve maddeden tamamen bağımsız varlıkların teorik ilmi olmaktadır. Daha özelleştirilmiş bir tanımla, varlığın ilkesi olarak Tanrı ve ilâhî varlıklar ilk felsefenin konusunu teşkil etmektedir; bu açıdan bakıldığında disiplin “ilâhiyyât” adını alır (Aristoteles, s. 301-303 [1026a, 5-30]).
İslâm dünyasında ilk felsefe terimi etrafında geliştirilen tanım ve açıklamalar bu ana fikrin belirlediği yönde olmuştur. İlk İslâm filozofu Kindî’nin siparişiyle tamamı Üstâs (Eustathius; Ustath) tarafından Arapça’ya tercüme edilen Metafizika İslâm dünyasında genellikle “mâ ba‘de’t-tabîa” olarak, bazan da “mâ fevka’t-tabîa, mâ verâe’t-tabîa” ve bölümleri Grek alfabesinden birer harfle ayrıldığı için “kitâbü’l-hurûf” gibi adlarla anılmıştır. Ancak kelime, Andronikos’un tasnifiyle kazandığı anlamda değil teknik bir terim olarak “fizik ötesi varlıkların ilmi” anlamında kullanılmıştır. Aristo’nun bu disipline verdiği ilk felsefe adının daha başında hangi gayeye yönelik olarak kullanıldığını farkeden Kindî’nin metafizik konulu bir risâlesine bu adı verdiği bilinmektedir. Kindî’nin Aristo’nun eserlerine dair kaydettiği listede Metafizika ’yı “Mâ ba‘de’t-tabîiyyât” olarak zikretmesine rağmen (Resâʾil , s. 368) kendi eserine el-Felsefetü’l-ûlâ adını vermesi bu şuurlu tercihe işaret etmektedir. Kindî’ye göre bu disiplin ilk hakikatin, ilk illetin bilgisiyle uğraştığı için ilk felsefe adını almıştır. Dolayısıyla ilk felsefe teoloji ağırlıklı bir disiplindir. Felsefî disiplinlerin en soylusu ve yücesi konusunun Tanrı oluşu itibariyle ilk felsefedir. Şu halde gerçek bir filozofun metafizikçi olması gerekmektedir. Bir şeyi bilmek onun illetini yani varlık sebebini bilmek demek olduğuna göre, sebepli varlıkların oluşturduğu kâinat hakkındaki fizik seviyedeki bilgi metafizik bir temele oturtulmadıkça yeterli olmayacaktır. Varlığın ilk ve hakiki illeti hakkındaki bilgi, bu illet sebebiyle var kılınmış (ma’lûl) nesneler hakkındaki bilginin bütünleyici ilkesi olduğu için yüce ve soyludur. Sonuç olarak Kindî’ye göre ilk illet olan Tanrı hakkındaki bilginin ilk felsefe diye adlandırılması uygundur. Bu bilgi eşyanın temel ilkesine ait küllî bir bilgi olacağına göre felsefenin öteki disiplinlerini de özünde barındırmış olur (a.g.e. , s. 97-101).
Aristo’nun Metafizika ’sı için el-İbâne ʿan ġarażi Arisṭoṭâlîs fî Kitâbi Mâ baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa (fî Aġrâżi’l-ḥakîm) adıyla bir giriş yazan Fârâbî de “mâ ba‘de’t-tabîa” tamlamasını “fizik ötesi” şeklinde anlamış ve varlığın ilâhî ilkesinin bilgisini konu edindiği için bu disipline “el-ilmü’l-ilâhî” dendiğini vurgulamıştır. Ancak Fârâbî’ye göre ilâhiyyât ile (ilmü’t-tevhîd) metafiziğin aynı sınırlara sahip olduğunu iddia edenler yanılmaktadır; zira ilâhiyyât Aristo’nun eserinin yalnızca bir makalesinin adıdır ve tabii ki bir ontoloji olarak metafizik alanı daha geniş olan küllî bir ilimdir (el-İbâne , s. 40-41).
Nitekim İslâm dünyasında Ḥarfü’l-Lâm olarak tanınan Metafizika ’nın “Lambda” kitabı, Aristo’nun özellikle teolojik fikirlerini ortaya koyduğu bir metindir. Fârâbî Metafizika ’nın bir bütün olarak varlık, cevher-araz, madde-sûret, oluşun ilkeleri, kuvve-fiil gibi soyut konularla örülü olduğunu biliyordu ve bu hususta yazdığı risâle, halefi İbn Sînâ’nın metafizik konuların anlam ve önemini kavrayıp bu disipline yönelmesini sağlamıştır (İbnü’l-Kıftî, s. 415-416). İlk felsefe Fârâbî’nin ünlü ilimler tasnifinde fizikle yan yana, fakat müstakil bir disiplin olarak yer alır. Bu tasnifte “el-ilmü’l-ilâhî” şeklinde geçen metafiziğin Yunanlı filozofa ait Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa adlı eserdeki konuları ihtiva ettiğini belirten Fârâbî bu disiplini üç bölüme ayırmıştır. Birinci bölüm varlık ve varlığa ilişkin şeyler (mevcûdat), ikinci bölüm ilimlerin ilkeleri (mebâdî), üçüncü bölüm ise başta varlığın ilkesi (el-evvel) olarak “Allah azze ve celle” bulunmak üzere öteki teolojik konuları ihtiva etmektedir (İḥṣâʾü’l-ʿulûm , s. 60-62).
İbn Sînâ’da ise metafiziğin bir felsefe disiplini olarak adı daha ziyade “ilâhiyyât”tır. Bu filozofa göre de ilâhiyyâtın konusu ve sınırları varlık olması bakımından varlıktır. Varlığın ilk sebebi olması açısından Allah hakkındaki bilgiyi konu edindiği için metafiziğe “hikmet” ve “ilk felsefe” adını da vermiş olan filozofa göre bu disiplinin konusunu fizik ötesi kılan husus, onun cisimden bağımsız (soyut) cevherlerin bilgisiyle uğraşmasıdır (eş-Şifâʾ , I, 5-6). Metafizik varlık mertebesiyle fizik varlık mertebesi arasındaki ulvî-süflî âlemler ayırımının bir gelenek halini aldığı felsefî anlayış içinde metafiziğin bir disiplin olarak üstün, şerefli ve yüce sayılması tabiidir. Nitekim İbn Sînâ da nazarî felsefeyi bölümlerine ayırırken fiziği “el-ilmü’l-esfel”, matematiği “el-ilmü’l-evsat”, metafiziği de “el-ilmü’l-a‘lâ” olarak adlandırmış, ayrıca bu sonuncusuna “el-ilmü’l-ilâhî” adını da vermiştir (Fî Aḳsâmi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaḳliyye , s. 72). Burada aşağıdan yukarıya derecelenişte maddî alandan başlayarak maddeden zihinde soyutlanabilen ve maddeden tamamen bağımsız varlık tabakaları esas alınmıştır. İlk felsefe teriminin kullanımının “mâ ba‘de’t-tabîa”dan çok “mâ kable’t-tabîa” terimiyle bağlantılı olduğunu İbn Sînâ esasen açıkça belirtmiştir (eş-Şifâʾ , I, 22). Bu anlayışın farkında olan Gazzâlî de aynı tasnifi tekrarlamış ve el-felsefetü’l-ûlânın metafizik disipliniyle özdeşliğini vurgulamıştır (Maḳāṣidü’l-felâsife , s. 76). Aynı tasnifin daha sonraki dönemlerde bir İslâmîleştirme gayreti içinde yeniden ele alındığı ve ana hatlarıyla tekrar edildiği bilinmektedir. Meselâ Taşköprizâde, teorik felsefeyi yukarıdaki anlayış ve şekle bağlı kalarak alt bölümlerine ayırdıktan sonra bu ilimlerin şer‘î ilimlere asla aykırı olmadığını, ihtilâfların ayrıntıdan ibaret kaldığını belirtmekte (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 320) ve metafiziğin ilimler arasındaki üstün yerini din bakımından da muhafaza etmektedir. Metafizik teriminin karşılığı olarak “el-felsefetü’l-ûlâ”, “el-ilmü’l-a‘lâ” ve nâdiren de “mâ kable’t-tabîa” tabirlerinin kullanıldığına, daha geç dönemin yazarı olan ve Taşköprizâde’yi takip eden Kâtib Çelebi de dikkat çekmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 160).
İbn Sînâ’nın ilâhiyyâta dair yazdığı metinlerden sonra Aristo metafiziğinin olgun şekilde yeniden ele alınması, İbn Rüşd’ün Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa adlı eseriyle sağlanmıştır. Yunan filozofunun Metafizika ’da ilk felsefe, ilâhiyyât ve hikmet terimlerini kullanarak metafizik bilginin alan ve değeriyle ilgili yaptığı açıklamalara İbn Rüşd tarafından getirilen yorumlar, o döneme kadar gelen İslâm felsefe geleneğindeki Aristocu tavrın bir ifadesinden ibarettir. Bu yorumlardaki ana fikir, ilk felsefenin varlığı varlık olmak bakımından incelediği, bu en küllî kavrama ait bilginin de küllî olduğu ve bir ilm-i ilâhî olarak, hareket etmeyen cevheri konu edindiği için de ilk ilim olma şerefinin fiziğe değil metafiziğe verilmesi gerektiğidir. İbn Rüşd, mâ ba‘de’t-tabîa teriminin kullanımını pedagojik bir esasa bağlayarak öğretimde önce fizik, sonra ilk felsefe okutulması gerektiği için ilk felsefeye bu adın verildiğini ileri sürmektedir (Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , II, 714).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Aristoteles [Aristo], Metafizik, I (A-Z) (trc. Ahmet Arslan), İzmir 1985, s. 301-303 (1026a, 5-30).
Kindî, Resâʾil , s. 97-101, 368.
Fârâbî, el-İbâne (el-Mecmûʿ içinde), Kahire 1325/1907, s. 40-44.
a.mlf., İḥṣâʿü’l-ʿulûm , s. 60-63.
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , I, 3-9, 22.
a.mlf., Fî Aḳsâmi’l-ʿulûmi’l-ʿaḳliyye (Tisʿu resâʾil içinde), Kostantiniyye 1298, s. 72.
Gazzâlî, Maḳāṣıdü’l-felâsife (nşr. Muhyiddin Sabrî), Kahire 1331, s. 76.
İbn Rüşd, Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , II, 705-714.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ , s. 415-416.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 313-320.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 159-161.
İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, Felsefe-i Ûlâ , İstanbul 1329.
Mehmed Şemşeddin [Günaltay], Felsefe-i Ûlâ , İstanbul 1339-41, s. 303 vd.
Mahmut Kaya, İslâm Kaynakları Işığında Aristoteles ve Felsefesi , İstanbul 1983, s. 203-208.
Hayrani Altıntaş, İbn Sînâ Metafiziği , Ankara 1985, s. 25-29.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 331-332 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.