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FERGANA Skip to content Orta Asya’da coğrafî bir bölge.
Genellikle Fergana vadisi şeklinde anılan ve Tanrı dağları ile Alay dağları arasında yer alan bölgenin toprakları Özbekistan, Tacikistan ve Kırgızistan arasında bölünmüştür; bunlardan Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti’nde kalan kısım idarî bir birim teşkil eder ve buranın merkezi olan şehrin adı da Fergana’dır. Üçgen şeklindeki Fergana vadisi 23.000 km2 yüzölçümünde ve kabaca 300 km. uzunluğunda, 70 km. genişliğindedir; kuzeyden Tanrı dağlarının Çotkal silsilesi, kuzeydoğudan Fergana dağları, güneyden Alay ve Türkistan sıradağları ile çevrilmiştir. Batıda 7 km. genişliğinde bir geçitle Açlık steplerine bağlı büyük bir çöküntü alanı olan vadinin önemli bir bölümü tarım arazisi, orta kısımları ise çöldür. Etraftaki dağlardan inen ırmakların suladığı verimli topraklara, Sovyet döneminin sulama sistemleriyle kazanılan yeni tarım alanları da katılmıştır. Bölgede yazların sıcak, kışların soğuk geçtiği bir kara iklimi görülür; özellikle batı taraflarına az yağmur düşer. Çoğundan sulama için faydalanılan akarsuların başlıcası Siriderya’dır. Orta Asya’nın en önemli tarım merkezi olan Fergana vadisinde pamuk, pirinç, meyve ve ham ipek üretimi gelişmiştir. Bunların yanında zengin bir maden potansiyeli de mevcuttur ve kömür, petrol, civa, antimon, ozokerit gibi madenler işletilir. Bölge Orta Asya’nın en yoğun nüfuslu yörelerinden biridir; içinde Fergana, Endican, Hokand, Hîve, Mergīnân, Nemengân, Hikon, Kuvasay, Rişton, Hamza ve Yipan gibi önemli şehirler bulunmaktadır.
Milâttan önce II. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Çinliler tarafından bilinen bölgede yetmiş kadar yerleşim merkezi vardı ve halkın nüfusu 300.000’i buluyordu. Çinliler buraya demir işçiliğini getirmiş, kendileri de Ferganalılar’dan üzüm ve hayvan yemi olarak yonca yetiştirmeyi öğrenmişlerdi. Çinliler’in milâttan önce 104 ve 101 yıllarında Fergana’ya karşı askerî sefere çıktıkları biliniyorsa da sonuçları hakkında bilgi yoktur. Pei-şi adlı bir seyyah milâttan sonra V. yüzyıl Fergana’sı hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi vermektedir. Ona göre 1,5 kilometrelik bir çevresi olan başşehir Kâsân’da koç şeklindeki altından bir taht üzerinde oturan hükümdar çok kalabalık bir orduya sahipti. III. yüzyıldan itibaren aralıksız bir şekilde ülkeyi yöneten hânedanın son hükümdarı 649 yılında Göktürkler’le yapılan bir savaşta öldürüldü. Hükümdarın kardeşi ülkenin küçük bir bölgesinde bir süre daha hüküm sürdüyse de toprakların hemen hepsi Göktürkler’in eline geçti.
Batı Göktürk Devleti’nin ortadan kalkması ile (658) bir Çin eyaleti haline gelen, daha sonra da bir Türk hükümdarının yönetimine girdiği anlaşılan Fergana’ya ilk İslâm akınları 94 (712-13) yılında Kuteybe b. Müslim kumandasında yapıldı. Müslümanlar Fergana’yı fethetmek için birkaç defa sefer düzenledilerse de başarıya ulaşamadılar. Sonuncu sefer sırasında Hucend önlerinde Türk kuvvetleriyle karşılaşan Kuteybe kesin bir sonuç elde edemeden geri döndü. 96 (715) yılında Haccâc tarafından gönderilen takviye birlikleriyle güçlendirdiği ordusu ile tekrar Fergana bölgesine ilerleyen Kuteybe bu defa bazı yerleri ele geçirdi; fakat ardından kendi askerleri tarafından öldürüldü ve İslâm ordusu sürekli bir hâkimiyet kuramadan bölgeyi terketmek zorunda kaldı. Bir rivayete göre, Hz. Osman döneminde (644-656) Muhammed b. Cerîr kumandasındaki 2700 sahâbe ve tâbiîn Fergana’nın Kâsân bölgesinde Sefîdbulan’da savaşarak şehid düşmüşlerdir. Tarihî gerçeklerle bağdaşmayan bu rivayetin sonradan halk arasında bir efsane ve buna bağlı olarak bir halk hikâyesi oluşturduğu görülür. Emevîler 121’de de (739) Fergana üzerine Nasr b. Seyyâr’ı gönderdiler; ancak yine önemli bir başarı elde edilemedi. Abbâsî Halifesi Mansûr-Billâh döneminde (754-775) bir ara sıkıştırılan Fergana hükümdarı Kâşgar’a sığınmak zorunda kaldı; büyük bir meblağ karşılığında barış istedi ve isteği kabul edildi. Mehdî-Billâh devrinde (775-785) Ahmed b. Es‘ad kumandasında gönderilen ordu bölgenin başşehri Kâsân’ı ele geçirdi. Hârûnürreşîd zamanında (786-809) Kâşgar Valisi Gıtrîf b. Atâ, Amr b. Cemîl kumandasında bir orduyu Karluk yabgusuna karşı Fergana üzerine yolladı. Ancak bu kumandan istenilen sonucu alamadı ve yeniden baş gösteren ayaklanmayı bastırmak için Me’mûn döneminde (813-833) ikinci bir ordu daha gönderildi. Ayaklanma bastırıldıktan sonra Mâverâünnehir’in çeşitli yerleriyle birlikte Fergana’nın da yönetimi Vali Gassân b. Abbâd (819-820) tarafından Sâmânîler’e devredildi. Sâmânî Valisi Nûh b. Esed (ö. 227/842) zamanında yerli halk irtidad etti; bunun üzerine bölgenin yeniden fethedilmesi için harekete geçildi, böylece Fergana’da İslâm hâkimiyeti ancak IX. yüzyılda kesin olarak kurulabildi. Buradaki yerli hânedanın ne zaman tamamen ortadan kaldırıldığı ise belli değildir.
Sâmânîler dönemindeki Fergana hakkında Arap coğrafyacıları oldukça ayrıntılı bilgi nakletmişlerdir. Verilen bilgilere göre bu dönemde, Batı Asya’dan halifeliğin doğu sınırına giden Siriderya’nın güneyindeki ana yolun güzergâhında meydana gelen değişiklikler iktisadî hayatın nehrin aşağısına geçmesine sebep oldu. Fergana aynı zamanda kuzeybatıya doğru uzaklaştırılan gayri müslim Türkler’e karşı bir sınır bölgesiydi. Ayrıca Ûş’ta ve civar yerlerde bu Türkler’e karşı müstahkem garnizonlar ve gözetleme kuleleri bulunuyordu. X. yüzyılda merkezi Ahsîkes olan Fergana üç eyaletle birçok idarî bölgeye ayrılmıştı. Burada yer alan şehir ve kasabaların teker teker adlarını sayan Arap coğrafyacıları bu meskûn mahallerin çok geniş olduğunu, Mâverânünnehir’in hiçbir yerinde Fergana’daki köyler kadar büyük köy bulunmadığını, hatta arazilerini geçmek için bazan bir gün gerektiğini anlatmaktadırlar. X. yüzyılın Fergana’sında özellikle Hanefî mezhebi yaygındır. Sâmânîler döneminde halkın refah içinde olduğu artan vergi gelirlerinden anlaşılmaktadır. X. yüzyılın başlarında Kâşgar’da İslâmiyet’i kabul eden Abdülkerim Satuk Buğra Han’ın amcasıyla savaşmak zorunda kalması üzerine “Fergana gazileri”nden yardım istediği bilinmektedir. İbn Havkal 943’te, Makdisî de 985’te Fergana’ya gitmiş ve bölgenin başşehri olan Ahsîkes’i görmüşlerdir.
İlig Han Nasr’ın Ekim 999’da Buhara’yı zaptederek Sâmânî Hükümdarı Abdülmelik’i Özkent’e sürmesinden sonra Fergana Karahanlılar’ın eline geçti ve idare merkezi Özkent’e taşındı. Bu dönemde para basılan yerler arasında Fergana şehri de vardır. 1141’de burası Karahıtaylar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girdi; XII. yüzyılda Fergana vadisinin başşehri Endican idi ve Mergīnân da önem kazanmıştı. Fergana 1212’den 1217’ye kadar Hârizmşah Alâeddin Muhammed ile Karahıtay topraklarında hâkimiyet kuran Nayman Hükümdarı Küçlüğ Han arasında mücadele alanı haline geldi. Bu mücadelenin sonunda Küçlüğ Han’dan korkan Alâeddin Muhammed Şâş, İsfîcâb, Fergana ve Mâverâünnehir’in bir kısmını koruyamamış, ahalinin bu toprakları terkederek diğer İslâm ülkelerine gitmelerini istemiş ve sonra da bu yerleri Naymanlar’ın eline geçeceği endişesiyle tamamen tahrip ettirmiştir. Ahsîkes ve Kâsân emîrlerinin Moğollar’a tâbi olmaları eyaletin Moğollar’ın eline düşmesine yol açtı ve onlar adına XIII. yüzyılda uzun süre Mahmud ve onun oğlu Mesud Yalvaç tarafından yönetildi. Çağatay ulusu XIV. yüzyılda batı ve doğu olarak iki düşman cepheye ayrılınca Fergana bu iki devlet arasında bölüşülemedi ve çekişme bölgenin Timurlular’ın hâkimiyeti altına girmesine kadar sürdü.
Timurlu döneminde Fergana, Şâhruh ve oğlu Uluğ Bey’in hâkimiyet alanı olan Horasan’a bağlandı. 1469-1494 yılları arasında Timur’un torunlarından Ömer Şeyh’in yönetimi altına girdi. Ömer Şeyh’in oğlu ve halefi Bâbür, Özbek (Şeybânî) Hükümdarı Muhammed Şeybânî Han’la yaptığı birçok savaştan sonra 1504’te bölgeyi Özbekler’e bırakarak Kâbil’e gitti. Başşehir bağ ve bahçeleri ve tirkeş, kafes yapımında kullanılan ağaçları ile tanınan Endican idi. Şeybânîler’in 1599’da ortadan kalkmasından sonra halk arasında nüfuz sahibi olan birçok hoca ailesi toprakları bölüştü ve bölge Buhara’ya bağlandı. XVII. yüzyılda vadiyi saran dağlardan Kazaklar ve Kırgızlar akınlara başladılar ve ülkenin bir bölümü Kırgızlar’ın eline geçti. Aynı yüzyılın sonuna doğru hoca aileleri arasında paylaşılan Fergana’da Özbekler’in Ming kabilesine mensup Şâhruh, Bî Hocalar’ın hâkimiyetine son vererek bağımsız bir Özbek devleti kurmayı başardı (1710). Merkezi Hokand olduğu için Hokand Hanlığı adıyla tanınan bu devlet 1876’da Ruslar tarafından ilhak edilinceye kadar bağımsızlığını korudu. 1897’de yüz ölçümü 160.141 km2 ve nüfusu 1.560.411 olan bölge Ruslar tarafından kurulan Yeni Mergīnân adlı askerî merkezden yönetiliyordu. 1917’den 1922’ye kadar Fergana bölgesi Türk Basmacılar’la Rus hükümet kuvvetleri ve Bolşevikler arasındaki mücadelelere sahne oldu (bk. BASMACI HAREKETİ ). Bolşevik İhtilâli’nden (Ekim 1917) sonra Fergana vadisinin orta ve doğu bölgeleri nüfusunun büyük bölümünü Özbekler’in teşkil etmesi sebebiyle Özbekistan’a, batısı Tacikistan’a, çevresindeki dağların çoğu da Kırgızistan’a verildi.
Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti sınırları içerisinde kalan 7100 km2 genişliğindeki topraklar üzerinde 1938 yılında Fergana idarî birimi kuruldu. Buranın güneyi verimli ve sulanabilir topraklarla, kuzeyi ise çöllerle kaplıdır. Özbekler, Ruslar, Tacikler, Tatarlar ve Kırgızlar’dan meydana gelen nüfusun çoğu köylerde yaşar. İdarî birimin merkezi bugünkü Fergana şehridir. Hokand Hanlığı 1876’da Ruslar tarafından yıkılınca Fergana şehri Fergana bölgesinin merkezi oldu. Ruslar’ın kurduğu Yeni Mergīnân ise askerî bir merkez olarak kullanıldı. 1910-1924 arasında Skobelev adıyla anılan bu şehir 1918’de Türkistan Özerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’nin, 1924’te de Özbek Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti’nin sınırları içinde kaldı ve aynı yıl Fergana adını aldı. Fergana idarî biriminin merkezi olmasının yanı sıra Özbekistan Cumhuriyeti’nin önemli kültür ve ekonomi merkezlerinden de biri olan Fergana şehrinde tekstil, kimya, iplik, gıda, petrol ve gübre fabrikalarını kapsayan güçlü bir sanayi gelişmiştir. Burada pedagoji ve politeknik enstitüsü gibi yüksek okulların yanı sıra müze, tiyatro ve kütüphane gibi kültür kurumları da bulunmaktadır. Rus mimari üslûbuyla kurulmuş olan şehirde geniş ve bol ağaçlı caddelerle büyük parklar dikkat çeker; nüfusu 200.000 (1991) civarındadır.
Ortaçağ’da Fergana bölgesinden birçok âlim yetişmiştir. Bunlar arasında astronomi âlimi Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Kesîr el-Fergānî, tarihçi Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Ahmed b. Ca‘fer el-Fergānî ile yine tarihçi olan oğlu Ebû Mansûr Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Fergānî, cedel ilminde meşhur Ebü’l-Muzaffer Müşattab b. Muhammed el-Fergānî, muhaddis Ebû Salih Abdülazîz el-Fergānî ve Mes‘ade b. Bekir b. Yûsuf el-Fergānî sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 375-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.