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FERSAN, Refik Skip to content (1893-1965)
Ünlü Türk bestekârı ve tanbur virtüozu.
İstanbul Şehzadebaşı’nda doğdu. Asıl adı Refik Şemseddin’dir. Soyadı kanunundan sonra Fersan soyadını aldı; ancak nüfus belgelerinde adı Ahmed Refik diye geçmektedir. Babası Maliye Nezâreti Düyûn-ı Müteferrika Kalemi müdürü mûsikişinas Hâfız Mehmed Şemseddin Bey, annesi Makbûle Hanım’dır.
Henüz bir yaşında iken babası ölünce, ailece teyzesinin oğlu Mâbeyinci Fâik Bey’in Bebek’teki yalısına taşındılarsa da iki yıl sonra Beşiktaş’ta bir konağa nakledildiler. Öğrenimine yedi yaşlarında Galatasaray Mekteb-i Sultânîsi’nde başlayan Refik Şemseddin, 9 Mart 1907 tarihinde çıkan yangında okulun yanması üzerine bir müddet Robert College’a devam etti. Mekteb-i Sultânî tamir edilerek 1908’de yeniden öğrenime açılınca mektebine dönüp buradan mezun oldu. Bu yıllarda okulun hocaları Tevfik Fikret ve Ahmed Râsim gibi ünlü kişilerden özel olarak aldığı Türkçe ve edebiyat dersleri onun ayrıca edebî bakımdan yetişmesini sağladı. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra ailesiyle birlikte İskenderiye’ye gitti. Bir buçuk yıl kadar süren bu Mısır seyahatinin ardından 1910’da İstanbul’a döndü. 1913’te Fâik Bey’in kızı Fâhire ile evlenerek aynı yıl ailesiyle beraber Cenevre’ye gitti.
Cenevre’de başladığı kimya öğrenimini kimyevî maddelerin sağlığına zarar vermesi sebebiyle iki sömestr kadar devam ettirebildi. İsviçre’de bulunduğu süre içinde hocası Tanbûrî Cemil Bey’in tavsiyesine uyarak Türk mûsikisi dışında hiçbir mûsiki ile ilgilenmedi ve özellikle tanbur üzerindeki çalışmalarına yoğunluk verdi.
1917 yılında İstanbul’a dönünce açılan imtihanı kazanıp Dârülelhan’da tanbur hocalığı görevine başladı. İki yıl sonra da Muzıka-yi Hümâyun’daki imtihanı birincilikle kazanarak yüzbaşı rütbesiyle Muzıka-yi Hümâyun İncesaz Heyeti sersâzende muavini olarak buraya tayin edildi. Cumhuriyet’in ilânının ardından Muzıka-yi Hümâyun’un tasfiyesiyle saraydaki mûsiki kadrolarının Ankara’ya alınması üzerine 1924’te rütbesi binbaşılığa yükseltilerek Riyâseticumhur Mûsiki Heyeti Alaturka Kısmı muallimi sıfatı ile görevini sürdürdü ve incesaz heyeti şefliği de yaptı. Birçok defa istifa etmesine rağmen vazifesini üç yıl devam ettirdi. Ocak 1927’de hanımının rahatsızlığı sebebiyle İstanbul’a döndü ve 25 Mayıs 1927 tarihinde hem Riyâseticumhur İncesaz Heyeti’nden hem de ordudaki görevinden ayrıldı. Aynı yıl yayına başlayan İstanbul Radyosu’nda aldığı görev, Ekim 1938’de bir grup arkadaşı ile birlikte Ankara Radyosu’na tayin edilinceye kadar devam etti. 1938-1950 yılları arasında tanbur sanatçısı ve hoca olarak Ankara Radyosu’nda çalıştı. Aynı zamanda Türk müziği yayınları şefliği görevini de yürüttü. Bu arada Mısır (1928), Yunanistan (1929, 1931, 1937), Macaristan (1934) ve Irak’ta (1935) konserler verdi. 13 Mayıs 1948 tarihinde Şark mûsikisi mütehassıs müşaviri sıfatı ile Şark Mûsikisi Konservatuvarı’nı kurmak üzere Suriye’ye davet edildi. Konservatuvarı kurduktan kısa bir süre sonra çıkan Suriye-İsrail savaşı yüzünden İstanbul’a dönmek zorunda kaldı. 1950 yılında tekrar çalışmaya başladığı İstanbul Radyosu’ndaki görevinden yaş haddi sebebiyle 1957’de emekliye ayrıldıysa da sözleşmeli olarak radyoya devam etti. Bu arada İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı İcra Heyeti’nde ve İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı Tarihî Türk Mûsikisi Eserlerini Tasnif ve Tesbit Heyeti’nde görev yaptı. Bu çalışmalarını daha sonra icra heyeti şefliği, tasnif ve tesbit heyeti başkanlığıyla sürdürdü. Radyodaki sözleşmesi, 27 Mayıs 1960 İhtilâli’nden sonra İstanbul Radyosu kumandanının emriyle 1 Haziran 1960 tarihinde feshedilince İstanbul Radyosu ile ilişkisi kesildi. Gerek İstanbul gerekse Ankara radyolarında ayrıca klasik koro şefliklerinde de bulunan Refik Fersan 13 Haziran 1965’te vefat etti ve Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı’na defnedildi.
Son devrin en ünlü mûsikişinasları arasında yer alan Refik Fersan icracılığı, bestekârlığı ve hocalığı ile tanınmıştır. Haftanın belli günlerinde mûsiki toplantılarının yapıldığı Hekimbaşı Behçet Efendi Yalısı’nda Leon Hancıyan, Tanbûrî Cemil, Enderunlu Hâfız Hüsnü, Lavtacı Andon, Neyzen Aziz ve Hakkı Dede, Yeniköylü Hasan Efendi, Rahmi Bey, Lemi Atlı gibi mûsikişinasları tanıma imkânı buldu. Önceleri bir süre ud çalmaya çalıştıysa da daha sonra tanbura döndü. On iki yaşında iken Tanbûrî Cemil Bey’den almaya başladığı tanbur derslerine 1913 yılına kadar devam etti. Bu arada Leon Hancıyan’dan Hamparsum notasını öğrendi, usul ve nazariyat dersleri aldı. Beste denemelerine Mısır’da iken başlamışsa da esas çalışmalarına 1920’den sonra ağırlık vermiştir. Bestelediği ilk sözlü eser güftesi Fuzûlî’ye ait, “Beni candan usandırdı cefâdan yâr usanmaz mı?” mısraı ile başlayan kürdîli-hicazkâr şarkı (1909), ilk saz eseri de fahte usulündeki şehnaz-bûselik peşrevidir.
Köklü ve sağlam bir mûsiki bilgisi yanında edebiyata olan derin vukufunu bestelerinde sezmek mümkündür. Mevlevî âyini, ilâhi, peşrev, medhal, saz semâisi, sirto, marş, taksim, kâr-ı nâtık, kârçe, beste, semâi ve şarkı gibi Türk mûsikisinin hemen her formunda kendi ifadesine göre 400’ün üzerinde eser veren Refik Fersan, özellikle saz eserlerinde ortaya koyduğu orijinal ve sağlam melodik yapı ile dikkati çekmektedir. Aynı zamanda iyi bir lavta sanatçısı olmakla birlikte bilhassa tanburda devrinin ileri gelen üstatları arasında yer almıştır. Birçok plağa tanburu ile taksim, peşrev ve saz semâisi formunda eserler doldurmuş, çok sayıda ünlü sanatçıya sazı ile eşlik etmiştir. Gerek yurt içinde gerekse yurt dışında, eşi kemençe sanatçısı Fâhire Hanım’la birlikte Münir Nurettin Selçuk’a refakat ettikleri konserler, mûsikişinasların hâfızalarında derin izler bırakan icralar olarak daima anılagelmiştir. Tanburda Cemil Bey ekolünün en önemli temsilcileri arasında sayılır. Saz eserlerinde Cemil Bey’in etkisi görülmekle beraber üslûp sahibi bir sanatkâr olarak temayüz etmesini bilmiştir. Genç sanatkâr adaylarına Oscar Wilde’ın, “Sanat taklidin başladığı yerde sona erer” sözünü hatırlattıktan sonra gerçek sanatkârın her şeyden önce kendine mahsus bir tavır ve üslûp sahibi olmasını bilmesi gerektiğini söylemesi onun bu konudaki çalışmalarında en mühim ölçüsü olmuştur. Nağme ve duygu zenginliğiyle bezendiği gibi ayrıca halk kültürünün inceliklerini de taşıyan eserlerinde geleneklere bağlılığın yanı sıra yenilikçi bir üslûp sezilmektedir. Saz eserleri içinde acem-kürdî, rast ve şedd-i araban peşrevleri, rast medhali, nikriz ve sultânîyegâh saz semâileri Türk mûsikisinin seçkin eserleri arasında yer almıştır. Güfte-beste uyuşması ve güfte taksimatı onun eserlerinde en olgun şekline kavuşmuştur.
Mûsiki nazariyatı çalışmaları ile de tanınan Refik Fersan, Türk mûsikisinin son zamanlarda tamamen unutulan eski makamlarından selmek makamını yeniden canlandırmaya gayret etmiş, bu makamdan âyîn-i şerif, beste, yürük semâi ve saz semâisi bestelemiş, ayrıca sultânîbûselik adını verdiği yeni bir makam tertip etmiştir. Dârülelhan’daki görevi esnasında dört bölümlük bir tanbur metodu ile mûsiki nazariyatı kaleme almış, ancak bu eserler daha sonra kaybolmuştur. Ayrıca Şam’da bulunduğu sırada yazdığı bir başka nazariyat kitabı da kayıptır. Diğer taraftan aruz kalıplarının Türk mûsikisi usullerine uygulanması konusunda bir çalışma başlattığı, ancak bunu bitiremediği söylenmektedir. Gerek İstanbul gerekse Ankara radyolarında birçok sanatkârın yetişmesinde büyük rolü olan Refik Fersan Hamparsum notasını çok iyi bildiği için eski mûsiki eserlerini inceleme imkânı bulmuş, İstanbul ve Ankara radyoları ile İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı’nda bulunduğu yıllarda çeşitli külliyatlar üzerinde çalışarak Hamparsum’la yazılmış birçok eseri Batı notasına çevirmek suretiyle Türk mûsikisi repertuvarına büyük hizmet etmiştir.
Tasavvufla da ilgilenen ve Arûsiyye tarikatına mensup olan Refik Fersan son derece nazik ve mütevazi bir İstanbul efendisi, aşırı derecede hassas bir kişiliğe sahip iyi bir mûsiki hocası idi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 244-247.
Mustafa Rona, Yirminci Yüzyıl Türk Musikisi , İstanbul 1970, s. 364-373.
İbrahim Kalyon, Refik Fersan , İstanbul 1982.
Mehmet Nazmi Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Tarihi , Ankara, ts. (TRT Müzik Dairesi Yayını), I, 98, 100; II, 116-119.
Murat Bardakçı, Refik Bey… Refik Fersan ve Hatıraları , İstanbul 1995.
Baki Süha Ediboğlu, “Fersan Ailesi Arasında”, Radyo Mecmuası , sy. 34, Ankara 1944, s. 16-17.
a.mlf., “Refik Fersan, Fahire Fersan”, Radyo Haftası , sy. 19, İstanbul 1950, s. 31-32, 47.
“Üstad Refik Fersan”, TMD , sy. 8 (1948), s. 12.
Halil Can, “Fersanları Uğurladık”, a.e. , s. 4.
Baha Kayserilioğlu, “Fersanlar”, a.e. , sy. 37 (1951), s. 8-11, 32.
Enver Ayas, “Refik Fersan Vefat Etti”, MM , sy. 208 (1965), s. 104-105, 125.
Sadi Yaver Ataman, “Bir Kayb’ın Arkasından”, a.e. , sy. 209 (1965), s. 141-142.
Avni Anıl, “Ölümünün Altıncı Yılında Refik Fersan”, Musiki ve Nota , sy. 20, İstanbul 1971, s. 20-23.
Orhan Nasuhioğlu, “Ölümünün 8. Yıldönümünde Üstad Refik Fersan’ı Anarken”, MM , sy. 285 (1973), s. 4-8.
a.mlf., “Refik Fersan’ın Hatırasına”, MM , sy. 392 (1982), (Bestekârlar Özel Sayıları, nr. 5), s. 12-13.
Ruşen Ferit Kam, “Tanburî Refik Fersan”, a.e. , s. 4-5.
“Fersan, Refik”, TA , XVI, 265.
Fersan (Refik), İst.A , X, 5693-5694.
Öztuna, BTMA , I, 290-292.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 412-413 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.