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FETVAHÂNE Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde meşihat makamı içerisinde fetva işlemlerini yürütmekle görevli birim.
İlk defa Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman devrinde, Zenbilli Ali Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığının son dönemlerinde fetva işlemlerini takip etmek için fetva emini başkanlığında kurulduğu belirtilmekteyse de bâb-ı fetvâ da denen şeyhülislâmlık içerisinde doğrudan fetvahâne adı altında bir resmî dairenin teşkil edildiğine dair devrin kaynaklarında herhangi bir bilgi yoktur. Öte yandan fetvahâne bazı kaynaklarda, “şeyhülislâm dairesinde müftülerle şer‘iyye mahkemelerinin mercii olmak üzere ayrı bir daire halinde tesis olunan iftâ müessesesinin adı” şeklinde tarif edilmektedir (Pakalın , I, 621). Ancak bu birimin müftü ve şer‘î mahkemeler yanında, başta padişah olmak üzere bütün resmî ve gayri resmî kişilerin her türlü dinî-hukukî sorusuna cevap hazırlayıp şeyhülislâmın onayına sunan bir daire olduğu göz önüne alınırsa bu tanımın kapsam bakımından yetersiz olduğu görülür.
İftâ teşkilâtının genel anlamdaki tarihî gelişim süreci bir yana (bk. FETVA ; ŞEYHÜLİSLÂM ), Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan itibaren halkın dinî problemlerinin halledilebilmesi için daha sonra şeyhülislâmlık adını alan müftülük müessesesi var olmuştur. İlk Osmanlı müftüsünün kim olduğuna dair farklı görüşler bulunmakla birlikte (Mecdî, s. 20-21, 47-53; Atâ Bey, I, 34; Pakalın , III, 349; Repp, s. 73, 91, 112-113) bu makama geldiği ileri sürülen kişiler arasında tarih itibariyle en geç dönemde yaşamış olan Molla Fenârî’nin ilk müftü olduğunun (828/1424) kabul edilmesi halinde, resmî ve gayri resmî kişilerin dinî meselelerini sorup cevap aldıkları bir memuriyetin varlığı onun müftülük tarihine kadar götürülebilir. Ancak bu kurum için ilk dönemlerde ayrı bir yer tahsis edilmemiş, şeyhülislâmlar oturdukları konakların selâmlık kısmında, burası uygun değilse geçici olarak kiraladıkları konaklarda vazifelerini icra etmişlerdir. Bazı kaynaklarda, Şeyhülislâm Ebûishak İsmâil Efendi’nin 1130’da (1718) azledilmesinden sonra bu göreve tayin edilen Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi’nin Edirne’de “sadr-ı fetvâ olanlara mahsus olan hâneye” götürüldüğü zikredilmekteyse de (Râşid, IV, 394-395; Uzunçarşılı, s. 195-196) bu ifadelerden, şeyhülislâmların sürekli olarak değil sadece padişahların Edirne’de bulundukları zamanlarda kalmaları için bir dairenin tahsis edildiği anlaşılmaktadır. 1241 (1826) yılında II. Mahmud Yeniçeri Ocağı’nı lağvettiği zaman Sadrazam Selim Mehmed Paşa Süleymaniye Camii yakınındaki Ağakapısı’nın şeyhülislâmlara tahsis edilmesini padişaha arzetmiş, II. Mahmud da burasının şeyhülislâmların dâimî ikametlerine mahsus fetvahâne olarak kullanılmasını emretmiştir. Hatta padişah, yeniçerilerin bütün hâtıralarının silinip unutulması için yeniçeri kelimesi yerine Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye ve Ağakapısı yerine de fetvahâne adının söylenmesini, ayrıca binanın boş kalan bölümlerinde dinî eğitim yapılmasını irade buyurmuştur (Lutfî, I, 161-162). Bu ferman metninde bizzat padişahın birkaç defa fetvahâne kelimesini “şeyhülislâmlık” veya “meşihat makamı” mânasında kullandığı görülmektedir.
Şeyhülislâmlık makamı 1 Rebîülâhir 1243 (22 Ekim 1827) tarihinde Ağakapısı’na taşınmıştır. Zaman içinde birçok yangın geçiren bu bina 1924 yılında şeyhülislâmlığın lağvedilmesi üzerine İstanbul müftülüğüne verilmiştir. Bugün müftülüğün kullandığı kısım çeşitli yangınlardan kurtulabilmiş olan meşihatın fetvahâne kısmıdır (bk. AĞAKAPISI ).
Sosyal hayatın gelişmesine paralel olarak artan dinî ve idarî ihtiyaçlar meşihat makamı içerisinde ayrı bir fetvahâne bölümü kurulmasını gerekli kılmıştır. İlk şeyhülislâmlar ülke sınırlarının dar, sosyal hayatın sade ve bürokratik görevlerinin az olması sebebiyle kendilerine sorulan sorulara sözlü veya yazılı olarak derhal cevap vermişlerse de zamanla halkın ve idarenin dinî konularla ilgili soru ve problemleri ve buna bağlı olarak fetva talepleri artmıştır. Nitekim XVI. yüzyılın meşhur şeyhülislâmı Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin bir defasında sabah ile ikindi namazı arasında 1412, bir başka gün ise 1413 fetva verdiği rivayet edilmektedir (Atâî, s. 185; İA , IV, 94). Bu rakamlarda mübalağa bulunmakla beraber bu dönemde yoğun bir fetva talebinin olduğu da bir gerçektir. Yine bazı tarihçiler, XVII. yüzyılda şeyhülislâmın haftada iki defa olmak üzere 300-400 fetva verdiğini belirtmişlerdir (bk. Heyd, s. 46).
Diğer taraftan Şeyhülislâm Zenbilli Ali Efendi’nin hac vazifesini ifa edinceye kadar geçen sürede fetva işlemlerinin aksamaması için Sahn-ı Semân müderrislerinden sekiz kişinin fetva vermekle görevlendirilmesi (Atâî, s. 277; Repp, s. 207), muhtemelen şeyhülislâmlık makamı içerisinde fetva işlerinin görülebilmesi için bazı kişilerin istihdam edilmesi yolunu açmıştır. Ayrıca Zenbilli Ali Efendi’nin yaşlı olması ve hastalığı sebebiyle yerine Mehmed Muhyiddin Efendi’nin “kāimmakām” veya “nâib” olarak seçilmesi, şeyhülislâmlık içerisinde fetva işlemleriyle görevli özel bir bölümün nüvesinin oluşmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Ebüssuûd Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığı döneminde Velî Yegân Efendi’nin fetva kâtibi, Abâdî Mehmed Çelebi’nin fetva emini, Şeyhülislâm Bostanzâde Mehmed Efendi zamanında Antakyalı Ali Efendi’nin fetva emini sıfatıyla tayin edilmeleri de bu görüşü kuvvetlendirmektedir (Altınbaş, II/10 [1963], s. 25-26).
Osmanlı Devleti’nde toplam olarak 124 şeyhülislâm bulunmasına karşılık M. Vâmık Şükrü Altınbaş aynı süre içinde şeyhülislâmlığa bağlı altmış dokuz fetva emininin adını tesbit etmiştir. Altınbaş bu sayının kesinlik ifade etmediğini belirtmekle beraber fetva eminlerinin sayısının azlığını, şeyhülislâmların çeşitli iç siyasî olaylar sebebiyle sık sık değiştirilmelerine mukabil fetva eminlerinin azli gerektirecek işlere karışmamaları ve bazı fetva eminlerinin bu göreve birkaç defa tayin edilmeleri gibi sebeplere bağlamıştır (a.g.e. , II/11 [1963], s. 24-25).
Din âlimleri hiyerarşisi içerisinde önemli bir mevkiye sahip olan fetva eminlerinin tayininde, onların fıkıh âlimi ve sağlam karakterli kişiler olmasına dikkat edilirdi. Aralarında Atâullah Mehmed Efendi, Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi ve Vassâf Abdullah Efendi gibi daha sonra şeyhülislâmlık makamına yükselen kimseler de bulunmaktadır.
Fetvahânenin kuruluşu ve başlangıç dönemlerindeki işleyişine dair fazla bilgi mevcut değilse de son dönemleri hakkında oldukça ayrıntılı bilgi bulunmaktadır. Son dönemde fetvahâne pusula odası, fetva odası (hey’et-i iftâiyye) ve i‘lâmat odası olmak üzere üç kısımdan meydana gelmekte ve buralarda fetva eminine bağlı olarak fetva emini muavini, i‘lâmat müdürü, i‘lâmat mümeyyizi, başmüsevvid, müsevvid gibi çeşitli memurlar görev yapmaktaydı.
Pusula odası, soru sahiplerinin sorularını açık ve anlaşılır bir şekilde yazarak fetva odasına havale ederdi. Burası fetva odasının bir müracaat kalemi niteliğinde görüldüğü için müstakil bir oda değil fetva odasının bir bölümü olarak değerlendirilmiştir (İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 140-143; Heyd, s. 51).
Başında reîsü’l-müsevvidînin bulunduğu, sözlü ve yazılı fetva isteklerini cevaplandıran fetva odası, 30 Şâban 1332 (24 Temmuz 1913) tarihli fetva odasına dair nizamnâmeye göre (Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 4 [1332], s. 155-157) biri önceden verilen fetvaları sistematik bir şekilde toplamakla görevli te’lîf-i mesâil, diğeri sorulacak soru kalıplarını seçmek ve şeyhülislâmların cevaplarını hazırlamak ve kütüklere kaydetmekle görevli taharrî-i mesâil şubesi olmak üzere iki kısımdan oluşuyordu.
Fetva odasına gelen sorular (mesele) müsevvidler tarafından fetva formuna sokulur ve bunları temize çekmekle görevli olan mübeyyiz tarafından yazıldıktan sonra şeyhülislâma takdim edilirdi. Şeyhülislâm konuyu inceleyerek kendi el yazısı ile “vardır/yoktur”, “olur/olmaz”, “gelir/gelmez”, “meşrûdur / meşrû değildir”, “câizdir / câiz değildir” vb. bir ibare yazıp imza eder ve evrakı fetva odasına iade ederdi. Burada özel deftere kaydedilen fetva müvezzi denilen memur tarafından ilgili kişiye verilirdi. Fetvahânede kâtiplik ve müsevvidlik gibi çeşitli görevlerde bulunmuş olan son devir hukukçularından Ali Himmet Berki’nin verdiği bilgiye göre, fetva odasında fetva formuna sokulan soru ve cevaplar şeyhülislâma arzedilirken cevabı olumlu olan fetvalar yeşil atlas torbaya, olumsuz olanlar ise pembe torbaya konurdu.
Şeyhülislâmlar fetva emaneti tarafından kendilerine sunulan cevap ve mütalaalarla bağlı olmayıp mûcip bir sebep belirterek söz konusu fetva metnini yeniden yazılmak üzere fetva emanetine iade edebilirlerdi. Fetva emaneti şeyhülislâmın görüşünü ve red gerekçesini kabul etmediği takdirde bile iftâ yetkisi yalnız şeyhülislâma ait bulunduğu için söz konusu fetva şeyhülislâmın görüşü doğrultusunda yeniden yazılırdı. Fetva işlemlerindeki prosedürün nazarî olarak bu şekilde olmasına, iftâ ve istiftâ usulüne dair klasik İslam hukuku nazariyatında müftünün kendisine sorulan soru ile ilgili çeşitli araştırmalar yapmasının gerekli olmasına rağmen bazı son dönem şeyhülislâmları ne soru soran kişiyi özel olarak kabul etmişler, ne de onun orijinal sorusunu dinlemiş veya okumuşlardır. Bu görevi onlar adına fetvahâne yetkilileri yerine getirmişlerdir. Bu durum fetva işlevinin kurumlaşmasıyla yakından ilgilidir. Bu sebeple Uriel Heyd’in, son dönem şeyhülislâmlarının hemen hemen tamamının fetva talepleriyle bizzat ilgilenmedikleri şeklindeki genellemesini (BSOAS , s. 51) bir kusur olarak değil bu kurumlaşmanın tabii sonucu olarak kabul etmek gerekir.
Fetvalarda sözlü cevap isteyenlere fetva odasından cevap verilir, dilekçe ile sorulan soruların cevabı ise söz konusu dilekçenin üzerine yazılarak sahibine iade edilirdi. Bu işlemler yaklaşık bir hafta içinde tamamlanırdı.
İ‘lâmat odası, i‘lâmat müdürünün (i‘lâmât-ı şer‘iyye mümeyyizi) başkanlığında yeteri kadar mümeyyiz ve kalem memurundan meydana gelirdi. Bu odada, şer‘iyye mahkemelerinde verilip bizzat ilgililerince tevsik edilmek üzere getirilen i‘lâm ve hüccetler doğru ve usulüne uygun olup olmamaları açısından incelenerek fetva emini ve i‘lâmat müdürü tarafından mühürlenip onaylanırdı.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde şeyhülislâmlar verdikleri fetvalar için bunları isteyenlerden (müsteftî) bir ücret talep etmiyorlardı. Ancak XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren müsteftîlerden fetva işlemleri dolayısıyla 7 (veya 8) akçe alınmış ve bunun 2 akçesi fetva eminine verilmiş, kalan miktar fetva odasındaki diğer memurlar arasında paylaştırılmış, XVIII. yüzyılda ise her fetva için sadece 3 para alınmıştır (Uzunçarşılı, s. 197; Heyd, s. 52). Bu düşük ücretler karşısında fetvahânedeki memurların gelirini arttırmak için Şeyhülislâm Veliyyüddin Efendi’nin meşihatı sırasında 1180 (1766) veya 1181 (1767) yılında Bolu kazasının mahsulü fetvahâne için arpalık olarak tahsis edilmiş ve bunun beşte biri fetva eminine, geri kalan kısmı da diğer memurlara verilmiştir (Çeşmîzâde, s. 67-68). XVIII. yüzyılın sonları ile XIX. yüzyılın başlarında fetva ücreti 5 veya 7 para iken XIX. yüzyılın ortalarında bu ücret 20 paraya veya 2 ya da 3 kuruşa yükselmiştir (White, II, 166; Heyd, s. 53). Bu rakamlara taşra müftülüklerinde tahsil edilen fetva ücretleri dahil değildir (bunlar için bk. Heyd, s. 53). Fetva işlemlerinden alınan ücretlerin devletin son dönemlerine kadar çok düşük tutulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bu durum ise fetva talebinin yüksek olmasıyla izah edilebilir.
Fetvahânenin çalışma esaslarıyla ilgili olarak muhtelif nizamnâmeler yayımlanmıştır. Bunlardan 13 Muharrem 1292 (19 Şubat 1875) tarihli on iki maddeden meydana gelen Fetvahâne Nizamnâmesi’nde (Düstur , Birinci tertip, IV, 76-77) fetvahânede görev yapan müsevvidlerin yirmi kişi olacağı, sekiz mülâzım kadrosunun bulundurulacağı, münhal olmadıkça başka memur alınmayacağı, müsevvidlik kadrosundan yer açıldığı takdirde mülâzımların en kıdemlisinin meşihat makamınca müsevvid olarak tayin edileceği, reîsü’l-müsevvidîn mevleviyete nâil olduğu zaman ehil ise ikinci müsevvidin, değilse müsevvidler arasından fıkıh ilmini en iyi bilen birinin fetva makamı tarafından başmüsevvidlik görevine getirileceği, bu daireye memur olarak girmek isteyenlerin fetva emanetinin görüşleri doğrultusunda fetva makamı tarafından tayin edilebilecekleri belirtilmiştir.
30 Şâban 1332 (24 Temmuz 1913) tarihli Fetvahânenin Hey’et-i İftâiyyesi Hakkındaki Nizamnâme’de (Düstur , İkinci tertip, VI, 948-950; Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 4 [1332], s. 155-157) fetva odasının “te’lîf-i mesâil” ve “taharrî-i mesâil” adıyla iki şubeye ayrıldığı, te’lîf-i mesâil şubesinin fıkıh ve fetva kitaplarında bulunan meseleleri seçeceği, meşihatça belirtilen konular hakkında dört mezhebe ait bütün fıkıh kitaplarındaki bilgileri toplayacağı, basma veya yazma fıkıh ve fetva kitaplarından büyük bir fetva mecmuası tertip edeceği, bu arada Hanefî mezhebinde müftâbih olmayan bir görüşü zamanın maslahatlarına uygunluğundan dolayı tercih etmesi veya aynı gerekçe ile diğer üç mezhep imamına ait bir görüşü uygun görmesi halinde bu konuyla ilgili gerekçeli bir mazbata hazırlayarak fetva emanetine vermesi ve mazbatanın içerdiği görüşün fetva makamının da “bittasvîb arzı üzerine irâde-i seniyyeye iktiran ettikten sonra” fetvaya esas olacağı belirtilmiştir. Taharrî-i mesâil şubesinin fetvanın cevabını hazırlayacağı, şeyhülislâmın tasdikinden sonra fetvayı özel defterine kaydedeceği ifade edilmiştir. Ayrıca yaptıkları çalışmaların sonuçlarını te’lîf-i mesâil şubesinin üç ayda bir, taharrî-i mesâil şubesinin ise her ay sonunda fetva emanetine sunmaları ve fetva emanetinin de durumu meşihat makamına bildirmesi istenmiştir. 1875 tarihli Fetvahâne Nizamnâmesi’ne oranla daha çok ilmî hedeflerin ön planda tutulduğu bu nizamnâmede özellikle te’lîf-i mesâil şubesine verilen görevler itibariyle bu şubenin bir araştırma enstitüsü şeklinde planlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca bu nizamnâme, başlangıcından beri sıkı bir şekilde Hanefî mezhebindeki müftâbih görüşleri esas alan Osmanlı Devleti’nde zamanın ihtiyaçlarını dikkate alarak Hanefî mezhebindeki diğer görüşlerden veya diğer üç mezhep imamının ictihadlarından faydalanma kapısını aralayan düzenlemelerden biri olması bakımından da dikkat çekicidir.
Bu nizamnâmede işaret edilen hususlardan biri de verilen fetvaların özel defterlere kaydedilmesi meselesidir. Osmanlılar’ın ilk devirlerine ait fetva kayıt defterlerine rastlanmamakla beraber bilhassa XVII. yüzyıldan itibaren şeyhülislâmlar tarafından verilen fetvaların kütükleri (defâtîr) fetvahânede muhafaza edilmiştir. Ayrıca şeyhülislâmlık makamınca hazırlatılmış olan İlmiyye Salnâmesi ’nde şeyhülislâmların bazı fetvalarının sûretleri bulunmaktadır (s. 323-641). Öte yandan 13 Zilkade 1334 (12 Eylül 1916) tarihinde bütün müftülerin verilen fetvaları “sicill-i iftâ” adlı bir deftere kaydetmeleri emredilmiştir (Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 26 [1334], s. 656). Nitekim Ankara Müftülüğü tarafından 1917-1918 yılları arasında verilen fetvaların kopyalarını ihtiva eden bir defterle, I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra Şer‘iyye Vekâleti’nin, 1924 yılından itibaren de Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’nın verdiği fetvaların özetlerinin kaydedildiği bir defter bugün Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (nr. 610, 191). Fetvaların muhafazasıyla ilgili önemli bir yenilik de bunların, meşihat makamınca 3 Receb 1332 (28 Mayıs 1914) tarihinde aylık olarak yayımlanmaya başlanan Cerîde-i İlmiyye dergisinde neşredilmesidir. Bu derginin yayımına son verdiği 1 Safer 1341 (23 Eylül 1922) tarihine kadar çıkan yetmiş dokuz sayısında “Fetâvâ-yı Şerîfe” başlığı altında hukukun çeşitli alanlarıyla ilgili fetvalar yayımlanmıştır. Taharrî-i mesâil şubesinin beş aylık fetva işlemleriyle ilgili çalışmalarının dökümü de Cerîde-i İlmiyye ’de neşredilmiştir (sy. 11 [1333], s. 670-672).
Fetvahânede çalışan memurların kadro cetvelleri Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye salnâmelerinde düzenli şekilde gösterilmiş ve uzun süre iş bölümüne dair bir ayırıma gidilmeksizin fetva emini, i‘lâmât-ı şer‘iyye mümeyyizi ve reîsü’l-müsevvidîn’in isimleri zikredilmiştir (örnek olarak bk. Devleti Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmesi , sene 1310, s. 198-199; 1326 Yılı Salnâmesi , s. 246-247). Ancak şeyhülislâmlığın kadrolarında son dönemlerde bir genişleme olduğu görülmektedir. Meselâ 1334 (1916) tarihli İlmiyye Salnâmesi ’nde meşihatın fetvâhâne-i âlî kısmında bir fetva emini, iki fetva emaneti muavini; fetva odasında bir reîsü’l-müsevvidîn, bir müvezzi, bir cevâb-ı şifâhî memuru, yirmi sekiz müsevvid; i‘lâmât-ı şer‘iyye müdürlüğünde bir müdür, sekiz mümeyyiz, bir taharrî-i mesâil memuru, sekiz i‘lâmât-ı şer‘iyye mümeyyiz muavini, beş birinci, beş ikinci ve dört üçüncü sınıf müsevvid bulunduğu belirtilmiştir (s. 140-143).
Osmanlı Devleti’yle birlikte şeyhülislâmlık ve ona bağlı birimler de ortadan kalkmakla beraber uhdesinde bulunan bütün hizmetler Ankara’da Büyük Millet Meclisi hükümeti tarafından kurulan Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf Vekâleti’nce yürütülmüş, 3 Mart 1340 (1924) tarih ve 429 sayılı Şer‘iyye ve Evkaf ve Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye Vekâletlerinin İlgasına Dair Kanun ile bu vekâletin de lağvedilmesinden sonra resmî ve gayri resmî kişilerin fetva talepleriyle ilgili görevler Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na verilmiştir (DİA , IX, 455-456).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Mecdî, Şekāik Tercümesi , s. 20-21, 47-53, 305.
Atâî, Zeyl-i Şekāik , s. 185, 277.
Çeşmîzâde, Târih (nşr. Bekir Kütükoğlu), İstanbul 1993, s. 67-68.
Râşid, Târih , IV, 394-395.
Rycaut , s. 105-111.
D’Ohsson, Tableau général , IV, 495-517.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 34.
Lutfî, Târih , I, 161-162.
C. White, Three Years in Constantinople , London 1846, II, 165-166.
Düstur , Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1296, IV, 76-77; İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1330, II, 675; İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1334, VI, 184, 347, 948-950.
Devlet-i Aliyye-i Osmâniyye Salnâmesi (1310), sy. 48, s. 198-199.
Salnâme (1326), İstanbul 1323 r., s. 246-247.
A. Heidborn, Manuel de droit public et administratif de l’Empire ottoman , Leipzig 1908, I, 268-269.
A. H. Lybyer, The Government of the Ottoman Empire in the Time of Suleiman the Magnificent , London 1913, s. 207-215.
İlmiyye Salnâmesi , s. 140-143, 323-641.
Cerîde-i İlmiyye , sy. 4 (1332), s. 155-157; sy. 11 (1333), s. 670-672; sy. 26 (1334), s. 656.
Ali Himmet Berki, İslâm Şeriatında Kaza , Ankara 1962, s. 82-86.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Türklerinde Yüksek İfta Makamı”, Diyanet Dergisi , IX/102-103, Ankara 1970, s. 423-427.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 195-209.
Abdülkadir Altunsu, Osmanlı Şeyhülislâmları , Ankara 1972, s. XXXVII-XLV, 1-3, 13-16, 28-34, 111.
Ahmet Mumcu, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Rüşvet (Özellikle Adlî Rüşvet) , İstanbul 1985, s. 141-145, 343-346.
M. Akif Aydın, İslâm-Osmanlı Aile Hukuku , İstanbul 1985, s. 144-148.
Fahreddin Atar, İslâm Adliye Teşkilatı , Ankara, ts., s. 117-126.
R. C. Repp, The Müfti of Istanbul , Oxford 1986, s. XIX, XX, 51-52, 70-93, 112-118, 197, 207, 221-223, 290-296.
Türk Hukuk Lûgati , Ankara 1991, s. 95.
Y. Ziya Yörükân, “Bir Fetva Münasebetiyle, Fetva Müessesesi, Ebussuud Efendi ve Sarı Saltuk”, AÜİFD , I/2-3 (1952), s. 137-160.
M. Tayyib Okiç, “Bir Tenkidin Tenkidi”, a.e. , II/2-3 (1953), s. 219-290.
R. W. Bulliet, “The Shaikh Al-Islam and the Evolution of Islamic Society”, St.I , XXXV (1962), s. 53-68.
Mehmed Vâmık Şükrü Altınbaş, “Fetva Eminleri”, Diyanet Dergisi , II/10, Ankara 1963, s. 23-26; II/11 (1963), s. 24-25; II/12 (1963); IX/98-99 (1970).
Uriel Heyd, “Some Aspects of the Ottoman Fetvâ”, BSOAS , XXXII (1969), s. 35-55.
Michael M. Pixley, “The Development and Role of the Şeyhülislam in Early Ottoman History”, JAOS , XCVI (1976), s. 89-96.
Ekrem Kaydu [Sarıkçıoğlu], “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Şeyhülislâmlık Müessesesinin Ortaya Çıkışı”, İİFD , sy. 2 (1977), s. 201-222.
a.mlf., “Şeyhülislâmlık Makamı”, EAÜİFD , sy. 5 (1982), s. 197-218.
Ziya Kazıcı, “Osmanlılarda Şeyhülislâmlık Müessesesi”, İslâm Medeniyeti Mecmuası , V/2, İstanbul 1981, s. 39-68.
“Fetva”, “Fetvahane”, TA , XVI, 275-276.
İsmet Parmaksızoğlu, “Meşîhat”, a.e. , XXIV, 57-58.
Pakalın , I, 621-622; III, 349.
Reşat Ekrem Koçu, “Ağakapısı”, İst.A , I, 246-247.
M. Cavid Baysun, “Cemâlî”, İA , III, 85-88.
a.mlf., “Ebüssu’ûd Efendi”, a.e. , IV, 94.
Semavi Eyice, “Ağakapısı”, DİA , I, 463-464.
a.mlf. – Necdet Sakaoğlu, “Ağakapısı”, Dünden Bugüne İstanbul Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1993, I, 94-95.
Mehmet İpşirli, “Bâb-ı Meşîhat”, DİA , IV, 362-363.
Nesimi Yazıcı, “Cerîde-i İlmiyye”, a.e. , VII, 407-408.
İrfan Yücel, “Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı”, a.e. , IX, 455-456.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 496-500 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.