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FEYZ-i KÂŞÂNÎ Skip to content Mollâ Muhsin Muhammed b. Şâh Murtazâ b. Şâh Mahmûd-ı Kâşânî (ö. 1090/1679)
Sûfî meşrepli İranlı Şiî âlimi.
1006 (1598) veya 1007’de (1599) Kâşân’da doğdu. Birçok âlim yetiştiren tanınmış bir aileye mensuptur. İlk hocası, zengin bir kütüphaneye sahip bulunan babası Şah Murtazâ’dır. Yirmi yaşında iken dönemin en önemli ilim ve kültür merkezi olan İsfahan’a gitti. Bir yıl kadar burada kaldıktan sonra Ahbâriyye fıkıh ekolünün ünlü temsilcilerinden Seyyid Mâcid-i Bahrânî’den fıkıh ve hadis okumak için Şîraz’a geçti. Bahrânî birkaç ay sonra ölünce tekrar İsfahan’a döndü ve meşhur filozof, fakih ve muhaddis Bahâeddin Âmilî’den ders almaya başladı. Bu sırada yine Safevî devrinin parlak ilmî simalarından olan Mîr Dâmâd’dan da felsefe okumuş olması muhtemeldir. Feyz’in İsfahan’daki bu ikinci ikameti de uzun sürmedi. 1029’da (1620) hac için gittiği Mekke’de bir süre Şiî muhaddislerinden Muhammed b. Hasan b. Zeynüddin el-Âmilî’den hadis dersi aldı. İran’a dönünce kendisine yeni bir üstat aramaya koyuldu ve o sıralarda Kum şehrinde oturan Molla Sadrâ ile tanışarak ona intisap etti. Sekiz yıl Sadrâ’nın yanında kalan Feyz, onun nezâreti altında okuduğu dersler ve yaptığı riyâzetler neticesinde bütün ilimlerin iç mânasına vukuf kazandığını söyler. Sadrâ’yı Feyz’in gerçekten en önemli hocası saymak gerekir. İşrâkī felsefe, Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin tasavvufî görüşleri ve Ehl-i beyt’in öğretilerinin bir sentezi olan Sadrâ’nın düşüncelerinin ekserisini benimseyen Feyz’in eserlerinin birçoğunda Sadrâ’nın tesiri açıkça görülmektedir. Ancak onun tasavvufî yönü Sadrâ’nınkinden daha ağır basmaktadır. Muhsin-i Kâşânî’ye Feyz mahlasını veren Molla Sadrâ onu kızıyla evlendirmiştir.
Feyz-i Kâşânî 1042’de (1632-33) Sadrâ ile beraber Şîraz’a gitti. Üç yıl sonra Kâşân’a dönen Feyz, Şah Safî tarafından İsfahan’da yerleşmeye davet edildiyse de bu teklifi kabul etmedi. Ancak daha sonra 1052 (1642) yılında tahta geçen II. Şah Abbas’ın bir çağrısına uyarak birkaç yıl İran başşehrinde cuma namazı imamlığını yaptı ve aynı zamanda Molla Abdullah Medresesi’nde müderrislik görevini de üstlendi. Feyz-i Kâşânî’ye güven ve inancı tam olan Şah Abbas defalarca halkın önünde namazda ona uydu. Feyz 1068’de (1658) İsfahan’da kendisi için bir tekke yaptırdı. Şah Abbas’ı “bâtınî ve zâhirî kemalâtla süslenmiş” bir hükümdar olarak tanımlayan Feyz (el-Meḥaccetü’l-beyżâʾ , IV, 8-9), onun Safevî Devleti’ni şer‘î esaslara oturtmak yolundaki gayretlerine yardımcı olmaya çalıştı ve gördüğü iltifata karşılık beş eserini kendisine ithaf etti. Bu eserlerin en önemlisi, saltanatın felsefî ve şer‘î mahiyetini açıklayan Âyîne-i Şâhî adındaki kısa fakat özlü Farsça risâledir. Feyz aynı konuyu, ilgili âyet ve rivayetlerle zenginleştirilmiş Żiyâʾü’l-ḳalb adlı Arapça eserinde daha ayrıntılı biçimde ele aldı. II. Şah Abbas’ın 1077’de (1666) ölümünden sonra bilinmeyen bir tarihte tekrar İsfahan’dan ayrılan ve hayatının geri kalan yıllarını Kâşân’da geçiren Feyz bu şehirde vefat etti ve orada gömüldü.
Çok yaygın şöhretine ve II. Abbas’tan gördüğü iltifata rağmen Feyz-i Kâşânî tasavvufî eğilimlerinden dolayı bazı fakihlerin düşmanlıklarını üzerine çekti. Ma‘sûm Ali Şah, onu hocalarından Bahâeddin Âmilî ile beraber Nurbahşiyye meşâyihinden Muhammed Mü’min-i Sebzevârî’nin müridlerinden sayıyorsa da (Ṭarâʾiḳ , II, 322; III, 215) Safevî devrinin kaynaklarında rastlanmayan bu kayıt büyük bir ihtimalle asılsızdır. Nitekim Feyz’in en seçkin talebesi olan Seyyid Ni‘metullah el-Cezâirî onun herhangi bir tarikata intisap etmiş olduğunu kabul etmez (M. Ali Müderris, IV, 379). Feyz’i bir tarikat mensubu değil, Sünnî İran’ın tasavvuf mirasını XVII. yüzyılın Şiîliği benimsemiş olan İran’ına intikal ve mal ettirmeye çalışan bağımsız bir sûfî olarak değerlendirmek gerekir. Feyz kendisini bu teşebbüsünde haklı göstermek için tasavvufun bütün meşhur simalarının takıyye prensibine uyarak hakiki mezheplerini gizleyen birer Şiî olduklarını savunurdu (Abdülhüseyn-i Zerrînkûb, s. 256). Üstadı Molla Sadrâ gibi büyük ölçüde Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî’nin etkisi altında kalan Feyz-i Kâşânî, fakihlerin onun hakkındaki menfi tutumlarını göz önünde tutarak eserlerinde ismini zikretmeden ondan “âriflerden biri” diye bahseder. Bu ihtiyatına rağmen İbnü’l-Arabî’nin vahdet-i vücûd anlayışını ve kâfirlerin cehennemde ebediyen kalmayacakları yolundaki görüşünü kabul ettiği için Şiî fakihlerin sert eleştirisine uğramıştır. Büyük sûfîler arasında Feyz’in en çok sevdiği ve eserlerine ilgi gösterdiği kişi Gazzâlî’dir. Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn adlı eserini, müellifin Ehl-i sünnet kaynaklarından naklettiği hadislerin yerine, Şiî hadis kitaplarında bulunan ve muhtevaları yaklaşık aynı olan rivayetleri koyarak Şiîler’in beğeneceği bir hale getirmiş ve bu kitaba el-Meḥaccetü’l-beyżâʾ adını vermiştir. Aynı zamanda İḥyâʾ ın ikinci kitabına “Ahlâku’l-imâme ve âdâbü’ş-Şîa” başlıklı bir bölüm eklemiş ve semâ bölümünü tamamen çıkarmıştır. Ni‘metullah el-Cezâirî’nin ifadesine göre talebelerine mûsiki dinletmiş olduğuna bakılırsa Feyz’in bu bölümü fakihlerin tenkitlerini önleme düşüncesiyle esere almadığı söylenebilir. Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin, bir bakıma kendi hal tercümesi olan el-İnṣâf fî beyâni’l-ḥaḳ ve’l-iʿtiṣâf adlı eseri Gazzâlî’nin el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl ’inin bir taklidi sayılabilir. Bu eserinde filozoflar, sûfîler, kelâmcılar ve fakihlerin görüşlerini inceleyen Feyz bu grupların, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm ve Ehl-i beyt’in rivayetleriyle teyit edilmeyen bütün düşüncelerinin reddedilmesi gerektiği üzerinde durur. Zâdü’s-sâlik adlı eserinde ise sülûkün makam ve mertebelerini on iki imama atfedilen hadislerle belgelendirmeye çalışır. Kısacası Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr’ın ifadesiyle Feyz-i Kâşânî “Şîa Gazzâlîsi” olarak nitelendirilebilir (A History of Muslim Philosophy , II, 926).
Feyz-i Kâşânî yaşadığı devrin hankahta oturup sûfî geçinenlerini, hocası Molla Sadrâ’nın Kesrü eṣnâmi’l-Câhiliyye ’sini andıran Kelimât-ı Taʿrîfe adlı eserinde tenkit eder; bilhassa keşf ve keramet iddiasında bulunanları sert bir dille eleştirir. Bununla birlikte sûfîler onu kendilerinden göstermekte direnmişlerdir. İsfahan’dan Meşhed’e giden bir sûfî Feyz’in zikr-i celî, çile çıkarmak, raksetmek, vecd halindeyken âşıkane şiirler okumak ve et yemekten sakınmak gibi sûfîlerin bazı âdetlerini tasvip ettiğini söyleyince işin doğrusunu öğrenmek için kendisine mektup yazan Meşhedli Muhammed Mukīm’e verdiği cevapta bu âdetlerin hepsinin on iki imamın öğretilerine aykırı olduğunu açıklamıştır (Resûl-i Ca‘feriyân, sy. 33, s. 106-107). Fakihler ve sûfîler arasındaki ihtilâf konusunda yazdığı bir eserde bu iki grubu “ehl-i ilm” ve “ehl-i zühd” unvanları altında ele almış ve bunların Hz. Peygamber zamanında mevcut olduğuna dikkat çekerek ikisinin de haklı olduğunu ve dolayısıyla birbiriyle iyi geçinmelerinin gerektiğini vurgulamıştır (M. Takī Dânişpejûh, IX/2, s. 113-134). Feyz bu uzlaştırıcı tutumuna rağmen fakihlerin düşmanlığından kurtulamamıştır. Tuḥfetü’l-ʿuşşâḳ adlı eserinde kendisini kınayan Muhammed Şerîf Kummî, es-Sihâmü’l-mâriḳa min aġrâżi’z-Zenâdıḳa adlı kitabında bütün sûfîleri zındık gösteren Ali b. Muhammed Şehîdî ve Tuḥfetü’l-aḫyâr müellifi Muhammed Tâhir Kummî onun başlıca muhalifleridir. Kummî’nin daha sonra Feyz ile barışmış olduğu yolundaki rivayetin doğruluğu tam sabit değildir.
Molla Sadrâ kadar felsefeye önem vermediği halde Feyz-i Kâşânî bazı eserlerinde hocasının üslûbuna sadık kalarak felsefî terimler ve kavramları tasavvufî terimlerle karıştırır. Meselâ Kelimât-ı Meknûne adlı risâlesinde on iki imamdan bahsederken onları “akl-ı kül” ile eşit tutar. Uṣûlü’l-maʿârif adlı kitabı ise tamamen felsefe diliyle yazılmıştır.
Hayatının sonuna doğru tasavvuftan ziyade hadisle uğraştığı söylenen Feyz-i Kâşânî bu sahada da eser vermiştir. el-Vâfî adlı eserinde Şîa’nın muteber saydığı dört hadis kitabının ihtiva ettiği rivayetleri yeni bir tertibe göre sıralayıp şerhetmiştir. Bu eser Şîa’nın ana hadis kitapları arasında yer alır. Tefsirle de ilgilenen Feyz eṣ-Ṣâfî adlı eserinde Ehl-i beyt’in âyetlerin açıklamasıyla ilgili rivayetlerini toplamıştır.
Feyz’in tasavvufî görüşleri, Ehl-i beyt imamlarının rivayetlerine belirleyici bir önem veren ve yalnız fıkıhta değil bütün alanlarda akılcılığa karşı olan Ahbâriyye fıkıh ekolüne dahil oluşuyla bütünleşir. Daha yirmi yaşlarında iken kaleme aldığı Naḳdü’l-uṣûli’l-fıḳhiyye adlı eserinde, akılcılığa taraftar ve genellikte tasavvufa karşı olan Usûliyye fıkıh ekolünü sert bir şekilde tenkit etmiştir. Daha sonra yazdığı Sefînetü’n-necât ’ta Usûlîler’in cennete giremeyeceklerini iddia edecek kadar ileri giden Feyz bazı Ahbârîler tarafından bile kınanmıştır. Fıkıh alanında en önemli eserleri olan Muʿtaṣamü’ş-Şîʿa ve Mefâtîḥu’ş-şerâyiʿ de önemli yenilikler görülür. Fıkhın bütün konularını “el-ibâdât ve’s-siyâsât”, “el-âdât ve’l-muâmelât” olmak üzere iki ana bölüme ayıran Feyz ayrıca fıkhın bazı bölümlerini birleştirmiş veya insan hayatına göre yerlerini değiştirmiştir; meselâ tahâretin bir kolu sayılan ve fıkıh kitaplarının baş taraflarında yer alan ölülerle ilgili hükümleri kendi eserlerinin sonlarında ele alır. Bu bakımdan da Feyz’in Gazzâlî’nin tesiri altında kaldığını söylemek mümkündür (Hossein Moderrisi Tabatabai, s. 16). Feyz, şarkı söylemenin haram olup olmadığı ve necasetle kirlenen bir nesnenin başka bir nesneyi kirletip kirletmemesi gibi bazı meselelerde mensup olduğu Ahbâriyye ekolünden ayrılan görüşleri yüzünden de eleştirilmiştir.
Yaşadığı devrin âlimlerinin birçoğu gibi şiir de söyleyen Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin 6000 beyitten oluşan divanını XIX. yüzyılın tezkirecilerinden Rızâ Kulı Han Hidâyet, “Divanı yüce hikmetler ve değerli inceliklerle dopdoludur” sözleriyle övmüştür (Mecmaʿu’l-fuṣaḥâʾ , IV, 48-49).
Ni‘metullah el-Cezâirî, Muhammed Saîd Kummî, el-Vâfî ’yi şerheden ve el-Meḥaccetü’l-beyżâʾ adlı eserini istinsah eden oğlu Muhammed Alemü’l-Hüdâ, Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında zikredilebilir. Ayrıca tasavvuf düşmanı olarak bilinen Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî, aralarındaki bütün fikrî ihtilâflara rağmen Feyz’den hadis rivayet ettiğini söyler. Fakat Meclisî’nin tesiriyle bütün İran’a yayılan şiddetli tasavvuf düşmanlığının bir sonucu olarak Şah Sultan Hüseyin döneminde (1694-1722) İsfahan’daki Feyz-i Kâşânî tekkesinin yerle bir edildiği rivayet edilir (M. Mehdî İsfahânî, s. 183).
Eserleri. Feyz-i Kâşânî felsefe, tasavvuf, kelâm, ahlâk, hadis, tefsir, fıkıh ve fıkıh usulü gibi konularda tamamına yakını Arapça olan 100’ü aşkın eser kaleme almıştır (eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. M. Ali Müderris, IV, 374-378; Yûsuf b. Ahmed el-Bahrânî, s. 122-130). Başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
A) Felsefe, Kelâm ve Tasavvuf. 1. ʿAynü’l-yaḳīn (Tahran 1303 hş., 1311 hş., 1313 hş.). Felsefe ve kelâmla ilgili çeşitli konuları ihtiva etmektedir. Müellifin daha sonra Uṣûlü’l-maʿârif adıyla ihtisar ettiği bu eser Seyyid Celâleddin Âştiyânî tarafından geniş bir mukaddime ile birlikte neşredilmiştir (Meşhed 1354 hş./1975).
2. ʿİlmü’l-yaḳīn . Kelâma dair olup sırasıyla Allah, melekler, kitaplar, peygamberler ve âhiret günü hakkında bilgi ihtiva eden “maksad” adlı dört ana bölüme ayrılmıştır. ʿAynü’l-yaḳīn ile birlikte basılan eser daha sonra Muhsin Bidârfer tarafından yayımlanmıştır (I-II, Kum 1400/1358 hş.). Müellif bu kitabını Envârü’l-ḥikme (Tahran, ts.) ve el-Maʿârif (yazma nüshası için bk. M. Âsaf Fikret, s. 531) adlarıyla ihtisar etmiştir.
3. el-Kelimâtü’l-meknûne fî ʿulûmi ehli’l-maʿrife (Tahran 1310, 1316, 1317, 1342 hş.; Bombay 1296; bu risâlenin İngilizce özeti için bk. Nasr, s. 927-930; bazı parçalarının Fransızca tercümesi için bk. Corbin, Corps Spirituel , s. 206-210).
4. el-Kelimâtü’t-taʿrîfe fî menşeʾi iḫtilâfi’l-ümmeti’l-merḥûme (Tahran 1316).
5. Żiyâʾü’l-ḳalb (Tahran 1303, 1311 hş.).
6. Âyîne-i Şâhî (Şîraz 1320 hş./1941; Terceme-i Ṣalât ve Ülfetnâme ile birlikte İngilizce tercümesi için bk. Chittick, s. 269-284).
7. Ḳurretü’l-ʿuyûn fi’l-maʿârif ve’l-ḥikem (Tahran 1299, 1378 hş.).
B) Ahlâk. 1. el-Meḥaccetü’l-beyżâʾ fî tehẕîbi’l-İḥyâʾ . Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn adlı eserinin Şîa görüş ve rivayetleri esas alınarak düzenlenmiş şeklidir. Kitap Seyyid Muhammed Mişkât (I-IV, Tahran 1339-1340 hş./1960-1961) ve Ali Ekber Gaffârî (I-VIII, Tahran 1339-1340 hş., aynı neşrin daha sonra ofset baskıları yapılmıştır: Kum 1383; Beyrut 1403/1983) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
2. el-Ḥaḳāʾiḳ fî meḥâsini’l-aḫlâḳ . Bir önceki eserin muhtasarıdır. Kitap müellifin Ḳurretü’l-ʿuyûn ve Miṣbâḥu’l-enẓâr adlı eserleriyle birlikte basılmış (Tahran 1299), ayrıca Seyyid İbrâhim Miyânecî (Tahran 1378) ve Muhsin Akīl (Kum 1409) tarafından da yayımlanmıştır.
C) Fıkıh ve Fıkıh Usulü. 1. Naḳdü’l-uṣûli’l-fıḳhiyye (yazma nüshası için bk. Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, XXIV, 273).
2. Sefînetü’n-necât (yazma nüshaları için bk. M. Âsaf Fikret, s. 309; Seyyid Ahmed Hüseynî, VIII, 369; XIII, 97).
3. Muʿtaṣamü’ş-Şîʿa fî aḥkâmî’ş-şerîʿa (yazma nüshaları için bk. M. Âsaf Fikret, s. 533; Seyyid Ahmed Hüseynî, I, 246; IX, 275).
4. Mefâtîḥu’ş-şerâʾiʿ . Muʿtaṣamü’ş-Şîʿa ’nın muhtasarıdır (yazma nüshaları için bk. M. Âsaf Fikret, s. 538-539; Seyyid Ahmed Hüseynî, XII, 97, 167).
5. en-Nuḫbe (Tahran 1303, 1324, 1328).
D) Tefsir. Tefsîrü’ṣ-ṣâfî (Tahran 1266, 1271, 1275, 1276, 1286, 1310-11, 1316, 1324, 1334, 1374-1375; Tebriz 1269, 1272; Bombay 1274; nşr. Hüseyin el-A‘lemî, I-V, Beyrut 1399, 1979, 1402/1982). Müellif bu eserini el-Aṣfâ adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (Bombay 1274; Tahran 1310-1311, 1353-1354).
E) Hadis. 1. el-Vâfî (I-II, Tahran 1310-1314; I-III, Tahran 1322-1324; I-III, Kum 1404/1984). Müellif tarafından eş-Şâfî adıyla ihtisar edilmiştir.
2. en-Nevâdir (Tahran 1339 hş.). Şîa’nın meşhur dört hadis kitabında bulunmayan rivayetleri içine almaktadır.
Feyz-i Kâşânî’nin şiirlerini ihtiva eden divanının çeşitli baskıları yapılmış (Bombay 1300; Tahran 1300, 1348, 1357), ayrıca diğer bazı mersiye, kaside, rubâî ve gazellerinin yer aldığı Gülzâr-ı Ḳuds adlı risâlesiyle birlikte basılmıştır (Tahran 1339 hş., 1361 hş./1982).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Muhammed b. Süleyman Tenükâbûnî, Ḳıṣaṣü’l-ʿulemâʾ , Tahran 1304, s. 126-130.
Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât , Tahran 1304, s. 542-549.
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Abbas b. Muhammed Kummî, Fevâʾidü’r-rażaviyye , Tahran 1327 hş., II, 633-641.
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Kâmil Mustafa eş-Şîbî, eṣ-Ṣıla beyne’t-taṣavvuf ve’t-teşeyyuʿ , Beyrut 1982, s. 232.
Abdülhüseyn-i Zerrînkûb, Dünbâle-i Cüstücû der Taṣavvuf-ı Îrân , Tahran 1362 hş., s. 256.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, tür.yer.
M. Ali Müderris, Reyḥânetü’l-edeb , Tebriz, ts., IV, 369-379.
Hossein Modarressi Tabātabā‘ī, An Introduction to Shī‘ī Law , London 1984, s. 16.
S. A. Arjomand, The Shadow of God and the Hidden Imam , Chicago 1984, s. 115, 146-150, 173-175.
İbn Usfûr el-Bahrânî, Lüʾlüʾetü’l-Baḥreyn (nşr. M. Sâdık Âl-i Bahrülulûm), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 121-131.
William C. Chittick, “Two Seventeenth-Century Tracts on Kingship”, Authority and Political Culture in Shiism (ed. S. A. Arjomand), New York 1988, s. 269-284.
a.mlf., “Muḥsin-i Fayḍ-i Kas̲h̲ānī”, EI2 (İng.) , VII, 475-476.
M. Âsaf Fikret, Fihrist-i Elifbâʾî-yi Kütüb-i Ḫaṭṭî-yi Kitâbḫâne-i Merkezî-yi Âsitân-ı Ḳuds-i Rażavî , Meşhed 1369 hş., s. 309, 531, 533, 538-539.
Seyyid Ahmed-i Hüseynî, Fihrist-i Nüsḥahâ-yi Ḫaṭṭî-yi Kitâbḫâne-i ʿUmûmî-i Ḥażret-i Âyetullah el-ʿUzmâ Marʿaşî , Kum, ts., I, 246; VIII, 369; IX, 275; XII, 97, 167; XIII, 97.
M. Takī Dânişpejûh, “Dâverî-yi Feyż-i Kâşânî Meyân-ı Pârsâ ve Dânişmend”, Neşriyye-i Dânişgede-i Edebiyyât-ı Tebrîz , IX/2, Tebriz 1336 hş./1957, s. 113-134.
Resûl-i Ca‘feriyân, “Rûyârûî-i Faḳīhân ve Ṣûfiyân der Devre-i Ṣafevî”, Keyhân-ı Endîşe , sy. 33, Kum 1991, s. 106-107.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 520-522 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.