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FİDYE Skip to content Esaretten kurtulmak için veya yerine getirilmeyen yahut kusurlu olarak eda edilen bazı ibadetlerin telâfisi amacıyla ödenen bedel.
Fidye (fidâ ) kelimesi Arapça’da “bir kimseyi bulunduğu sıkıntılı durumdan kurtarmak için ödenen bedel” anlamına gelir. Fıkıh terimi olarak düşman elindeki esiri kurtarmak için ödenen bedeli, ayrıca başta oruç ve hac olmak üzere bazı ibadetlerin eda edilmemesi veya edası sırasında birtakım kusurların işlenmesi halinde yerine getirilmesi gereken dinî-malî yükümlülüğü ifade eder. Buna göre fidye ile kefâret arasında yakın bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Zaman zaman bu iki kelimenin aynı anlamda kullanıldığı, hatta bazı âlimlerin fidye yerine kefâret kelimesini tercih ettikleri (meselâ bk. Kâsânî, II, 186-187; İbn Kudâme, III, 495; Nevevî, VI, 267; VII, 364-365, 379-380), bir kısmının da aynı konuda daha ağır yükümlülük getiren bir kefârete (keffâret-i kübrâ) nisbetle fidye için “küçük kefâret” (keffâret-i suğrâ) tabirini kullandıkları (bk. Derdîr, I, 516, 527, 537) görülmektedir. Ancak kefâret yalnız günah sayılan bir fiilden dolayı gerekir ve bu özelliğiyle fidyeden ayrılır (Süyûtî, s. 694). Fidye ise daha çok meşrû bir özür sebebiyle ifa edilemeyen bir ibadete bedel olarak veya ibadet sırasında yerine getirilemeyen bir hususu, işlenen bir hata ve kusuru telâfi için ödenir. Bu bakımdan dinî hükümde bir hafifletme ve ruhsat özelliği taşımaktadır (Karâfî, I, 213-215; İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm, II, 6-10).
Fidye kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in iki âyetinde terim mânasında (el-Bakara 2/184, 196), bir âyette “bedel ve karşılık” şeklindeki sözlük anlamında (el-Hadîd 57/15) geçerken dokuz âyette de çeşitli türevleriyle yer almaktadır (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fdy” md.). Kelime, aynı anlamlarda ve değişik türevleriyle birçok hadiste de geçmektedir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fdy” md.).
Kurtuluş Fidyesi. Savaş esirini fidye karşılığında serbest bırakmanın (fidye-i necât) hükmü konusunda Hanefî mezhebiyle diğer üç mezhep arasında görüş ayrılığı bulunmaktadır. Hanefîler’e göre esirin dârülharbe dönmek üzere karşılıksız veya fidye karşılığında serbest bırakılması câiz değildir. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre ise devlet başkanı uygun bulduğu takdirde esirleri fidye ile serbest bırakabilir (bk. ESİR ).
İbadetlerde Fidye. a) Oruçta Fidye. İbn Abbas, İbn Ömer, İbn Mes‘ûd, Muâz b. Cebel ve Seleme b. Ekva‘ın da aralarında bulunduğu bir grup sahâbî, “Sizden ramazan ayına yetişenler o ayda oruç tutsun” (el-Bakara 2/185) meâlindeki âyet nâzil oluncaya kadar ashaptan dileyenin oruç tuttuğunu, dileyenin de oruç tutmayıp fidye verdiğini, bu âyet inince gücü yeten kimseler hakkında fidye hükmünün neshedilip yalnız hasta ve yaşlılar için bir ruhsat olarak kaldığını belirtirler (Müslim, “Ṣıyâm”, 149-150; Cessâs, I, 218, İbn Kesîr, I, 308-309). Bundan dolayı oruç fidyesiyle ilgili âyet (el-Bakara 2/184), “Oruç tutmakta güçlük çekenlere (zorlukla güç yetirenlere veya güç yetiremeyenlere) bir fakir doyumu kadar fidye gerekir” şeklinde anlaşılmış, 185. âyetteki, “Sizden ramazan ayına yetişenler o ayda oruç tutsun” hükmünün tekidiyle de oruç tutmaya gücü yetenlerin fidye ödemesinin câiz olmadığı hususunda görüş birliğine varılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in ve ashabın uygulaması da bu yönde olmuştur. İslâm âlimlerinin ortak kabulüne göre ihtiyarlık ve şifa ümidi kalmamış bir hastalık sebebiyle oruç tutamayan kimse, kazâ etmesi mümkün olmadığı için tutamadığı gün sayısınca fidye öder. Bu durumdaki bir kimsenin fidye ödemesi fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre vacip, Mâlikîler’e göre ise müstehaptır. Burada söz konusu olan ihtiyarlığın ölçüsünün kişiden kişiye değişeceği kabul edilmiş ve “şeyh-i fânî”lik diye tanımlanan bu çağ “ölüme kadar her gün kuvvetin azalması” şeklinde açıklanmıştır. Bu çağa ulaşan kimse fidyesini ramazan ayının sonunda toptan veya ramazan ayı içinde günlük olarak ödeyebileceği gibi ramazan başında da verebilir. Yaşlı veya hasta olan kimse fidye ödemeden vefat etmişse artık onun adına fidye ödenmesi gerekmez. Öte yandan, böyle bir kimsenin fidyesini ödedikten sonra iyileşmesi durumunda ödenen fidyenin yeterli olup olmayacağı hususunda mezhepler arasında görüş ayrılığı bulunmaktadır. Hanbelî mezhebine göre bu durumdaki kişi borcunu ödemiş olup ayrıca kazâ etmesine gerek yoktur (İbn Kudâme, III, 141-142). Diğer üç mezhebe göre ise -fidyenin meşruiyetinin şartı “oruç tutmaya güç yetirememe” olduğundan- gücüne ve sağlığına kavuşan kimse tutamadığı oruçlarını kazâ etmelidir.
Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre, hamile veya emzikli bir kadının oruç tutmaya gücü yettiği halde çocuğun zarar görmemesi için tutmaması durumunda daha sonra kazâ etmesinin yanı sıra fidye ödemesi de gerekir. Bu mezheplerin fakihleri delil olarak bu yöndeki bazı sahâbe fetvalarını kabul ederler ve hamile veya emzikli kadının durumunun hasta ve şeyh-i fânîden farklı olması gerektiğini ileri sürerler (Hattâbî, II, 739). Ancak böyle bir kadın kendisinin de zarar görmesinden endişe ederek oruç tutmamışsa o takdirde sadece kazâ yeterli olur. Hanefî fakihleriyle Evzâî, Sevrî gibi bazı âlimler hamile veya emziklinin, İmam Mâlik ise sadece hamilenin hasta hükmünde olduğu, yalnızca tutamadığı orucu kazâ edeceği, ayrıca fidye ödemesinin gerekmediği görüşündedir (a.y.).
Hanefîler dışındaki üç mezhebe göre, mâzereti olmadığı halde kazâ borcunu bir sonraki ramazan ayına kadar ödemeyen kimsenin kazâ orucu ile birlikte fidye ödemesi de vâciptir. Kazâ orucunu birkaç ramazan tehir etmesi halinde fidyenin de geciktirilen ramazan sayısınca tekerrür edip etmeyeceği konusunda bu üç mezhep arasında görüş ayrılığı vardır. Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler fidyenin tekerrür etmeyeceği görüşünü benimserken Şâfiî mezhebindeki kuvvetli görüşe göre malî haklardan sayılan fidye borcu ramazan sayısınca tekerrür eder. Ayrıca fidye ancak bizâtihi asıl olan oruçta câizdir; kefâret orucu gibi başka bir şeyden dolayı tutulması gereken oruç için bu yola başvurulamaz.
Kazâya kalmış oruç borçlarını ödemeden ölen kimsenin eğer vasiyeti varsa malının üçte birinden fidyesi ödenir. Vasiyeti yoksa mirasçılarının teberru kabilinden bunu ödemeleri tavsiye edilmiştir. Bir kimsenin kılamadığı namazlar için ölümünden sonra fidye ödenmesinin (ıskāt-ı salât) Kur’an ve Sünnet’te bir dayanağı bulunmamakla birlikte özellikle Hanefî âlimleri namaz için de fidye ödenmesini affa vesile olabileceği düşüncesiyle uygun görmüşlerdir (bk. ISKAT ).
Oruçta fidye miktarı, âyette geçen “bir fakirin doyumu” (el-Bakara 2/184) ifadesinden de hareketle bir kişiyi bir gün için doyuracak iki öğün yiyecek olarak anlaşılmış olup bu da fitre miktarıyla uyum gösterir. Bu miktarın aynî olarak veya aynı değerde para yahut mal olarak verilmesi câizdir.
b) Hacda Fidye. Hac veya umre yapmak maksadıyla ihrama giren kimseye tıraş olmak, tırnak kesmek, koku sürünmek, dikişli elbise giymek, avlanmak, cinsî münasebette bulunmak gibi bazı hususlar yasaklanmıştır (bk. İHRAM ). Bu fiillerden birini unutarak veya bir zaruretten dolayı bile olsa işleyen kimsenin kefâret olarak bir bedel ödemesi gerekir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de “fidye” olarak nitelendirilen bu kefâret türü için şöyle denilmektedir: “Haccı da umreyi de Allah için tam olarak eda edin. Eğer bunları edadan alıkonursanız kolayınıza gelen kurbanı gönderin. Kurban yerine varıncaya kadar başınızı tıraş etmeyin. Sizden biriniz hasta olur yahut başında bir rahatsızlığı bulunursa onun fidye olarak oruç tutması, sadaka vermesi veya kurban kesmesi gerekir” (el-Bakara 2/196). Hz. Peygamber de Hudeybiye’de Kâ‘b b. Ucre adındaki sahâbîye başındaki rahatsızlığından dolayı, “Tıraş ol ve sonra da üç gün oruç tut, yahut altı fakiri doyur veya bir kurban kes” (Buhârî, “Muḥṣar”, 5-8; “Merḍâ”, 16; “Keffârât”, 1; Müslim, “Ḥac”, 80-86) diyerek âyette zikredilen fidye türlerine açıklık getirmiştir.
İhram yasağının ihlâli halinde fidye olarak tutulacak oruç fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğuna göre üç gün olup bu orucun peş peşe tutulması şart değildir. Âyette geçen “sadaka”, bir fakiri bir gün için doyuracak kadar gıda maddesi şeklinde anlaşılmış olup bunun miktarı çoğunluğun görüşüne göre bir veya iki müd buğday, bazı fakihlere göre ise fitre miktarıdır. Ancak ihramda iken vuku bulan bazı küçük ihlâller karşılığında daha az miktarda ödenen sadakaların da fidye olarak anıldığı görülür. Hasan-ı Basrî, İkrime, Nâfi‘ gibi bazı âlimler, ihramlının fidye olarak on gün oruç tutması veya on fakiri doyurması gerektiği görüşündedir. Âyette zikredilen kurbandan (nüsük) maksat küçükbaş hayvanın kurban edilmesidir (bk. DEM ). İhramlının bazı ağır ihlâllerde ceza olarak kesmesi icap eden büyükbaş hayvan da (bedene ) geniş anlamda fidye kavramıyla ifade edilir.
Hastalık veya başka bir rahatsızlık sebebiyle ihram yasaklarından birini çiğnemek (cinayet ) zorunda kalan kimsenin, ilgili âyette ve hadiste geçtiği üzere fidye olarak üç gün oruç tutma veya altı fakiri doyurma ya da kurban kesme hususunda muhayyer olduğu konusunda bütün mezhepler görüş birliği içindedir. Bu yasakları kasten çiğneyen kimse hakkında ise görüş ayrılığı vardır. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre yasakları kasten çiğneyen kimse yine fidye olarak anılan üç husustan dilediğini seçebilir. Hanefî fakihleri ise cezasının ağırlaştırılması amacıyla böyle bir kişinin muhayyerlik hakkının iptal edilmesi ve işlediği cinayetin türüne göre ya kurban kesmesi veya sadaka vermesinin gerekli olduğu kanaatindedir.
İhram yasaklarını bilerek ve kendi iradesiyle çiğneyen kimsenin fidye ödemesinin gerektiği hususunda görüş birliği olduğu halde uyku, bayılma, unutma, bilmeme veya zorlanma (ikrah) gibi sebeplerle yasakları ihlâl eden kimse hakkında görüş ayrılığı mevcuttur. Hanefî ve Mâlikî fakihleri, böyle bir kimseyi de yasağı kasten çiğneyen kişi gibi değerlendirip aynı hükme tâbi tutarken Şâfiî ve Hanbelî âlimleri bu şartlarda işlenen cinayeti iki kısma ayırırlar. Bunlara göre kıl koparmak, tıraş olmak ve tırnak kesmek gibi vücut üzerinde tasarrufla ilgili cinayetlerde fidye ödemek vâciptir; elbise giyme, başı örtme veya koku sürünme gibi ihlâllerde ise fidye gerekli değildir.
İhramlı kimsenin hangi tür fiillerinin ihram yasağına girdiği ve hangi aşamada hangi tür fidyenin gerekli olduğu konusunda, fakihler ve fıkıh mezhepleri arasında çoğu ayrıntı sayılabilecek bir hayli görüş farklılığı mevcuttur. Bu konuda literatürde yer alan ayrıntılar hem ihram yasaklarının sınır ve kapsamını belirleme, hem de bu yasakların ihlâli durumunda ne tür bir fidye ödeneceğini bir kurala bağlama gayretinden kaynaklanır. Meselâ Hanefî mezhebinde, saç veya sakalın dörtte birinden fazlasının tıraş edilmesi halinde fidye olarak ceza kurbanı kesilmesi gerekir. Öte yandan yasağın ihlâlinde verilecek fidye miktarı kişinin kasıtlı, hatalı veya mazeretli oluşuna veya yasağın derecesine göre değişebildiği gibi fakihlere ve ekollere göre de değişmektedir.
Diğer bazı görüş farklılıkları ihramlının tırnak kesmesi, güzel koku sürünmesi, avlanması, erkeklerin dikişli elbise giymeleri, başlarını örtmeleri, kadınların yüzlerini örtmeleri gibi ihram yasaklarının ihlâl edilmesi hallerinde de gündeme gelir. Meselâ Hanefî mezhebinde, aynı mekânda el ve ayak tırnaklarının tamamını veya sadece bir elin ya da bir ayağın tırnaklarının tamamını kesen kimsenin ceza kurbanı kesmesi, beş tırnaktan daha az sayıda tırnak kesen ihramlının ise her tırnak için bir sadaka vermesi gerekli görülürken Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre üç ve daha çok tırnak kesen kimsenin fidye ödemesi, bir ve iki tırnak kesenin ise bir müd ve iki müd buğday sadaka vermesi icap eder. Erkeklerin dikişli elbise veya iç çamaşırı giymeleri, başlarını örtmeleri, bazı özel durumlar hariç kadınların yüzlerini örtmeleri de ihram yasakları arasında bulunduğundan meselâ Hanefî mezhebine göre ihramlı kimse bir gün veya geceden daha uzun bir süre bu halde kalmışsa fidye olarak kurban kesmek zorundadır. Daha kısa bir süre için bu yasağı ihlâl edenlerin sadaka vermesi yeterlidir. Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde ise süre kaydı gözetilmeksizin fidye gerekli görülürken Mâlikîler’de sürenin yanı sıra ihramlının kasıt ve amacı da dikkate alınır. Hanefîler, kokunun vücuda sürülmesiyle elbiseye (veya ihram kıyafetine) sürülmesini ayrı ayrı değerlendirerek el, kol veya baş gibi bir organın bütününe sürülmesi halinde kokunun etkisi kısa süreli de olsa ceza kurbanı kesilmesinin vâcip olduğunu söylerken elbiseye sürüldüğünde kokunun etkisinin en az bir gün veya gece devam etmesi halinde bu hükmün verilebileceğini belirtmişlerdir. Gerek vücut gerekse elbise için ileri sürülen bu şartların gerçekleşmediği durumlarda ise sadaka verilmesi yeterli görülmüştür. Âlimlerin çoğunluğu, böyle bir ayırıma gitmeyip vücuduna veya elbisesine koku süren kimsenin fidye ödemesinin vâcip olduğuna hükmetmiştir.
Kara hayvanı avlamanın ihramlı için yasak olduğu konusunda icmâ bulunduğu gibi yanlışlıkla yapılan avlanmaların da kasten yapılanla aynı hükme tâbi olacağı hususunda dört mezhep görüş birliği içindedir. Bunun cezası, âyette geçtiği üzere (el-Mâide 5/95) avlanan hayvanın değerinin tesbit edilerek aynı değerde bir hayvanın kurban edilmesi veya her fakire bir fitre miktarı olmak üzere bu değerin tasadduk edilmesi, yahut her fitre miktarı karşılığında bir gün oruç tutulmasıdır. İhramlı iken cinsî münasebette bulunmaktan veya hac menâsikinden bazılarını yerine getirmemekten dolayı da kefâret olarak yerine göre büyük veya küçük baş bir hayvanın kesilmesi gerekmektedir (ayrıntılı bilgi için bk. BEDENE ; DEM ).
Fidyenin ödeneceği yer konusunda fakihler arasında görüş ayrılığı bulunmaktadır. Hanefîler kurbanların Harem’de kesilmesinin gerektiğini, oruç tutma ve fakir doyurmanın ise her yerde olabileceğini söylerken Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Şâfiî sadakanın da yalnızca Harem’de verilebileceğini belirtirler. İmam Mâlik ise fidyenin üç türünün de her yerde ödenebileceği, “hedy” niteliğindeki kurbanın mutlaka Mekke’de kesilmesi gerektiği, fakat ceza mahiyetindeki kurbanın başka bir yerde kesilebileceği görüşündedir.
Bütün fakihlere göre, kasten çiğnenen bir ihram yasağı için fidye ödendikten sonra ayrıca tövbe etmek gerekir. Aksi halde cinayeti işleyen kimse fidye ödese bile günahkâr olarak kalmaya devam eder. Ayrıca fidye sadece fakirlere verilebilir, zekâtın ödeneceği diğer kişilere veya kurumlara verilemez.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fdy” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fdy” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “fdy” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “fdy” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fdy” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fdy” md.
Buhârî, “Muḥṣar”, 5-8, “Merḍâ”, 16, “Keffârât”, 1.
Müslim, “Ḥac”, 80-86, “Ṣıyâm”, 149-150.
İbn Mâce, “Menâsik”, 86.
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İzzeddin b. Abdüsselâm, Ḳavâʿidü’l-aḥkâm , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), II, 6-10.
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İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , II, 421-428, 543-590.
Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , II, 687-689; III, 230-299.
Nureddin Itr, el-Ḥac ve’l-ʿumre , Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 139-158.
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Ch.-E. Dufourcq, “Fidāʾ”, EI2 Suppl. (İng.) , s. 306-308.
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Mv.F , II, 181-195, XXVIII, 54-56, 79.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 55-57 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.