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FIKHÜ’l-HADÎS Skip to content Hadislerin anlaşılmasını ve onlardan hüküm çıkarılmasını konu edinen ilim dalı.
Fıkıh kelimesi lugatta “sözün mâna ve maksadını kavramak”, hadis de “söz” anlamına gelir. Buna göre “fıkhü’l-hadîs”, “herhangi bir sözden onu söyleyenin ne demek istediğini anlamak ve kavramak” demektir. Nitekim bu iki kelime Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bu anlamda kullanılmıştır (bk. en-Nisâ 4/78). Hadis kelimesi terim anlamıyla (Hz. Peygamber’in sözleri) ele alındığında fıkhü’l-hadîs “genel olarak hadisleri ve hadislerden hareketle Hz. Peygamber’in gayesini kavramak” mânasına gelir. Bu anlamıyla, ilk dönemlerde kullanılan “ilmü dirâyeti’l-hadîs”, Taşköprizâde’nin hadis ilimleri arasında zikrettiği “ilmü te’vîli akvâli’n-nebî” (Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 378) ve Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’nin kullandığı “ilmü esrâri’l-hadîs” (Ḥüccetüllāhi’l-bâliġa , I, 463) tabirleriyle aynı veya yakın mânaya gelmektedir.
Hadis ilimleri arasında zikredilmekle beraber fıkıh ilminin de bir bölümünü teşkil eden fıkhü’l-hadîs hem geniş hem dar anlamda ele alınmalıdır. Geniş anlamda fıkhü’l-hadîs tabiri, Hz. Peygamber’in Mina’da Mescid-i Hayf’ta yaptığı bir konuşmada geçmektedir. Resûl-i Ekrem burada, kendi sözlerini duyup ezberledikten sonra onları başkalarına aynen aktaranların yüzlerini Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın ağartmasını diledikten sonra şöyle demiştir: “Fıkıh bilgisini nakleden nice kimseler vardır ki anlama kabiliyetine sahip (fakih) değildir. Nice kimseler de vardır ki sahip oldukları bilgiyi kendilerinden daha fakih olana ulaştırırlar.” (Ebû Dâvûd, “ʿİlim”, 10; Tirmizî, “ʿİlim”, 7). Hz. Peygamber, henüz bir terim olmayan fıkıh kelimesini birçok hadiste “anlamak ve kavramak” mânasında kullanmıştır. Fıkhü’l-hadîs tabiri de hadislerin henüz tedvin edildiği dönemde yine bu anlamda kullanılmaktaydı. Zira bu dönemde hadis rivayetine büyük önem verildiği için dirâyetü’l-hadîse (fıkhü’l-hadîs) teşvik eden ifadelerle muhaddislerin rivayet ettikleri hadisler üzerinde düşünmeleri istenmiştir. Hasan-ı Basrî’nin, anlama kabiliyeti bulunmayan kimseye çok hadis rivayet etmenin faydasız olacağını söylemesi (Râmhürmüzî, s. 558), Kûfe kadısı İbn Şübrüme’nin, gördüğü her muhaddise rivayeti azaltıp naklettiklerini düşünmeyi öğütlemesi (İbn Abdülber, II, 124), Ali b. Medînî’nin hadislerin anlaşılmasını ilmin yarısı sayması (Râmhürmüzî, s. 320), İmam Mâlik’in, hadis ilmini çok seven yeğenlerine bu ilimden faydalanabilmeleri için az rivayet edip naklettiklerini anlamaya çalışmalarını söylemesi (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Muḫtaṣaru naṣîḥati ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 118) fıkhü’l-hadîsin bu geniş anlamıyla ilgilidir.
Hadislerden fıkhî hüküm çıkarmayı konu edinen bir ilim olarak fıkhü’l-hadîs, fıkıh ilminin bir metodoloji halinde yerleştiği sırada bilhassa ehl-i re’y e karşı bir tepki şeklinde doğmuştur. Nitekim fıkıh kelimesi ilk dönemlerde re’y kelimesiyle birlikte kullanılmıştır. Ubeydullah b. Abdullah’ın İbn Abbas’ı tanıtırken re’yde ondan daha fakih bir kimse bulunmadığını söylemesi (İbn Sa‘d, II, 368), Ebû Seleme’nin, Resûl-i Ekrem’in sünnetini Hz. Âişe’den daha iyi bilen ve re’yde ondan daha fazla fakih olan bir kimseye rastlamadığını belirtmesi (a.g.e. , II, 375) bunu göstermektedir. Hatta fıkhın re’y ile birlikte ele alındığı bu dönemde zaman zaman hadisle fıkıh sanki ayrı şeylermiş gibi değerlendirilmiştir. Şa‘bî İbn Ömer’i tanıtırken onun hadis bilgisi yönünden iyi olduğunu, fakat fıkıh bilgisi açısından yeterli sayılamayacağını söylemiştir (a.g.e. , II, 373). Fıkhın oluşumu döneminde, kendilerini ehl-i hadîs kabul eden bazı âlimler re’ye ve kıyasa tepki göstermişler, “fıkhü’r-re’y”e karşı fıkhü’l-hadîsi savunmuşlardır. Süfyân b. Uyeyne’nin, “Ey hadis ehli! Fıkhü’l-hadîsi iyice öğrenin ki ehl-i re’y size galip gelmesin” (Hâkim, s. 66); Vekî‘ b. Cerrâh’ın da hadis rivayetiyle uğraşan gençlere, “Fıkhü’l-hadîsi öğrenin, eğer bunu öğrenirseniz ehl-i re’y size galip gelemez” (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, Muḫtaṣaru naṣîḥati ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 122) demeleri, fıkhü’l-hadîsi fıkhü’r-re’yin karşıtı olarak kullandıklarını göstermektedir. Kendisine, hadis yazmayı bırakıp fıkıhla uğraşmasını teklif eden Ebû Hanîfe’ye Vekî‘in hadislerin bütün fıkhı ihtiva ettiğini söylemesi (Hatîb el-Bağdâdî, el-Faḳīh ve’l-mütefaḳḳih , II, 83), ehl-i hadîsin fıkhı hadislerden ibaret kabul ettiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Râmhürmüzî (ö. 360/971), fıkhü’l-hadîs tabirini rivayetle dirâyeti birleştiren ehl-i hadîsten söz ederken kullanmıştır. el-Muḥaddis̱ü’l-fâṣıl beyne’r-râvî ve’l-vâʿî adlı eserinin ismi de fıkhü’l-hadîsin muhtevasını çağrıştırmaktadır. Hâkim en-Nîsâbûrî de (ö. 405/1014) Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı eserinde hadis ilimlerini elli ikiye kadar çıkarmış ve fıkhü’l-hadîse yirminci sırada yer vermiştir. Hadislerin sahih olduğunu tesbit ettikten sonra en önemli hadis ilminin fikhü’l-hadîs olduğunu belirterek ehl-i hadîs arasında bu ilimde yetişen şahsiyetlere ve bunların bazı görüşlerine yer vermiş, fakat bu ilmin esaslarından söz etmemiştir. Ona göre Zührî, Evzâî, Abdullah b. Mübârek, Süfyân b. Uyeyne, Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân, Abdurrahman b. Mehdî, Ali b. Medînî, Yahyâ b. Maîn, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Buhârî bu ilimde derin bilgisiyle tanınan âlimlerin başında yer alır.
Hâkim’den sonra XIX. yüzyılda Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî’ye kadar hiç kimse fıkhü’l-hadîsi hadis ilimleri arasında zikretmemiştir. Kāsımî, Ḳavâʿidü’t-taḥdîs̱ adlı derleme eserinde bu ilme oldukça geniş yer vererek kitabının önemli bir kısmını buna ayırmış, Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’den uzun bir alıntı yaptıktan sonra “fıkhü’l-hadîs” başlığı altında sünnetin delil olması, hadisle amel, hadisleri zâhirî mânalarına göre değerlendirmenin gereği, lafza muhalif fetvaların haram oluşu, iyi anlaşılmayan hadisler karşısında takınılacak tavır, ehl-i hadîs ve ehl-i re’y arasındaki farklar gibi konuları ele almıştır.
Dar ve teknik anlamda fıkhü’l-hadîs, İmam Şâfiî’ye kadar yaygın olarak kullanılmakla birlikte onu bir ilim dalı hüviyetine kavuşturacak müstakil bir metodoloji geliştirilememiştir. Daha önce de hadisler İslâm fıkhının önemli bir delili kabul edilmekle beraber Şâfiî bu delilleri kanun metni (nas) olarak değerlendirmek, dil kurallarına dayanan bir anlama yöntemi geliştirmek suretiyle müstakil bir zemine oturtmuştur. Aslında gerek Hz. Peygamber’in üslûbu gerekse hadislerin mâna ile rivayet edilmesi, hadis metinlerinin kanun metni gibi değerlendirilmesine imkân vermemekle beraber Şâfiî geliştirdiği nas teorisi dolayısıyla hadis metinlerine bu gözle bakmış ve usûl-i fıkhın delâlet yollarını onlara uygulamıştır. Bundan dolayı kendisinden sonra gelen hadisçiler re’y fıkhına karşı İmam Şâfiî’nin bu metoduna başvurmuşlar, hatta Tirmizî gibi bazı muhaddisler onu ehl-i hadîsten saymışlardır. Nitekim ehl-i hadîsin imamı olarak kabul edilen Ahmed b. Hanbel, İmam Şâfiî olmasaydı kendilerinin fıkhü’l-hadîsi öğrenemeyeceklerini söyleyerek bu hususta ehl-i hadîsin ona borçlu olduğunu ifade etmiştir. İmam Şâfiî’ye “nâsırü’l-hadîs” lakabının verilmesi de kendisine duyulan şükranın bir ifadesi sayılmalıdır. Şâfiî’den sonra hadisçiler onun koyduğu ilkeler doğrultusunda fıkhü’l-hadîsi sürdürmek için yoğun bir çaba göstermişlerse de metodolojik zihniyete sahip olmadıklarından kısmen Zâhirîliğe kaymışlardır. III. (IX.) yüzyıldan sonra fıkhü’l-hadîse olan ilgi azalarak devam etmiş ve bu ilim bazı değişikliklere uğrayıp Zahirî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinin içinde yerini almıştır.
Tasnif dönemi hadisçileri, gerek geniş gerekse dar anlamda hadislerin anlaşılıp değerlendirilmesi konusunda kendilerini yoğun bir tartışma ortamında buldukları için eserlerini yazarken rivayet ettikleri hadislerin fıkhını da yansıtmaya çalışmışlardır. Buhârî, İbn Huzeyme ve İbn Hibbân’ın kullandıkları bab başlıkları (terâcim) birer fıkhü’l-hadîs ürünüdür. Sünen türü kitaplar ehl-i hadîsin fıkıh kitapları durumunda olduklarından fıkhü’l-hadîse kaynaklık ederler. Bununla beraber tasnif dönemi muhaddislerinin bu konuda başarılı oldukları söylenemez. Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin bu boşluğu doldurmak ve hadisçilere yeni bir soluk aldırmak maksadıyla el-Faḳīh ve’l-mütefaḳḳih ’i kaleme aldığı hatıra gelmektedir. Tasnif döneminden sonra fıkhü’l-hadîs türündeki eserler mezhep fıkhına bağlı olarak yazılmıştır. Tahâvî’nin Şerḥu Meʿâni’l-âs̱âr ’ı Hanefî, Beyhakī’nin es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ ’sı Şâfiî mezhebi doğrultusunda kaleme alınmıştır. İbn Hibbân’ın et-Teḳāsîm ve’l-envâʿ ı ile Begavî’nin Şerḥu’s-sünne ’si, fıkhü’l-hadîs kaynakları arasında müstakil olarak zikredilmeye değer eserlerdir.
IV. (X.) yüzyıldan itibaren dar ve geniş anlamıyla fıkhü’l-hadîs hadis şerhleri içinde yer almaya başladı. Hadis literatürüne ilk şârih olarak geçen Hattâbî iki ekolü birleştirmeye çalıştı. Kendi çağında ilim ehlinin “ehlü’l-hadîs ve’l-eser, ehlü’l-fıkh ve’n-nazar” diye iki gruba ayrıldığını söyleyen Hattâbî birincilerin bütün gayretlerini rivayetlere teksif ettiklerini, hadislerin metinlerine gerekli itinayı göstermediklerini ve anlamları üzerinde düşünmediklerini belirtmekte, ikinci grubun ise hadisle yeteri kadar ilgilenmeyişi bir yana hadisin sahihini uydurmasından ayıracak bilgiye dahi sahip olmadığını ifade etmektedir. Kendisi, kaleme aldığı eserlerle yüklendiği önemli görevi belirtirken hadislerin anlamı hakkında yazdıklarını gören fakihin hadise, muhaddisin de fıkha yönelmesini, böylece rivayetle dirâyetin bir arada ilim ehlinin faydasına sunulmasını arzu ettiğini söylemektedir. Ona göre İslâmî ilimler bir binaya, hadis ve sünnet bu binanın temeline, fıkıh da bu temel üstünde yükselen gövdeye benzer. Temele dayanmayan bina çökmeye, üzerinde bina olmayan temel de harabe haline gelmeye mahkûmdur. IV. yüzyıldan itibaren hadis literatürüne fıkhü’l-hadîsle ilgili iki ayrı telif türü girmiştir. Bunlardan biri, sahih hadis kaynaklarından derlenen ahkâm hadislerini tahlil eden eserler, diğeri de “el-fetâva’l-hadîsiyye” türü kitaplardır. Ahkâm hadislerini ihtiva eden eserler sünen türündeki kitapların daraltılmış şeklidir. İbnü’l-Cârûd ile Kāsım b. Asbağ’ın el-Münteḳā adlı eserleri, İbnü’l-Harrât’ın el-Aḥkâmü’ş-şerʿiyye ’si, Takıyyüddin İbn Dakīkul‘îd’in Şerḥu ʿUmdeti’l-aḥkâm ’ı, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’nin Bulûġu’l-merâm ’ı, Şevkânî’nin Neylü’l-evṭâr ’ı bu sahada ilk akla gelen eserlerdir. “el-Fetâva’l-hadîsiyye” türündeki eserlere gelince, bunlar ilkini Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye’nin kaleme aldığı hadislere dayanan fetva kitaplarıdır. Daha sonra İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, Muhammed b. Abdurrahman es-Sehâvî, Süyûtî ve İbn Hacer el-Heytemî de bu alanda eserler vermişlerdir.
VIII. (XIV.) yüzyıldan sonra kendisini herhangi bir mezhebe bağlı görmeyen âlimler, XII. (XVIII.) yüzyıldan sonra da kendilerine Selefî adını verenler fıkhü’l-hadîse sahip çıkmışlardır. Fıkhü’l-hadîsin, uzun tarihî seyri içinde ne dar ne de geniş anlamda müstakil bir ilim dalı hüviyeti kazandığı söylenemez. Zira bilgi kaynaklarını tesbitte hadis ilminden, anlama yönteminde ise fıkıh ilminin lafzî bahislerinden faydalanan bu ilim dalı kendine has bir yöntem geliştirememiştir. Ancak önceleri ehl-i re’ye, daha sonra fıkıhçılara karşı ehl-i hadîsin müstakil bir yöntem olarak savunduğu fıkhü’l-hadîsin temel esaslarını şu şekilde sıralamak mümkündür: a) Nas olarak Kur’an ile Sünnet arasında bir fark yoktur. Hatta fıkhü’l-hadîsin öncülerinden Evzâî, sünnetin kitaba olduğundan çok kitabın sünnete ihtiyacı bulunduğunu söylemekte (İbn Abdülber, II, 191), hocası Yahyâ b. Ebû Kesîr’in sünnetin Kur’an’ı belirleyici olduğuna dair görüşünü nakletmektedir. Diğer bir ifadeyle Kur’an’ın muhtemel mânalara delâleti esnasında sonuca götürecek delil sünnettir. Esasen sünnet ve hadis sadece bir delil değil hükmün kendisidir. b) Fıkhü’l-hadîsi bir metodoloji olarak kabul edenlere göre sünnet ve hadis aynı şeydir. Sünnet ve hadisin çerçevesi oldukça geniş olup Hz. Peygamber’den gelen bütün söz, fiil ve takrirlerle birlikte onun ahlâkını, yaratılış özelliklerini, bi‘setten önce söyledikleri ve yaptıkları da dahil olmak üzere bütün sîretini ihtiva eder. c) Zaruret hali dışında re’y ve kıyastan kaçınmalı, onun yerine hadislerle sahâbe ve tâbiîne ait sözleri kapsayan “eser” bilgi kaynağı olarak kabul edilmelidir. Nitekim fıkhü’l-hadîs âlimlerinden Şa‘bî, ehl-i re’yin eserleri bırakıp kıyasa başvurdukları zaman helâk olduklarını söylemiş, İbn Sîrîn eserlere bağlı kaldıkça doğru yolda yürüdüklerini belirtmiş, Süfyân b. Uyeyne de dinin eserlerden ibaret olduğunu ifade etmiştir. d) Hadisleri delil olarak alırken temel ölçü isnadının sağlamlığıdır. Onu ayrıca Kur’an’a arzetmek veya akla uygunluğunu araştırmak yersizdir. e) Delil olarak re’y ve kıyastan kaçınmak gerektiği gibi anlamada da te’vile kaçmamak esastır.
Hadis şârihleri, müstakil bir anlama yöntemi geliştirmeyip daha çok usûl-i fıkhın delâlet yollarından faydalanmak suretiyle hadisleri açıklamaya çalışmakla beraber geniş anlamda fıkhü’l-hadîs onların şerhlerinde işlenmiştir. Gazzâlî’nin bir hadisin anlamının sorulması üzerine yazdığı Ḳānûnü’t-teʾvîl adlı risâlesi, akıl-nakil ilişkisi açısından fikhü’l-hadîse yönelik bir çalışma olarak önem taşır. Bu konuda kaleme alınan en önemli eser Şah Veliyyullah ed-Dihlevî’nin Ḥüccetullāhi’l-bâliġa ’sıdır. Bu eserde hadislerden istinbat ve Hz. Peygamber’den gelen bilginin esrarı konularında geniş anlamda fıkhü’l-hadîsle ilgili esaslar belirlenmiştir. Çağdaş âlimlerden Yûsuf el-Kardâvî’nin Keyfe neteʿâmel maʿa’s-sünneti’n-nebeviyye (Mansûre 1990, 1992; trc. Bünyamin Erul, Sünneti Anlamada Yöntem, Kayseri 1991, 1993) ve Muhammed el-Gazzâlî’nin es-Sünnetü’n-nebeviyyetü beyne ehli’l-fıḳh ve ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1984; trc. Ali Özek, Fakihlere ve Muhaddislere Göre Nebevî Sünnet , İstanbul 1992) adlı eserlerini bu yolda atılmış yeni birer adım olarak değerlendirmek mümkündür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , II, 378.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 635.
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Cemâleddin el-Kāsımî, Ḳavâʿidü’t-taḥdîs̱ (nşr. M. Behcet el-Baytâr), Dımaşk 1353/1935, s. 255-377.
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Ahmet Demirci, İbn Hazm ve Zâhirîlik , Kayseri 1994, s. 96.
İbrahim Kâfi Dönmez, “İslâm Hukukunda Müctehidin Nasslar Karşısındaki Durumu ile Modern Hukuklarda Hâkimin Kanun Karşısındaki Durumu Arasında Bir Mukayese”, MÜİFD , sy. 4 (1986), s. 33.
Hanifi Özcan, “Mâtürîdî’nin Bilgi Teorisinde Fıkh Terimi”, DÜİFD , sy. 4 (1987), s. 143-150.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1995 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 12. cildinde, 547-549 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.