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FIKHÜ’l-LUGA Skip to content Medeniyet araştırmalarına vesile olmak üzere dil incelemelerini kapsayan ve filoloji ile eşdeğer görülen terim; dilin genel kanunlarına ilişkin konuları kapsayan dil bilimi dalı.
Sözlükte “dilin derin bilgisi” anlamına gelir. İslâm telif geleneğinde bu terimi ilk defa İbn Fâris kullanmıştır. İbn Fâris 382 (992) yılında tamamladığı eserine, öğrencisi Büveyhî Veziri Sâhib b. Abbâd’a ithaf ettiğinden eṣ-Ṣâḥibî fî fıḳhi’l-luġa(ti’l-ʿArabiyye ve mesâʾilihâ) ve süneni’l-ʿArab fî kelâmihâ (Arap dili konularının derin bilgisiyle Araplar’ın ifade gelenekleri alanında Sâhib b. Abbâd’a ithaf edilen kitap) adını vermiştir. Aynı zamanda bir fıkıh âlimi olan İbn Fâris fıkıh usulünden esinlenerek dil incelemeleri için fıkhü’l-luga tabirini kullanmıştır. Eserin girişinde de başlığın içeriğini açıklarken Arap dilinin fürûu ve usulü bulunduğunu, fürû ile kelimeler ve anlamlara dair incelemelerin, usulü ile de dilin vaz‘ı (doğuşu), özellikleri gibi genel kuralların kastedildiğini belirtmiştir. Bu konuların yer aldığı eserde fıkhü’l-luga dilin fürûuna, “sünen” adını verdiği ikinci kısım ise Arap dilinin usulüne tekabül etmekte ve asıl fıkhü’l-luga incelemeleri bu kısımda ele alınmaktadır. Fıkhü’l-luga ile ilgili olarak dilin genel meseleleri, dilin doğuşuna ve devamına dair teoriler, Arap dilinin üstünlüğü ve lehçeleri; Arap dilinin ses, sarf, nahiv, i‘rab, delâlet, mâna, üslûp meseleleri; meânî, beyan, bedî‘ olarak belâgat konuları; kinaye, ta‘riz, i‘tirâz, îmâ, iştikak, müterâdif, mecaz, müşterek, kıyas, naht gibi hususlar eserde karışık bir şekilde incelenmiştir. Eserin ana amacı Kur’an nassına hizmet etmektir. Başlığında fıkhü’l-luga tabiri geçen ikinci eser Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’ye (ö. 429/1038) aittir. Seâlibî, Ebü’l-Fazl el-Mîkâlî’ye ithaf ettiği ve birçok konuyu İbn Fâris’ten aynen aktardığı eserini Fıḳhü’l-luġa ve sırrü’l-ʿArabiyye diye adlandırmıştır. Kitap, ana bölümü oluşturan fıkhü’l-luga ile ona ek olarak yazılan “sırrü’l-Arabiyye” bölümünden meydana gelmektedir. Fıkhü’l-luga kısmında, tematik sözlük niteliğinde otuz bölüm ve zengin alt bölümler halinde Arap dilinde kelimelerin anlam nüansları üzerinde durulmuştur. Burada fıkhü’l-luga tamlamasında yer alan “luga” (lugat) kelimesi dil değil kelime anlamında kullanılmış, Arapça, Farsça ve Rumca kelimelere karşılaştırmalı olarak belli miktarda yer verilmiştir. İbn Fâris’in sünenü’l-Arab bölümüne tekabül eden sırrü’l-Arabiyye kısmında Arap dilinin genel özellikleri, sesler, sarf, nahiv, meânî, beyan ve bedî‘ olarak belâgat meseleleri; teşbih, mecaz, istiare, cinas ve tıbâk gibi konular incelenmiş olup bu eserin temel amacı da Kur’an nassına hizmet olarak açıklanmıştır.
Söz konusu iki eserin içerik ve amacından hareketle fıkhü’l-luga (fıkhü’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye) tabiri “inceleme (istikrâ) ve betimlemeye dayalı bir araştırma yöntemi olarak fasih Arapça’nın ayırıcı özellikleri, doğuşu, gelişim süreci, fasih dilden farkları bakımından lehçeler, fasih dilin tekâmül tarihi, kıyas, ta‘lîl, semâ‘, dilin görevi ve fonksiyonu, Arapça’nın ilk vatanı, ailesi, diğer dillerle ilgisi gibi genel meseleler, dil seslerinin mahreç ve sıfatları, işlevleri, kelimelerin delâletlerinden bahseden bilim dalı” olarak tanımlanmıştır. Bu alanda eser yazan birçok müellif, konu ve meseleler birbiri içine girdiğinden fıkhü’l-luga ile ilmü’l-luganın (dil bilimi) alanlarının ve sınırlarının kesin çizgilerle belirlenmesinin güçlüğünü ifade etmiştir. Bazı yazarlar da bunların eş anlamlı tabirler olduğunu iddia etmiştir. Kimileri fıkhü’l-lugayı mukayeseli fıkhü’l-luga şeklinde ve “Grekçe, Latince, Sanskritçe’nin karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi” anlamında klasik filoloji karşılığında kullanarak fıkhü’l-luga ile ilmü’l-luga arasında şu farkların bulunduğunu ileri sürmüştür: 1. Yöntemleri farklıdır. Fıkhü’l-luga bir milletin dil olgularının incelenmesi yoluyla onun uygarlık, kültür, edebiyat, inanç, örf ve gelenekler açısından ele alınması, dil incelemelerinin buna vesile kılınmasıdır. İlmü’l-luga ise ünlü dil bilimci Ferdinand de Saussure’ün de belirttiği gibi dilin dil için incelenmesidir. 2. Fıkhü’l-luganın kapsamı daha geniştir. Çünkü fıkhü’l-luganın nihaî gayesi uygarlığın ve edebiyatın incelenmesi olduğundan bütün yönleriyle aklî hayatın tetkikini kapsar. Bundan dolayı fıkhü’l-luga âlimleri dillerin taksimine, birbiriyle mukayesesine, eski metinlerin tenkitli neşriyle şerhlerine, eski kayıp metinlerin yeniden inşasına özel ilgi göstermişlerdir. İlmü’l-luga âlimleri, dilin terkibini tahlil ve tasvir ederken anlam konularını da ele almakla fıkhü’l-luganın alanına yaklaşırlar. 3. İlmü’l-luga dilin yapısal ve biçimsel incelemesini kapsar, fıkhü’l-luga ise diller arası veya bir dilin iki merhalesi arasındaki karşılaştırmalı tarihini ele alır (Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb – Mişâl Âsî, II, 953-954). Batı dillerinde fıkhü’l-luga (filoloji) anlayışı farklıdır. İngilizler’de fıkhü’l-luga dillerin karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi, Almanlar’da kadim edebiyat metinlerinin, özellikle Yunanca ve Latince metinlerin incelenmesi aracılığıyla kültür ve uygarlık araştırması konumundadır. Sâmî dillerde fıkhü’l-luga o dillerin, özellikle de Arapça ve İbrânîce’nin lafız, anlam ve terkip yönünden karşılaştırmalı incelenmesini ifade eder. Batı’da da konular birbirinin içine girdiğinden filoloji ile lengüistiğin kesin biçimde ayırımı yapılamamıştır. Grekçe “dil/söz sevgisi” anlamındaki filoloji daha çok fıkhü’l-luga, lengüistik ise ilmü’l-luga, dil bilimi, elsüniyye, lisâniyat terimleriyle karşılanmıştır.
Fıkhü’l-luganın Gelişim Tarihi. Bilinen en eski filoloji çalışması milâttan önce 3500 yıllarında Sâmî milletlerinden olan Akkadlar tarafından yapılmıştır. Akkadlar ileri uygarlık, dil, edebiyat ve din dili olan Sümerce’den faydalanabilmek için onun dil bilgisi kurallarını tesbit etmişler, milâttan önce 3000’de Sümerce-Akkadca ilk sözlük çalışmasını gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Çivi yazısıyla kil tabletlere yazılan sözlük Asur İmparatoru Asurbanipal’in (m.ö. 668-627) yaptırdığı Ninevâ Kütüphanesi’nde mevcuttu. Bunun bazı parçaları British Museum’de bulunmaktadır. Hint gramercilerinin atası sayılan Panini (m.ö. V-IV. yüzyıl), kutsal Veda metinlerinin dilini korumak amacıyla Sanskritçe grameri üzerine Astadhya adlı eserini yazmış, kitapta her biri bir gramer kuralı olan dört bin özdeyişi (sutru) toplamış, Veda ezgilerini ve okunuş biçimlerini belirlemek için dilin ses öğelerinin çözümlenmesini, kök, çekim eki ve bükün kavramlarını ele almıştır. İçinde müelliften önce yaşamış altmış sekiz gramercinin adı anılan eseri 1839’da Von Böhtlingk Almanca’ya çevirmiş, bu çeviri Batı’daki karşılaştırmalı dil bilimi ve ses bilimi incelemelerini etkilemiştir.
Kadim Yunan filozoflarının dinî metinlerle ilgilenmemekle birlikte dilin niteliği ve aslı, kelime ve kelâmın mahiyeti, kelime-anlam ilişkisi ve dilin doğuşu üzerine teorilere dair yaptıkları açıklama ve tartışmalar fıkhü’l-lugayı ilgilendirmektedir. Aristo’nun Retorika ve Poetika adlı eserleri belâgat, hitabet, edebî tenkit, şiir yorumu, anlayışı ve eleştirisi konularında Kudâme b. Ca‘fer, Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî ve Hâzim el-Kartâcennî gibi şiir teorisyenlerine etkide bulunmuştur. Filolojinin gerçek kurucuları milâttan önce VI-V. yüzyıllarda Homeros, Aristophanes, Aristarkhos ve Zenodotos gibi lirik şairlerin şiirlerini yorumlayıp tartışan Elealı Zenon (m.ö. V-IV. yüzyıl) gibi sofistlerle milâttan önce III. yüzyılda bunların yolundan giden ve İskenderiye, Bergama kütüphaneleri çevresinde toplanan dilcilerdir. Bunlar eski metinlerin tenkitli neşirleriyle şerhlerini yapmış, eldeki metinlerin referansından yararlanarak büyük yazarların kayıp olan aslî eserlerini yeniden inşa etmek istemişlerdir (de Saussure, s. 1-2). Milâttan önce II. yüzyılda bu tür filolojik çalışmalar Roma’ya intikal etmiş, milâttan önce I. yüzyılda Varro’nun yazdığı De Lingua Latina (Latin dili üzerine) adlı eser Antik dönemin sonuna kadar örnek niteliğini koruyan bir filoloji anıtı sayılmıştır. Milâttan sonra IV. yüzyılda Antik yazarların eserlerinin incelenmesi, yorumlanması ve yayımlanması aşamasına gelinmiştir. Her şeyi kutsal kitaba indirgeyen Hıristiyanlık’la beraber Batı’da unutulan Antik filoloji Bizans’ta sürmüş, Rönesans’la birlikte eski metinlerin ve yazarların incelenmesi tekrar önem kazanmış, özellikle İstanbul’un fethi üzerine Batı’ya göç eden Bizanslı âlimler Antik filoloji yöntemlerini yeniden değerlendirmiş, eski metinlerin tenkitli neşirlerini yapmıştır. Kadim metinlerin bu tür eleştirisi XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda Hollanda ve İngiltere’de büyük gelişme kaydetmiştir. XIX. yüzyılda egemen olan Alman filolojisini temsil eden birçok bilgin “Antik dönem bilimi” adıyla el yazmalarının sınıflandırılma teknikleri, metinlerin düzenlenmesi ve ortak yanlışlar yöntemi gibi yenilikler getirmiş, filolojinin alanı metin tetkiki dışında içerik, dil, üslûp, tarihsel ve kültürel bağlam incelemelerini de kapsamış, D. Jenisch, 1796’da yayımladığı Philosophisch-kritische Vergleichung adlı eserinde eski-yeni on dört Avrupa dilinin karşılaştırmalı incelemesini gerçekleştirmiştir (Jespersen, s. 12-13). Batı’da dil tetkikleri kadim Hint dili Sanskritçe’nin keşfiyle önemli aşama kaydetmiş, Caston Laurent Coerdoux ve Sir William Jones’un çalışmalarıyla Sanskritçe ile Yunanca ve Latince’nin aynı dil ailesine mensup olduğu kanıtlanmış, bu durum dilcileri mukayeseli dil incelemelerine yöneltmiş, Friedrich von Schlegel, Über die Sprache und Weisheit der Indier adlı eseriyle (1808) Sanskritçe ile Batı dillerini mukayese eden ilk gramer kitabını yazmıştır. Carl Brockelmann’ın Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der Semitischen Sprachen ’i (I-II, Leipzig 1908-1913), Sâmî dillerin mukayeseli gramer esaslarını inceleyen orijinal bir eser olup Ramazan Abdüttevvâb tarafından Fıḳhü’l-luġāti’s-Sâmiyye adıyla Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Riyad 1397/1977). XIX. yüzyılda Sanskritçe incelemeleri dil tetkiklerinin temelini teşkil etmiş, Sanskritçe’nin keşfi, eski metinlerin dil incelemelerinin kültür ve uygarlık incelemesine vesile kılınarak fıkhü’l-luganın doğuşunu sağlamış; bu sayede dillerin aile taksimi, Hint-Avrupa dillerinin mukayeseli tetkiki, karşılaştırmalı dil incelemeleri, kelimelerin tarihinin tetkiki (etimoloji), dolayısıyla tarihsel dil incelemeleri alanında çığır açmıştır. XIX. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Ferdinand de Saussure, Leonard Bloomfield ve Edward Sapir gibi dilciler tarafından ilmü’l-luga ile fıkhü’l-luganın sınırları açık şekilde belirlenmiştir. De Saussure’un ifadesiyle fıkhü’l-luga kültür, uygarlık, edebiyat, örf, âdet ve inanç gibi hususların incelenmesi ve tesbiti amacıyla yapılan dil incelemelerini, ilmü’l-luga ise dilin kendi varlığının kendisi için yapılacak incelemelerini kapsamıştır. İlmü’l-luga bu devrede ilim adını aldığı için kadim dilcileri cezbeden dilin doğuşu, ana dilin aslı, diller arası üstünlük gibi daha çok fıkhü’l-lugayı ilgilendiren felsefî tartışmalar inceleme dışında bırakılmıştır.
Araplar’da Fıkhü’l-luga. İslâm fetihleri neticesinde ana dili Arapça olmayan unsurların Araplar’la karışmasından dolayı dilde ve Kur’an kıraatinde “lahn” adı verilen hatalı kullanım ve okuyuşlar I. (VII.) yüzyılın sonlarına doğru ortaya çıkmaya başlayınca Kur’an dilini muhafaza edebilmek için fasih Arapça’nın kelimelerini kaynaklarından derleme ve gramerini tesbit etme şeklinde dil bilimi çalışmaları gerekli görülmüştür. Bu durum, Hindistan’da milâttan önce V-IV. yüzyıllarda kutsal Veda metinlerinin dilini ve ezgilerini muhafaza amacıyla Sanskritçe grameriyle ses düzenine ilişkin çalışmaların yapılmasına benzemektedir. İbn Abbas’tan yapılan rivayetlerin birleştirilmesinden meydana gelen Ġarîbü’l-Ḳurʾân ile Nâfi‘ b. Ezrak’ın sorduğu, 200 kadar anlaşılması zor Kur’an kelimesini İbn Abbas’ın eski şiirlerden kanıtlarla açıkladığı Mesâʾilü Nâfiʿ b. Ezraḳ adlı eser bu tür çalışmaların ilk örnekleridir. Bunu Kitâbü’l-İbil, Kitâbü’l-Ḫayl gibi tek konuya ayrılmış tematik sözlük risâleleri izlemiş, nihayet II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn ’ı ile tam sözlük telifi gerçekleşmiştir. Yine hatalı kullanım ve okuyuşların ortaya çıkışıyla nahiv (nahiv ve sarf) çalışmaları başlamış, Hz. Ali’nin yol göstermesiyle Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî bazı temel gramer konularını tesbit etmiş, bunları oğulları ile Anbese b. Ma‘dân, Meymûn el-Akrân, Nasr b. Âsım, Yahyâ b. Ya‘mer gibi öğrencilerine okutmuştur. Bu sözlü öğretim geleneği II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ilk yarısında Halîl b. Ahmed’in hocası Îsâ b. Ömer es-Sekafî’nin el-Câmiʿ ve el-İkmâl adlı eserleriyle yazılı çalışmaya dönüşmüştür. Halîl b. Ahmed’in öğrencisi Sîbeveyhi çoğunu bu hocasından, bir kısmını Yûnus b. Habîb gibi diğer hocalardan yaptığı nakillerden meydana getirdiği, ilk ve en mükemmel gramer eseri olan el-Kitâb ’ını II. (VIII.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında oluşturmuştur. el-Kitâb ’dan itibaren onun yöntemiyle yazılmış Zemahşerî’nin el-Mufaṣṣal ’ı, İbn Mâlik’in el-Elfiyye ’si gibi kadim nahiv eserlerinde nahiv (i‘rab), sarf ve seslerle ilgili mesele ve kaideler iç içedir. Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ’de de i‘rab kaideleri, cümle düzenleri, sarf ve iştikak kuralları, idgam, i‘lâl, ibdâl gibi değişiklikler; sesler, seslerin mahreç ve sıfatları, imâle, vakf, revm, işmam gibi okuyuş şekilleri karışık biçimde ele alınmıştır. Ebû Osman el-Mâzinî (ö. 249/863) sarf konularını nahivden ayırarak müstakil ilim haline getiren ilk dilcidir. Mâzinî, Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ’deki sarf meselelerini Kitâbü’t-Taṣrîf adlı eserinde toplamıştır. Asmaî’nin Kitâbü’l-İştiḳāḳ ’ı, İbn Düreyd’in İştiḳāḳu esmâʾi ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArab ’ı, Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî’nin İştiḳāḳu esmâʾillâh ’ı fıkhü’l-luganın etimoloji konusuna tahsis edilmiş ilk eserlerdir. Seslerle ilgili incelemeler kıraat ve nahiv âlimleri tarafından ele alınmış, IV. (X.) yüzyılda tecvid ilmine dair eserler yazılmaya başlanmıştır. Ahfeş el-Evsat’a (ö. 215/830 [?]) Kitâbü’l-Aṣvât adlı bir eser nisbet edilmiştir. Batı’da stilistik adı verilen ve belâgat ilimlerini oluşturan meânî, beyan ve bedî‘ Ebû Ubeyde’nin Mecâzü’l-Ḳurʾân , Câhiz’in Naẓmü’l-Ḳurʾân ve el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , İbnü’l-Mu‘tezz’in el-Bedîʿ , Kudâme b. Ca‘fer’in Naḳdü’ş-şiʿr , İbn Vehb el-Kâtib’in Naḳdü’n-nes̱r , İbn Sinân el-Hafâcî’nin Sırrü’l-feṣâḥa , Abdülkāhir el-Cürcânî’nin Delâʾilü’l-iʿcâz ve Esrârü’l-belâġa , Sekkâkî’nin Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm adlı eserleriyle başlayıp gelişmiştir.
“Fıkhü’l-luga” tabiri, İbn Fâris ve Seâlibî’nin anılan eserleriyle literatüre girmiş olup bu alanda en zengin materyal İbn Cinnî’nin (ö. 392/1002) el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ ’inde yer almıştır. İbn Cinnî, Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın Kitâbü’l-Meḳāyîs fi’n-naḥv ’i hariç, kendisinden önce Basra ve Kûfe dil bilimcilerinin fıkıh ve kelâm usulü üzere nahiv usulüne dair eser yazmadığını, kendisinin el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ ’i bu sebeple kaleme aldığını, eserinin Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın el-Meḳāyîs ’i ve İbnü’s-Serrâc’ın el-Uṣûl fi’n-naḥv ’inden üstün olduğunu belirtmiştir. Gerçekte İbnü’s-Serrâc’ın el-Uṣûl ’ü, nahiv usulüne dair bir eser olmaktan çok Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ’nin temel meselelerini kapsayan bir özet niteliğindedir. Süyûtî, nahiv usulüne dair el-İḳtirâḥ adlı eserinde birçok konuyu el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ ’ten aktarmıştır. Mu‘tezile mezhebine mensubiyetinden dolayı dil incelemelerinde akılcı yöntemi benimseyen İbn Cinnî sarf ve nahvin cüz’î meseleleri dışında kalan Arap dilinin genel kanunlarını, özellik ve karakteristiklerini açıklamış, dilin doğuşunun ilhamla mı uzlaşma ile mi olduğunu, dilin bir vakitte mi vazedildiğini, lafız-mâna ilişkisi, lehçe farkları, Arap dilinin mikyasları, muttarid-şâz olgusu, ta‘lîl ve kıyas, müşterek-hâs, dilin derlenmesi, hüccet olması gibi fıkhü’l-luga konularını incelemiştir.
Halîl b. Ahmed’in Kitâbü’l-ʿAyn ’ı aynı zamanda etimolojik bir sözlük sayılır. Onun tarafından ortaya konan kalb/taklîb sisteminin uygulandığı sözlükte, bir kökü oluşturan üç harfin farklı dizilişine göre oluşan altı kökün aynı ya da yakın anlamda birleştiğini söylemiş ve buna “iştikāk-ı ekber” adını vermiştir. Ancak etimoloji sözlüklerinin en önemlisi ve en hacimlisi İbn Fâris’in Muʿcemü meḳāyîsi’l-luġa ’sıdır. Müellif üçlü köklerde “mekāyîs/usul” adını verdiği yöntemi esas almıştır. Buna göre bir kök altında asıl/mikyas adını verdiği bir veya birkaç temel anlam tesbit etmiş, ilgili kelime ve kullanımları alâkalı mâna altında toplamıştır. Dörtlü ve beşli köklerde “naht” (yontma) yöntemini uygulamış, bunların terkiplerden “yontulmuş” kelimeler olduğunu ileri sürmüştür; “bi’smillâh”tan “besmele”, “el-hamdülillâh”tan “hamdele”nin elde edilmesi gibi. İbn Sîde’nin el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ adlı sözlüğünde bir konuyla ilgili kelime ve kullanımlar bir başlık altında toplandığı gibi eserde tezat, terâdüf, iştirak, iştikak, ta‘rîb, mecaz, memdûd, maksûr, ibdâl, tezkîr-te’nîs gibi filolojik konular da yer almıştır. Başka dillerden Arapça kalıplarına uyarlanarak Arap diline girmiş (muarreb) kelimelere dair Cevâlîkī’nin el-Muʿarreb ’i, Şehâbeddin el-Hafâcî’nin Arapça’ya girmiş (dahîl) kelimelere dair Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl ’i ile Ahmed Fâris eş-Şidyâk’ın ses değişim ve dönüşümleriyle (kalb, ibdâl) ilgili Sırrü’l-leyâl adlı telifleri de filolojik eserlerdir. Fıkhü’l-luga alanında en zengin materyal içeren eserlerin önde gelenlerinden biri de Süyûtî’nin el-Müzhir ’idir. İlk defa hadis usulü yöntem ve terminolojisinden yararlanarak sözlük bilimi usulünü ortaya koyduğunu belirten müellif dillerin doğuşu, Arap lehçeleri, garîb, hûşî, müsta‘mel-mühmel, muarreb-dahîl, müvelled lafızlar, İslâmî lafızlar, dilin özellikleri, ibdâl, iştikak, müşterek, terâdüf, itbâ‘, ezdâd, kalb, hakikat-mecaz, âm-hâs, mutlak-mukayyed, naht, tashîf-tahrîf, isim-künye-lakap gibi fıkhü’l-luganın birçok konusunu ele almıştır.
Çağdaş Arap yazarları bu alanda fıkhü’l-luga başlığı yanında ilmü’l-luga, felsefetü’l-luga, el-lugatü’l-Arabiyye gibi adlarla anılan eserler ortaya koymuştur. Hifnî Nâsıf, Corcî Zeydân, Ali Abdülvâhid Vâfî, İbrâhim Enîs Ahmed, Muhammed el-Mübârek, Subhî es-Sâlih, Ramazan Abdüttevvâb, Mahmûd es-Sa‘rân, İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî, Kemal Bişr, Hifnî b. Îsâ, Abdüssabûr Şâhîn, Muhammed Hıdır, Mahmûd Fehmî el-Hicâzî, Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, Bû Şitâ el-Attâr, Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, M. Es‘ad en-Nâdirî, Muhammed Ebü’l-Ferec, Muhammed el-Antâkî, Abduh er-Râcihî bu yazarların önde gelenleridir. Arap fıkhü’l-lugasına dair eser veren şarkiyatçılar arasında Johann W. Fück, Welfenson, Jean Cantineau, Theodor Nöldeke, Bold Bremle, A. Fischer, Enno Littmann, Franz Rosenthal, E.E. Bertels, Michelangelo Guidi, Ferdinand de Saussure gibi yazarlar görülür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 451-454 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.