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1/2 Müellif: TAHSİN YAZICI Bölüme Git
Aslı Akkadca pîru olan (šinni piri “fildişi”) kelime Arapça’da “p” sesi olmadığı için fîl biçimini almıştır (çoğulu fiyele/füyûl; Süryânîce ve Habeşçe…
2/2 Müellif: SALİM ÖĞÜT Bölüme Git
FIKIH. Fil etinden, derisinden ve dişlerinden faydalanılması açısından fıkha konu olmuş ve fakihler bu hususta çeşitli görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Ha…
Aslı Akkadca pîru olan (šinni piri “fildişi”) kelime Arapça’da “p” sesi olmadığı için fîl biçimini almıştır (çoğulu fiyele/füyûl ; Süryânîce ve Habeşçe’de pîl ; Persçe’ye [eski Farsça] pîl şeklinde geçmiştir); feyyâl de “fil sürücüsü” demektir. Fil kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in aynı adı taşıyan 105. sûresinde bir defa geçer.
Karada yaşayan hayvanların en irisi olan fil, “Asya (veya Hint) fili” (Elaphas maximus) ve “Afrika fili” (Loxodonta africana) adlarıyla ikiye ayrılır. Afrika fili Asya filinden daha iri ve ortalama 7,5 ton ağırlığında, 3-4 m. yüksekliğindedir; Asya fili ise 5 ton ağırlığında, 2,5-3 m. yüksekliğindedir. Yetmiş seksen yıl kadar yaşayabilen filler gövdelerinin iriliğine rağmen oldukça hızlı ve hareketli hayvanlardır. Kısa ve kalın bir boyunla vücuda bağlanan başın burun kısmı kıkırdak, adele ve sinirden meydana gelen bir hortuma dönüşmüştür; fil bununla ağzına yiyecek ve su götürebildiği gibi kendini korur, bir ağacı dahi kolayca yerinden söker ve yerden toplu iğne kalınlığında bir cismi alabilir. Ağzının iki tarafındaki, ağırlıkları 35-40 kilogramı bulan uzun ve uçları yukarıya yönelik iki üst kesici dişini ise yine silâh olarak kullanır. İri vücuduna göre gözleri küçük, sesi nisbeten ince ve tizdir; borazan sesini andırır. Filin sadece omuz ve kalçalarında mafsal vardır. Bu sebeple ya ayakta veya bir yere dayanarak uyuyabilir; yan tarafına düşerse kendi başına doğrulamaz ve ancak hemcinslerinin yardımıyla ayağa kalkabilir. Filler erkeklerden ve dişilerden oluşan ayrı sürüler halinde dolaşırlar. Dişi filin gebelik süresi iki yıla yakındır ve yedi yılda bir doğurur; yaklaşık 100 kg. ağırlığında ve 1 m. yüksekliğinde olan yavrunun yere sert şekilde düşmemesi için doğum bir su kenarında yapılır. Filin tabii düşmanı yoktur; yalnız kulağının içine girip çok rahatsızlık verdiği için küçük orman faresinden korkar.
Tarihî kayıtlara göre filler genellikle tuzak kurularak yakalanırdı. Bunun en yaygın şekli, ancak bir filin sığabileceği üç tarafı dik bir çukur açıp üzerine sevdiği meyve ve yeşilliklerin serpiştirildiği meyilli bir yolla hayvanın buraya girmesini sağlamaktı. Çukura giren fil oradan geri dönemez ve kımıldayamazdı. Daha sonra parlak kırmızı, mavi ve sarı renkli elbiseler giymiş avcılar gelerek uzun sopalarla hayvanı döverler, ardından beyaz elbiseli biri gelip onları kovalayarak file yiyecek, içecek verir ve yanına oturup onu kendisine ısındırmaya çalışırdı. Bu muamele beyazlı adamın file dokunmasına, hatta sırtına binmesine kadar devam eder, bu aşamadan sonra çukurun önündeki toprak kazılarak hayvan dışarı çıkarılırdı. Filin ehlileştirilmesi işi hemen sadece Hindistan’da gerçekleştirilmiştir. Asya fili zeki, sabırlı, uslu ve sahibine sadık, fakat tehlikeli boyutlarda da kincidir; Afrika fili ise tamamen vahşi tabiatlı olup bugün dahi ehlileştirilememektedir.
Eskiçağ ve Ortaçağ boyunca filden özellikle savaşlarda faydalanılmıştır. Hint destanlarında anlatıldığına göre bütün Hint hükümdarları pek çok savaş fili besliyorlardı. Bugünkü tankların görevini yapan bu hayvanlar ordunun en ön safında gider, hemen arkasından da piyadeler ilerlerdi. Bazan fillerin, hortumuna takılan bir kılıçla önüne çıkan atlı ve develi muharipleri ikiye biçtiği de rivayet edilir. Sırtında taşıdığı yüksek kenarlı mahfede bulunan savaşçılar ise düşmana ok yağdırırlardı. Ancak tarihte, Büyük İskender’in III. Daryüs’ün karşısında yaptığı gibi, üstü otlarla örtülmüş siperlere gizlenen askerlerin düşman ordusu iyice yaklaştığı sırada âniden ürkütücü sesler çıkarmaları üzerine fillerin korkup geri dönerek kendi askerlerini ezdikleri de görülmüştür. Hintliler ve onlardan öğrenen Persler’den sonra Selevkoslar, Partlar ve Sâsânîler de savaşlarda fil kullandılar. Meselâ Araplar’la Sâsânîler arasında cereyan eden Kādisiye Savaşı’nda (635) İran ordusunda otuz kadar filin bulunduğu, fakat ilk andaki korkularını atlatan müslümanların mahfe kolanlarını kesip üzerindekileri düşürdükten sonra gözlerini hançerleyerek filleri etkisiz hale getirdikleri bilinmektedir (Taberî, III, 539 vd.). Kartacalı Hannibal de (ö. m.ö. 183) Avrupa tarihinde ilk ve son defa görülen savaş fili kullanmış kumandandır.
Savaşlarda fillerden en çok faydalanan İslâm devleti Gazneliler olmuştur. Özellikle Sultan Mahmud on yedi Hint seferinin her birinde yüzlerce fil ganimet almış ve rivayete göre Gazne yakınındaki Şâhbâr düzlüğünde yaptırdığı büyük geçit resmine tam teçhizatlı 1300 fil katılmıştır (Gerdîzî, s. 63). Aynı şekilde Büyük Selçuklular da fillerden faydalanmışlar, meselâ Sultan Sencer 1119’da yeğeni Mahmud’la Sâve’de yaptığı savaşa kırk kadar fil götürmüştür. Gurlular Hârizmşahlar’a karşı fil kullanmışlar, Hârizmşah Alâeddin Muhammed ele geçirdiği Gurlu fillerinden Moğollar’a karşı Semerkant’ı savunurken (1220) ve Karahıtaylar da Hârizmşahlar’dan aldıkları fillerden Balasagun’a yaptıkları saldırıda faydalanmışlardır. Cengiz Han ise Moğol süvarilerinin çevikliği yanında hantal kalan ganimet fillere yiyecek verilmesini yasaklamış ve hepsini bozkıra sürdürmüştür. Öte yandan Timur Yıldırım Bayezid’le yaptığı Ankara Savaşı’nda (1402) otuzdan fazla fil kullanmıştır.
Fil Hindistan’da binek ve yük hayvanı niteliğiyle bugün de olduğu gibi daha çok aşılması güç dağ ve ormanlarda kullanılırdı. Ancak bazı Hint mihrâceleri ve İslâm hükümdarları tarafından törenler ve gezintiler için tercih edildiği de vâkidir. Meselâ Hârûnürreşîd merasimler sırasında file binerdi; Mu‘tasım-Billâh zamanında Bâbek de cellâda teslim edilmeden önce bir fil üzerinde Sâmerrâ’da gezdirilerek halka teşhir edilmiştir (Taberî, IX, 53). İbn Battûta ise idam cezası infazı için yetiştirilmiş fillerden bahsetmektedir. Osmanlı sarayı ahırlarında da çoğu İran şahlarının hediyesi olan filler bulunuyor (Selânikî, II, 640) ve bunlarla Istabl-ı Âmire’nin “fil bakan” denilen görevlileri ilgileniyordu.
Filin dişleri süs eşyası (bk. FİLDİŞİ ), kalın derisi de kalkan yapımında kullanılıyordu. İbnü’l-Baytâr, fil vücudunun bazı kısımlarından tabâbette faydalanıldığını bildirmektedir. Doğu edebiyatında önemli bir yere sahip bulunan Hint kökenli masal kitabı Kelîle ve Dimne ’nin çeşitli yerlerinde cüssesi ve şekli bakımından konu edilen fil İslâm tasvirî sanatlarında da sevilen bir figür olarak benimsenmiştir. Fil tasvirlerine daha çok halılarla çömlek ve tabaklar üzerinde yer verilmiştir; madenî eşyalarda da kabartmalarına rastlanır. Ayrıca Firdevsî’nin Şâhnâme ’si, Kazvînî’nin ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt ’ı ve Mevlânâ’nın Mes̱nevî ’si başta olmak üzere içinde filden bahsedilen birçok eserin minyatürlü nüshalarında çeşitli fil resimleri görülür. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed dönemi albümlerinde ve çağdaşı Timurlu minyatürlerinde de fil başları göze çarpmaktadır; bir minyatürde Fâtih’in zevcesi Sitti Hatun fil üzerinde tasvir edilmiştir. Osmanlı sultan düğünlerinde taşınan nahil ler arasında birçok hayvanın yanında şekerden yapılmış filler bulunmaktadır (Selânikî, II, 778). Bâbürlü minyatürlerinde ise fil en sevilen figürlerin başında gelir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , VII, 86, 89-95, 99-103, 112, 170 vd.
Taberî, Târîḫ (Ebü’l-Fazl) , III, 539 vd.; IX, 53.
Gerdîzî, Zeynü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Mirza M. Kazvînî), Tahran 1315 hş., s. 43-72.
İbnü’l-Baytâr, Traité des Simples par Ibn el-Beïthar (trc. L. Leclerc), Paris 1877, III, 51-52.
Zekeriyyâ b. Muhammed el-Kazvînî, ʿAcâʾibü’l-maḫlûḳāt (nşr. F. Wüstenfeld), Göttingen 1848, I, 400.
Dımaşkī, Nuḥbetü’d-dehr fî ʿacâʾibi’l-ber ve’l-baḥr (nşr. A. F. Mehren), Leipzig 1923, s. 156.
İbn Battûta, Voyages , III, 330, 354; IV, 45.
Demîrî, Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân , II, 178-193.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , s. 640, 778.
E. Kühnel, Islamische Kleinkunst , Berlin 1925, s. 194.
G. Wiet, L’Exposition d’art persan , Kahire 1935, Iv. 28.
A. U. Pope, A Survey of Persian Art , Oxford 1938, III, 2002-2003, Iv. 186, 604, 663, 671, 692a-b , 758b .
Uzunçarşılı, Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 496.
B. Spuler, Iran in frühislamischer Zeit , Wiesbaden 1952, s. 492 vd.
R. Mauny, Tableau géographique de l’ouest africain au moyen âge , Dakar 1961, s. 264-265.
C. E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids: Their Empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran: 994-1040 , Edinburgh 1963, III, 115-118.
a.mlf., “Fīl”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 914-915.
B. Gray – D. Barrett, The Painting of India , Lozan 1963, IV, 91, 92.
v. Soden, AHW , II, 867.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Habeş Eyaleti , İstanbul 1974, s. 98, 138.
“Fil”, DMF , II, 1971-1972.
J. Ruska, “Fil”, İA , IV, 634-635.
a.mlf. – [Ch. Pellat], “Fīl”, EI2 (Fr.) , II, 913-914.
G. M. Meredith-Owens, “Fīl”, a.e. , II, 915-916.
R. H. Manville, “Elephant”, EBr. , VIII, 273-275.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 67-68 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
FIKIH. Fil etinden, derisinden ve dişlerinden faydalanılması açısından fıkha konu olmuş ve fakihler bu hususta çeşitli görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre filin etinin yenmesi haramdır. Bu görüşte olan fakihler Hz. Peygamber’in, azı dişi olan yırtıcı hayvanların etinin yenilmesini yasaklayan hadisinden (Müslim, “Ṣayd”, 12; İbn Mâce, “Ṣayd”, 13) hareket etmiş olmakla birlikte Hanefî ve Şâfiî fakihleri filin yırtıcı hayvan olma özelliğini, Hanbelîler ise azı dişinin bulunması özelliğini söz konusu hükmün gerekçesi saymışlardır. Ayrıca Ahmed b. Hanbel filin müslümanların yiyeceklerinden olmadığını ifade etmiş, bazı Hanbelî fakihleri de onu pis şeylerin haram kılındığını bildiren âyetin (el-A‘râf 7/157) kapsamında görmüştür. Mâlikî mezhebinde ise ölü hayvan eti, akıtılmış kan, domuz eti ve Allah’tan başkası adına kesilen hayvanın dışındaki yiyecek gruplarının kural olarak haram kılınmadığını bildiren âyetin (el-En‘âm 6/145) ifade tarzından ve işaretinden hareketle yırtıcı hayvanların, bu arada filin etinin yenmesinin esasen haram olmadığı, anılan hadisteki yasağın kerahete hamledilebileceği ve bundan dolayı fil etinin yenmesinin mekruh olduğu görüşü hâkimdir. Bununla birlikte Mâlikîler’de ikinci bir görüş de yırtıcı hayvanların etinin ve bu arada fil etinin de haram olduğu yönündedir.
Bu konuda, Şa‘bî ve Eşheb el-Kaysî gibi yaşadıkları dönemin önde gelen fakihleri tarafından farklı bir görüş daha ileri sürülmüştür. Buna göre fil eti yemenin câiz görülmeyişinin asıl sebebi usulüne uygun olarak kesilmesinin mümkün olmamasıdır. Şu halde kesilebildiği takdirde etinin yenilmesi câizdir. Zâhirî mezhebinin görüşü de bu yöndedir.
Filin derisinden yararlanmaya gelince, bunun hükmü filin canlı iken kesilmesiyle ölü bulunması durumlarına, derinin tabaklanıp tabaklanmamasına, hatta derinin kullanım amacına göre değiştiği gibi fakihlere ve fıkıh mezheplerine göre de değişiklik arzetmektedir. Meselâ aralarında Hanefîler’in de bulunduğu bir grup fakihe göre filin derisi, canlı iken kesilmesi halinde tabaklanmadan, ölü bulunması halinde tabaklanarak kullanılabilir. Şâfiîler’e göre her iki halde de derinin tabaklanması gerekirken Mâlikî ve Hanbelî fakihlerine göre ölü filin derisi tabaklandığında da tam temizlenmiş sayılmayıp sınırlı bir kullanım alanı vardır. Fildişi de Hanefî mezhebine göre dinen temiz ve kullanılması helâldir. Şâfiî, Hanbelî ve Mâlikî mezheplerine göre ise temiz sayılmaz. Ancak İmam Mâlik filin boğazlanması halinde dişinin temiz olacağını kaydeder. Tâbiîn ulemâsından Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, Tâvûs ve Hasan-ı Basrî gibi âlimler fildişinin kullanılmasını mekruh görürken Muhammed b. Sîrîn, İbn Cüreyc ve başkaları câiz kabul etmişlerdir (ayrıca bk. DERİ ; FİLDİŞİ ; HAYVAN ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârimî, “Eḍâḥî”, 18-19.
Buhârî, “Ẕebâʾiḥ ve’ṣ-ṣayd”, 27, 29.
Müslim, “Ṣayd”, 12-15.
İbn Mâce, “Ṣayd”, 13.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Eṭʿime”, 25-26, “Libâs”, 40.
Tirmizî, “Ṣayd”, 11, “Libâs”, 31-32.
Şâfiî, el-Üm , II, 208.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , VII, 403.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , I, 63, 85; V, 39.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , I, 60; XI, 67.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ VII, 121.
Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Kahire 1392/1972, III, 39-40.
İbnü’l-Hümâm, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , I, 64, 67.
Celâleddin el-Mahallî, Şerḥu Minhâci’ṭ-ṭâlibîn , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-fikr), IV, 259.
Şirbînî, Muġni’l-muḥtâc , IV, 300.
Buhûtî, Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ , VI, 190.
Haraşî, Şerḥu Muḫtaṣarı Ḫalîl , III, 30-31.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , V, 194.
Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî , I, 156.
Mv.Fİ , XIV, 287-293.
Mv.F , V, 133-134.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 68-69 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.