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FİLOZOF Skip to content Varlık, bilgi, dil ve değerler alanıyla ilgili problemleri akılcı ve tenkitçi bir yaklaşımla ele alıp temellendirmeye çalışan düşünce adamı.
Filozof kelimesinin aslı Yunanca filasofos tur. Fila (sevgi, dostluk) ve sofya (hikmet, bilgelik) kelimelerinden meydana gelen filasofya “hikmet sevgisi” (bk. FELSEFE ), fila ve sofos kelimelerinden oluşan filasofos ise “hikmeti seven, bilgelik dostu” anlamına gelmektedir. Bu kelime Arapça’ya feylesûf (çoğulu felâsife ) olarak geçmiş, Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde ise feylesof şekliyle kullanılmıştır; bugünkü Türkçe’de ise Fransızca’daki filozof (philosophe) telaffuzu benimsenmiştir. İslâmî literatürde feylesûf terimi yanında daha kuşatıcı bir anlam ifade eden hakîm kelimesi de yaygın olarak kullanılmıştır.
Filozof kelimesinin ilk defa eski Yunanlılar tarafından kullanıldığı bilinmektedir. Ciceron ve Diogenes Laertius’un, Eflâtun’un öğrencisi Herakleides Pontikos’un bugün elde bulunmayan bir eserine dayanarak verdikleri pek kesin olmayan bir rivayete göre filozof kelimesini ilk kullanan düşünür Pisagor olmuştur. Daha önce sofos (hakîm) kavramı kullanılırken Pisagor bunun insan hakkında pek iddialı bir ifade olduğunu belirtmiştir. Zira yalnız Tanrı’nın gerçek anlamda hakîm olduğu söylenebilir, insan ise ancak hikmet dostu (filasofos) olabilir. Söz konusu rivayete göre Pisagor filozofu şöyle tasvir eder: Panayıra bazıları oyunlara katılmak, bazıları alışveriş yapmak, bazıları da seyretmek için gider. Hayat da bir panayır gibidir. Panayırdaki sonuncu grup gibi filozof da hayatta olup bitenlere genel bir perspektiften bakar, bunu karşılıksız olarak ve sadece teorik bir tatmin için yapar.
Herakleides Pontikos’tan alınan rivayeti desteklercesine Eflâtun, Sokrates’in Savunması ve Devlet ’te filozofu yine pazar-panayır örneği çerçevesinde tasvir etmeye çalışmış, insanın hakîm olma iddiasını reddederek onun ancak filozof olabileceğini, fakat her seyreden insanın, her gözlem yapanın filozof olamayacağını söylemiştir. Çünkü insanların çoğu, varlıkla yokluk arası bir varlık karakterine sahip görünürler dünyasındaki nesnelerin bilgiyle bilgisizlik arası bir şey olan sanılarında (doxa) takılır kalır ve gerçek varlıkların (idealar) bilgisine ulaşamaz. Gerçek varlıklar ise güzellik, iyilik, adalet vb. idealardır; bunlar ezelî-ebedî olan varlıklardır. Onları ancak filozof görür; onların bilgisine (episteme) yine ancak filozof ulaşır.
Aristo da felsefeyi “gerçeğin bilgisi” diye tanımlar ve filozofu izâfî olanın, pratik içinde ara sıra doğru olanın değil ezelî-ebedî olanın ve sebeplerin bilgisini arayan kimse olarak düşünür (La Métaphysique , 993b , 20-30). Ona göre bir düşüncenin ispatıyla ilgili mantıkî istidlâlde bulunmak ve varlığın ilk prensipleriyle son gayesi üzerinde akıl yürütmek filozofun başlıca uğraşıdır, ondan başka bu işi yapacak kimse yoktur.
İlk İslâm filozofu olarak bilinen Ya‘kūb b. İshak el-Kindî de feylesûf kelimesinin etimolojisi üzerinde durmuş ve bunun “seven” anlamındaki fila ile “hikmet” anlamındaki sûfa dan oluştuğunu, buna göre felsefe kelimesinin “hikmet sevgisi” anlamına geldiğini tesbit etmiştir (Resâʾil , s. 172). Kindî filozofu ilimde gerçeği bulmayı, amelde doğru olanı yapmayı gaye edinmiş kişi olarak düşünür. Bu sebeple Kindî, insanların meşguliyet alanlarının en yükseği ve en şereflisi olduğunu belirttiği felsefenin yolunu açan ve sonraki nesillere aktaran eski filozofları saygı ve minnetle anar (a.g.e. , s. 97, 102). Şunu belirtmek gerekir ki tarihî gelişimi içinde felsefe özellikle İskenderiye okulunun etkisiyle teosofik bir mahiyet kazanmış, dolayısıyla filozof da ilâhî âlemle ve metafizik varlıklarla ilişki kuran bir kimse olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Nitekim Kindî, nefsin bedenden bağımsız mânevî bir cevher olduğunu izah için Eflâtun’dan naklen şu bilgiyi vermektedir: “Eskilerden birçok arınmış filozof, bu dünyadan soyutlanıp maddî nesneleri hiçe sayarak kendilerini varlığın hakikatini düşünmeye ve araştırmaya verince gaybın bilgisi onlara açılmış, insanların içinden geçeni bilmişler, yaratılanların sırrına vâkıf olmuşlardır” (a.g.e. , s. 274). Yine Kindî, “Felsefe insanın gücü yettiği ölçüde Allah’ın fiillerine benzemesidir” (a.g.e. , s. 172) derken insanın ruhen arınmasını ve maddî hazlardan uzak bir hayat yaşayarak ahlâkî erdemlerle donanmasını kastediyordu.
İslâm dünyasında tabiat felsefesinin kurucusu sayılan Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, çağdaşları tarafından ileri sürülen kendisinin filozof olmadığı, çünkü yaşantısının mal mülk ve dünyevî olan hiçbir şeye değer vermeyen filozofların önderi Sokrat’ın yaşantısına hiç benzemediği iddiasına karşı es-Sîretü’l-felsefiyye adlı bir eser kaleme alarak kendini savunmuş ve gerçek filozofun nasıl olması gerektiğini tartışmıştır. Ona göre insanın dünyevî nimetlerden faydalanırken bu konuda aşılmaması gereken en üst sınır zulme, can almaya ve Allah’ın gazabına yol açacak her şeyden, aklın ve adalet anlayışının uygun görmediği her türlü aşırı davranıştan sakınmaktır. Hazlara duyulan arzuyu tatmin etmenin en alt sınırına gelince, insan kendisine zararı dokunmayacak ve hastalığa yol açmayacak kadar gıda almalı, açlığını gidermenin ötesinde zevk ve lezzet almak amacıyla yememelidir. Kendisini aşırı sıcak ve soğuktan koruyacak barınakta oturmalı, göz alıcı konaklarda yaşamamalıdır. “Bu ikisinin arasındaki hayat normal hayattır. Böyle bir yaşama tarzını benimseyen kimse bundan dolayı felsefî yaşayışın dışına çıkmış sayılmaz; aksine o bu isme lâyıktır. Şu var ki ideal hayat, en üst seviyede değil en aşağı seviyedeki bir hayat tarzında aranmalıdır. Yüksek ruhlu kimseler refah içinde olsalar da kendilerini yavaş yavaş en aşağı hayat standardında yaşamaya alıştırırlar. Fakat bunun da altına inerek Hintlilerin, Maniheistler’in, rahip ve sûfîlerin yaşadığı gibi yaşamak felsefî yaşayışın dışına çıkmaktır. Bu da normal yaşayıştan ayrılmak, yok yere Allah’ı öfkelendirmek ve filozofluktan kovulmayı hak etmek demektir. En yüksek hayat seviyesi aşılınca da aynı durum söz konusudur. Özet olarak demek isterim ki mademki şanı yüce yaratıcı bilgisizliğe düşmeyen âlim, zulmetmeyen âdildir, O’nun ilmi, adaleti ve rahmeti mutlaktır; ve mademki Allah bizim yaratanımız ve sahibimiz, biz de onun kulları ve köleleriyiz, efendilerin en çok sevdiği köle de kendi izinden gidendir; öyleyse şanı yüce Allah’a en yakın olan kul en bilgin, en âdil, en merhametli ve en şefkatli olandır. İşte bütün filozofların, ‘Felsefe insanın gücü yettiği ölçüde Allah’a benzemesidir’ sözüyle anlatmak istedikleri budur. Kısaca filozofça yaşamak işte budur” (es-Sîretü’l-felsefiyye , s. 198-199).
İslâm düşünürleri içinde filozof kelimesinin anlamı ve filozof sayılması gereken kişinin nitelikleri üzerinde en çok duran kişi Fârâbî olmuştur. Fârâbî ilimlerin en eskisi, en yükseği ve diğer bütün ilimleri kuşatan bir bilgi alanı olarak saydığı felsefeyi Grekler’in “hikmet” veya “en yüksek hikmet” diye nitelendirdiklerini, ayrıca onu “en yüksek hikmete yönelme ve onu sevme” şeklinde tarif ettiklerini, bu hikmete sahip olana da “en yüksek hikmeti seven, tercih eden” anlamında filozof dediklerini söyler. Fârâbî de Kindî gibi düşünerek şöyle der: “Felsefe öğrenmekten amaç yüce yaratıcıyı bilmek, O’nun değişikliğe uğramayan ‘bir’, her şeyin etken sebebi ve kendi cömertliğiyle, hikmet ve adaletiyle bu âleme düzen veren yüce varlık olduğunu bilmektir. Filozofun yapması gereken şey de gücü yettiği ölçüde yaratıcıya benzemektir” (Risâle fîmâ yenbaġī en yüḳaddem ḳable teʿallümi’l-felsefe , s. 190). Ayrıca Fârâbî, bir kimsenin yalnız teorik bilgilere sahip olmakla ancak “nâkıs filozof” sayılabileceğini belirtir. “Kâmil filozof” olabilmek için bu bilgileri yerinde ve zamanında kullanmak yani hayata yansıtmak gerekir. Bu açıdan, teorik bilgilerle amelî faziletlere sahip olmak yönünden filozofla devlet başkanı, kral, kanun koyucu ve imam kavramları aynı anlama gelir (Taḥṣîlü’s-saʿâde , s. 38-43). Fârâbî gerçek filozofla ehliyetsiz, sahte ve erdemsiz filozofu birbirinden ayırır ve Eflâtun’un Devlet ’inden faydalanarak gerçek filozofu şu şekilde niteler: 1. Gerçek filozof teorik bilgilerle donanmış olmalı ve bunları kullanma gücüne sahip bulunmalıdır. 2. Parlak bir zekâsı ve tasavvur gücü olmalıdır. 3. Öğrenim sırasında karşılaştığı sıkıntılara katlanmasını bilmelidir. 4. Yapısı gereği doğruluğu ve doğru olanları, adaleti ve âdil olanları sevmeli, dik başlı ve havai olmamalıdır. 5. Yeme içme konusunda aşırı gitmemeli, paraya pula değer vermemelidir. 6. Gururuna düşkün olmalıdır. 7. Yasaklardan sakınmalı, iyiyi ve adaleti kolaylıkla benimsemeli, kötülüğe ve zulme kolayca boyun eğmemelidir. 8. Doğru olanı elde etmek için azim sahibi olmalıdır (a.g.e. , s. 95-98). Fârâbî ayrıca, filozofun toplumda “fezâil” olarak şöhret bulmuş niteliklerle bezenmesi ve iyi davranışlar olarak bilinenlere aykırı hareket etmemesi gerektiğini belirtir (a.g.e. , s. 44-47).
Gerçek ve sahte filozof ayırımı İhvân-ı Safâ tarafından da yapılmıştır. İhvân-ı Safâ, konuyu din-felsefe ilişkisi açısından ele alarak dinle felsefe arasında temelde bir çatışma bulunmadığını, çatışmanın felsefeyi bilmeyen sahte filozofla (mütefelsif) şeriatın sadece şeklî tarafını bilen dindarlar arasında olduğunu ileri sürmüştür (Resâʾil , IV, 36, 50, 79). Onlara göre gerçekte filozofların hikmetiyle peygamberin şeriatı, insanı oluşma ve bozulma âleminin geçiciliğinden alarak cennete veya felekler âlemine, göklerin genişliğine yükseltme gayesinde birleşir. Bundan dolayı İhvân-ı Safâ filozoflar hakkında iyimser düşünmeyi ve onların görüşlerini incelemeyi tavsiye eder; filozofları doğru dürüst anlamadan görüşlerine karşı çıkanları eleştirir (a.g.e. , III, 356-357). Bununla birlikte bizzat kendileri de sahte filozoflar yanında dehrî ve materyalist filozofları tenkit etmişlerdir (a.g.e. , III, 379, 455-456).
Şehristânî, el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’inde Kindî’nin felsefe ve filozof tariflerini aynen tekrarlayarak filozofların hikmet ve ilim hakkındaki görüşlerini özetledikten sonra onları başlıca dört gruba ayırır. Bunlardan ilki nübüvvet inancına sahip olmayan Hint Brahmanistleri, ikincisi küçük bir zümre olan Arap hakîmleridir. Üçüncü grubu Grek filozofları teşkil eder; bunlar da “hikmetin direkleri” olan mütekaddimîn ile (Thales, Anaxagoras, Anaximenes, Empedokles, Pythagoras, Sokrat, Eflâtun’dan ibaret yedi filozof ve bunları takip edenler) Meşşâîler ve Stoalılar’dan meydana gelen müteahhirîndir. Dördüncü grup ise İslâm filozofları olup bunlar aslında İslâm’dan sonraki Acem hakîmleridir (II, 58-60). Şehristânî, eserinin İslâm filozoflarına ayırdığı bölümünde on dokuz filozofun adını kaydeder ve bunların en büyüğünün İbn Sînâ olduğunu söyler (II, 158-159).
Gazzâlî ise filozofları başlıca üç sınıfa ayırır. Bunlardan dehriyye en eski filozoflardan olup yaratıcıyı inkâr etmiş ve âlemin ezelî olduğunu savunmuştur. İkinci sınıfı oluşturan tabiatçılar yaratıcının varlığını kabul etmekle birlikte ruhun ölümlü olduğunu ve yeniden hayata dönmeyeceğini ileri sürmüş, dolayısıyla âhiret hayatını inkâr etmişlerdir. İlâhiyyatçılar diye adlandırılan üçüncü sınıf Sokrat, Eflâtun ve Aristo’nun da dahil olduğu müteahhirîn devri filozoflarıdır. Bunlar dehrî ve tabiatçı filozofları eleştirmişler, ayrıca Aristo da Sokrat ve Eflâtun’u tenkit etmiştir. Bununla birlikte Gazzâlî, hem bu filozofları hem de onların izinden giden Fârâbî ve İbn Sînâ gibi İslâm filozoflarını tekfir etmiştir (el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl , s. 18-22).
İbn Rüşd’ün filozofları savunan karşı görüşlerine rağmen Gazzâlî’nin onları eleştirip tekfir etmesi esasen kelâmcılar, mutasavvıflar, fukaha ve muhaddisler arasında mevcut olan olumsuz tavrı daha da pekiştirmiştir. Birçok İslâm âliminin ve özellikle İbn Teymiyye ile diğer Selefîler’in filozoflara hücumunda, tanınmış İslâm filozoflarının İslâmî akîdelerle uzlaştırılması güç bazı görüşleri yanında kendilerine filozof süsü veren bir kısım kimselerin, bâtınî ve ibâhî telakkilerini felsefî görüş ve düşünceler şeklinde takdim etmelerinin de büyük tesiri olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
A. Lalande, Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie , “philosophe” md.
Aristoteles [Aristo], La Métaphysique (trc. J. Tricot), Paris 1981, 993b , 20-30.
Eflâtun, Devlet (trc. Sabahattin Eyüboğlu – M. Ali Cimcoz), İstanbul 1985, 276a-c , 581c-e .
a.mlf., Sokrates’in Savunması (trc. Teoman Aktürel, Diyaloglar I içinde), İstanbul 1982, 21b-e .
Kindî, Resâʾil , s. 97, 102, 172, 274.
Ebû Bekir er-Râzî, es-Sîretü’l-felsefiyye : “Filozofça Yaşama” (trc. Mahmut Kaya), Felsefe Arkivi , sy. 27, İstanbul 1990, s. 198-199.
Fârâbî, Taḥṣîlü’s-saʿâde , Haydarâbâd 1345, s. 38-47, 95-98.
a.mlf., Risâle fîmâ yenbaġī en yüḳaddem ḳable teʿallümi’l-felsefe : “Felsefe Öğreniminden Önce Bilinmesi Gereken Konular” (trc. Mahmut Kaya), Felsefe Arkivi , sy. 26, İstanbul 1987, s. 190.
Gazzâlî, el-Münḳıẕ mine’ḍ-ḍalâl (nşr. M. Muhammed Câbir), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-Cündî), s. 18-22.
İhvân-ı Safâ, Resâʾil , Beyrut 1376-77/1957, III, 356-357, 379, 455-456; IV, 36, 50, 79.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , II, 58-61, 158-159.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 107-109 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.