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FİRDEVS Skip to content Cennetin tamamı veya bir bölümü için kullanılan isimlerden biri.
1/2 Müellif: M. SAİT ÖZERVARLI Bölüme Git
Sözlükte, “içinde her türlü ağacın, özellikle üzüm bağlarının bulunduğu büyük bahçe” anlamına gelen firdevs (çoğulu ferâdîs) edebiyatta, üzüm ve asmal…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
EDEBİYAT. Firdevs divan edebiyatında “cennet, cennet bahçesi, bahçe” gibi esas anlamının yanında “firdevs-i berîn, firdevs-i a‘lâ, bâğ-ı firdevs, gülş…
Sözlükte, “içinde her türlü ağacın, özellikle üzüm bağlarının bulunduğu büyük bahçe” anlamına gelen firdevs (çoğulu ferâdîs ) edebiyatta, üzüm ve asmaların çoğunlukta olduğu sık ağaçlarla kaplı yemyeşil bahçeleri ifade için kullanılmıştır. İslâmî kaynaklarda firdevs kelimesinin menşei hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Arapça kökenli olduğu iddia edildiği gibi Grekçe veya Farsça’dan geldiği de söylenmektedir. Firdevsin sadece Şam yöresinde “bahçe” anlamında kullanıldığı, dolayısıyla Arapça’ya sonradan girdiği görüşüne karşılık, şair Hassân b. Sâbit’in bir beytinde geçen “cinân mine’l-firdevs” ifadesi (Dîvân , s. 339) delil gösterilerek Araplar’ın eskiden beri bu kelimeye âşina olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca Arapça’da aynı kökten gelen “çardaklanmış” anlamında müferdes kelimesinin bulunması, kaynağı yabancı da olsa firdevsin Arapça’da yerleşmiş bir kelime olduğunu gösterir. Firdevs kaynaklarda Yemâme ve Şam yöresindeki bazı yerlerin özel adı olarak da geçmektedir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “frds” md.; İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, s. 144-145). Fahreddin er-Râzî firdevsin Habeşçe bir kelime olduğunu kaydederken (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXIII, 82) Süryânîce’den geldiğini kabul edenler de vardır (İbn Habîb es-Sülemî, s. 21). Kelimenin Arapça’ya Grekçe’den, önce faradîs (paradeisos; paradise) biçiminde girdiği, daha sonra sunî olarak firdevs müfredinin türetildiği araştırmacılar tarafından öne sürülmüştür (İA , IV, 642-643). Grekçe’ye ise Pehlevîce bir kelimeden (pairi-daeza) geçtiği sanılmaktadır (Webster’s Third , II, 1636).
Firdevs Kur’an’da biri “cennâtü’l-firdevs” (el-Kehf 18/107), diğeri sadece “firdevs” (el-Mü’minûn 23/11) şeklinde olmak üzere iki yerde geçer. Bu âyetlerde iman edip iyi davranışlarda bulunanların firdevs cennetlerine girecekleri, namazlarında huşû gösterip boş şeylerden yüz çeviren, zekâtlarını veren, iffetlerini koruyan, emanete ve verdikleri söze riayet edenlerle namazlarını sürekli kılanların burayı hak edecekleri bildirilmiştir.
Kelime, Hz. Peygamber’e nisbet edilen ve cennetten söz eden çeşitli hadislerde de geçmektedir. Bu hadislerde belirtildiğine göre firdevs cennetin ortası, en yüksek ve en değerli bölgesi olup arşın altındadır. Aynı zamanda cennet ırmaklarının fışkırdığı bir bölge olan firdevs cennetleri dört tanedir; ikisinde kullanılan eşya ve süslemeler altından, diğerlerinde ise gümüştendir. Yine ilgili hadislerde Hz. Peygamber ashabına Allah’tan firdevs cennetlerini istemelerini tavsiye etmiş ve oğlu şehid düşen Ümmü Hârise’ye onun firdevs cennetlerinin en değerlisine girdiğini müjdelemiştir (Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 22, “Cihâd”, 4, 14, “Meġāzî”, 9; Müsned , II, 335; III, 124, 197, 210; IV, 416; V, 241, 316; Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-cenne”, 4; İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 39; Dârimî, “Riḳāḳ”, 101). Resûl-i Ekrem vefat edince kızı Fâtıma’nın, “Mekânı firdevs cenneti olan babacığım” diyerek ağladığı hadis kaynaklarında belirtilir (Müsned , III, 197; Buhârî, “Meġāzî”, 83). İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye’nin mevkuf olarak naklettiği bir rivayette ise firdevsin bizzat ilâhî kudret eliyle yaratılan varlıklardan biri olduğu kaydedilir (Ḥâdi’l-ervâḥ , s. 90). Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî de cennet mevkileri arasında yaptığı sıralamada firdevsi adn cennetinden sonra ikinci sıraya koyar (bk. Şa‘rânî, s. 170, 176).
İslâm âlimlerinin naslarda zikredilen bilgilere ve sahâbe yorumlarına dayanarak firdevs hakkında yaptıkları açıklamaları iki noktada toplamak mümkündür. 1. Firdevs cennetin tamamını ifade eden bir isimdir. Zira müzekker bir kelime olduğu halde Kur’an’da firdevs karşılığında müennes zamiri kullanılmıştır (el-Mü’minûn 23/11); bu da onun cennet kelimesinin yerine kullanıldığını gösterir. Ayrıca Mü’minûn sûresinin baş tarafında namaz kılan, zekât veren, iffetlerini koruyan ve emanete riayet eden müminlerin firdevse vâris olup orada ebediyen kalacakları belirtilmiş, Meâric sûresinde ise (70/22-35) bu vasıflara sahip olanların cennetlerde ağırlanacakları ifade edilmiştir. Bu âyetler de firdevsin cennetin bütününü ifade ettiğini ortaya koyar (Kurtubî, s. 525). 2. Firdevs cennetin ortasını, en yüksek ve en değerli bölgesini teşkil eden kısımlarının adı olup burada peygamberlerle velîler kalacaktır. Zira hadislerde dört firdevs cennetinin bulunduğu bildirilmiş ve özellikle firdevsin cennetin en kıymetli bölgesi olduğu açıkça belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca bazı âyetlerde, rabbinin huzuruna çıkacağını düşünerek ondan korkanlara iki cennetin yanında iki cennet daha verileceği vaad edilmiştir. Bu da cennetin bütün bölgelerinin aynı olmadığına, yapılan amellere göre farklı derecelerinin bulunduğuna ve firdevsin de onun en değerli mevkiini teşkil ettiğine bir delildir (Hakîm et-Tirmizî, s. 129; Kurtubî, s. 518).
Firdevs hakkında ileri sürülen ikinci görüşün daha isabetli olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Çünkü bu telakki sahih hadislere dayandığı halde diğeri daha ziyade dil kurallarından kaynaklanan bir yorum niteliğindedir. Çeşitli naslardan çıkarılabilecek sonuçlara göre, âhiret saadetine kavuşacak müminlerin hepsinin hak ettiği mükâfat aynı olmadığı gibi ebedî hayatlarını sürdürecekleri cennetler de nitelik bakımından eşit değildir (bk. CENNET ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “frds” md.
Webster’s Third , II, 1636.
Müsned , II, 335; III, 124, 197, 210, 215, 260; IV, 416; V, 241, 316.
Dârimî, “Riḳāḳ”, 101.
Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 22, “Cihâd”, 4, 14, “Meġāzî”, 9, 83.
İbn Mâce, “Zühd”, 39.
Tirmizî, “Ṣıfatü’l-cenne”, 4, “Tefsîr”, 23/3.
Hassân b. Sâbit, Dîvân (nşr. Seyyid Hanefî Haseneyn), Kahire 1983, s. 339.
İbn Habîb es-Sülemî, Vaṣfü’l-firdevs , Beyrut 1987, s. 21.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân (Bulak) , XVI, 29-30.
Hakîm et-Tirmizî, Nevâdirü’l-uṣûl , İstanbul 1293, s. 129.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Kahire) , III, 27.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, Zâdü’l-mesîr , V, 199-200.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XI, 175; XXI, 175; XXIII, 82.
Kurtubî, et-Teẕkire , Kahire 1405/1985, s. 518, 525.
İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye, Ḥâdi’l-ervâḥ (nşr. Yûsuf Ali Büdeyvî), Beyrut 1411/1991, s. 84-85, 90, 144-145.
İbn Kesîr, en-Nihâye (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Abdülazîz), Beyrut 1408/1988, II, 270-271.
Şa‘rânî, el-Yevâḳīt ve’l-cevâhir , Kahire 1317 → Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), s. 170, 176.
D. B. Macdonald, “Firdevs”, İA , IV, 642-643.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 123-124 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
EDEBİYAT. Firdevs divan edebiyatında “cennet, cennet bahçesi, bahçe” gibi esas anlamının yanında “firdevs-i berîn, firdevs-i a‘lâ, bâğ-ı firdevs, gülşen-i firdevs” gibi tamlamalarla birlikte sevgilinin bulunduğu yeri, yüzünü ve çeşitli güzelliklerini ifade etmek için teşbih, mecaz, istiare, tenâsüp ve kinaye yoluyla kullanılmıştır. Irmak ve pınarların kaynadığı, görülmemiş ve duyulmamış güzelliklerin, hûrilerin, muhteşem köşk ve sarayların bulunduğu zümrüt gibi yemyeşil bir mekân olarak tasvir edilen firdevs cennet, adn, behişt, ravza gibi kelimelerle ve bunların çağrıştırdığı hûri, gılman, hulle, istebrak, selsebîl, bağ, gülşen, tûbâ, saray, dîdar, arş, ferş, livâ gibi unsurlarla birlikte zikredilir. Meselâ bahar mevsiminde tabiatın yeşile, çeşitli güzelliklere bürünmesi firdevs cennetindeki güzelliklere benzetilir. “Yine zeyn oldu cihan mânend-i firdevs-i berîn / Hulle-i istebrakın giydi nebâtât-ı zemîn” beytinde Taşlıcalı Yahyâ bu durumu anlatmaktadır. Saruhanlı Sürûrî, “Şol kim ol gül-endâmın yanağından çıkar / Selsebîlin aynıdır firdevs bâğından çıkar” beytinde sevgilinin yüzünden akan terin firdevs bahçelerinden kaynayan selsebîl suyunun aynısı olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu anlayış, firdevsin cennetteki bütün ırmak ve pınarların kaynağı oluşuyla ilgilidir. Zâtî, “N’ola dersem sana hûr-i firdevs-i berîn / Görmedim dünyâ sarâyında nazîrin ey melek” beytinde sevgilisini firdevsteki hûrilere benzetmektedir. “Zâhide firdevs-i a‘lâ hoş gelir / Bize dîdâr-ı hüveydâ hoş gelir” beytinde Şeyhî, cennete girmekten başka endişesi olmayan ham sofuya firdevs cennetinin, âşığa da sevgilisinin yüzünü görmenin hoş geldiğini belirtir. Bu beyitte, yalnız firdevsin üstündeki en yüksek makam olan adn cennetine girenlerin Allah’ı görebilecekleri şeklindeki tasavvufî inanışa da işaret vardır. Zira ham sofunun hedefi cennet, âşığın hedefi ise sevgilinin cemâli yani rü’yetullahtır. Ahmed Paşa, “Kûyunu görmekle dilden zâil olmaz şevk-i yâr / Kāni‘ olmaz cennet-i firdevse dîdâr isteyen” beytinde bunu açık bir şekilde ifade etmiş ve firdevs cennetini sevgilinin bulunduğu yer olarak tanımlamıştır. Bu anlayış tasavvufî metinlerde çok daha belirgindir. Yûnus Emre’nin, “Mâşukluğun hil‘atini her kime giydirdin ise / Gelmez gözüne zerrece firdevs-i a‘lâ bağları” beyti bunun güzel bir örneğidir. Maddî güzelliklere daha çok rağbet eden sofunun bu yönüne hitaben Hayâlî Bey, “Adın anmaz idin sûfî dahi firdevs-i a‘lânın / Eğer ra‘nâların görsen Stanbul u Galata’nın” beytinde İstanbul ve Galata’daki güzellerin cennette dahi bulunmadığını söylemektedir.
Fars edebiyatında firdevs kelimesi daha çok “firdevs-rû, firdevs-likā, firdevs-girdâr, firdevs-mânend, firdevs-meclis, firdevs-manzar, firdevs-vâr” gibi birleşik sıfatlar halinde kullanılmıştır (örnekler için bk. Dihhudâ, XXI, 147-149). Firdevs-i a‘lâ bütün güzelliklerin kaynağı olarak kabul edildiği için sevgilinin bu yöndeki vasıfları da cennet güzellikleriyle anlatılır. Bu anlayış Sa‘dî’nin, “Ey terâvet bürde ez firdevs-i a‘lâ rûy-i tû / Nâdirest ender nigâristân-ı dünyâ rûy-i tû” (Ey yüzünün taptaze güzelliğini firdevs-i a‘lâdan almış olan güzel! Dünya tasvirhânesinde senin yüzünün benzeri bir güzelliğe sahip olan nâdirdir) beytinde ifadesini bulmuştur.
Manzum ve mensur ilmihal kitaplarıyla Envârü’l-âşıkīn , Muhammediyye gibi dinî eserlerde, ayrıca mevlid ve mi‘râciyyelerde cennetle ilgili bilgi verilirken firdevsten de bahsedilmiştir. Nitekim Envârü’l-âşıkīn ’da cennet, cennetin dereceleri gibi konular anlatılırken mensur olarak (“el-Bâbü’l-hâmis”, s. 427-429), Muhammediyye ’de ise yine aynı konular ele alınırken manzum olarak (“Der Beyân-ı Cinân”, s. 14; “Faslün fî duhûli’l-cenne”, s. 324, 339) firdevs hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi verilmiştir. Muhammediyye ’de ayrıca cenneti tasvir eden altın yaldızla basılmış bir halk resmiyle firdevs cennetinin yeri de gösterilmiştir (s. 17-18).
İslâm tarihi boyunca çeşitli dönemlerde yaptırılan bazı saray, köşk, cami, medrese gibi eserler firdevs kelimesiyle adlandırılmıştır. Bağdat’ta Muktedir-Billâh’ın yaptırdığı Firdevs Sarayı, Mardin’deki Artuklu eseri Firdevs Köşkü, Isparta’da Mimar Sinan tarafından yapılan Firdevs Bey (Paşa) Camii, önemli bir Eyyûbî devri eseri olan Halep’teki Firdevs Medresesi bunlardan bazılarıdır. Kelime ayrıca çeşitli tamlamalar halinde özellikle İran bölgesindeki birçok yerin adı olarak kullanılmıştır (Dihhudâ, XXI, 147-149).
Birçok kitabın adında firdevs kelimesinin bulunması da dikkat çekicidir. İlk müslüman hekimlerden Ali b. Rabben et-Taberî’nin tıbba dair ansiklopedik eseri Firdevsü’l-ḥikme , tanınmış muhaddislerden Âcurrî’nin Firdevsü’l-ʿilm ’i, Türkistanlı tarihçi Âgehî Muhammed Rızâ’nın Firdevs-i İkbâl ’i ve son devir Arap edebiyatçılarından Mısırlı Ahmed el-Berkūkī’nin edebî mektuplarını ihtiva eden el-Firdevs (Seyâḥa fi’l-firdevs) adlı eseri bunlara örnek gösterilebilir. Klasik kitap tasnifinde “ravza” ve “behişt” kelimeleri yanında bölüm ve konu başlıkları için firdevs kelimesinin kullanıldığı da görülür.
Türkler’de halk arasında kadın adı olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılan firdevs kelimesi zaman zaman halk şiirinde de yer almıştır. Kâtibî’nin, “Dağların başında dumanlar döner / Bağrımın başında fitiller yanar / Firdevs-i a‘lâdan bir serv-i çınar / Çıkıp salındığı yerlere geldim” dörtlüğü buna bir örnektir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Yunus Emre Divânı II: Tenkitli Metin (haz. Mustafa Tatçı), Ankara 1990, II, 368.
Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, Muhammediyye , İstanbul 1280, s. 14, 324, 339.
Ahmed Bîcan, Envârü’l-âşıkīn , İstanbul, ts., s. 427-429.
M. Fuad Köprülü, Türk Saz Şairleri , Ankara 1962, s. 138.
Ali Nihad Tarlan, Şeyhî Divanını Tetkik , İstanbul 1964, s. 115.
Harun Tolasa, Ahmet Paşa’nın Şiir Dünyası , Ankara 1973, s. 37.
Cemâl Kurnaz, Hayâlî Bey Dîvânı (Tahlili) , Ankara 1987, s. 74.
Metin Akar, Türk Edebiyatında Manzum Mi‘râc-nâmeler , Ankara 1987, s. 113, 116.
İskender Pala, Ansiklopedik Dîvân Şiiri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1989, s. 335.
Ahmet Talât Onay, Eski Türk Edebiyatında Mazmunlar ve İzahı (haz. Cemâl Kurnaz), Ankara 1992, s. 91.
Dihhudâ, Luġatnâme , XXI, 147-149.
“Firdevs”, TDEA , III, 239.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 124-125 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.