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FIRKA-i ISLÂHİYYE Skip to content 1865 yılında Çukurova, Kozan dağları ve Cebelibereket’te ıslahat yapan askerî fırka.
Fırkanın kuruluşu 1853’te yapılan Kırım Savaşı’na dayanır. Bu savaş sırasında çekilen asker sıkıntısı, Cebelibereket ile (Gâvur dağları, bugünkü Amanos dağları) Kozan dağları arasındaki bölgelerden de asker istenmesine yol açmıştı. Ancak bu istek, bu bölgelerdeki aşiretlerin devlete muhalefeti sebebiyle gerçekleşmemişti. Savaştan sonra Osmanlı hükümeti hem orduya yeni asker kaynakları temin etmek, hem de bölgeyi itaat altına alıp güvenliği sağlamak, eşkıyalığa son vermek, vergileri düzenli bir şekilde almak ve birçok karışıklığa yol açan konar göçer teşekkülleri yerleşik hayata geçirip ziraatı teşvik etmek için bir askerî güç oluşturma kararı almış ve bu güce de Fırka-i Islâhiyye denmişti.
Faaliyet sahası, İskenderun’dan Maraş ve Elbistan’a, Kilis’ten Niğde ve Kayseri’ye, Adana eyaletinden Sivas eyaleti sınırına kadar olan bölgeleri kapsayan Fırka-i Islâhiyye’nin başına Dördüncü Ordu kumandanı Derviş Paşa, halkla ilgili işleri görmek üzere de Ahmed Cevdet Paşa tayin edildi. Fırka, Balkan isyanlarında kullanılan ve büyük kısmı Batı Anadolu zeybekleri, bir kısmı da Arnavut askerlerinden oluşan yedi tabur yanında Girit ve Adana’dan gelen taburlarla Hassa ikinci süvari alayından oluşan toplam on beş tabur piyade, iki süvari alayı ve 5-600 kadar da Çerkez, Gürcü ve Kürt atlılarından teşkil edilmişti. Masraflar için hazineden yeterli miktarda tahsisat ayrıldığı gibi bir muhasebeci ile muhasebe kâtipleri ve tahrirat kâtipleri de fırkada görevlendirilmişti. Yine bölgede yapılacak düzenlemeler için tahrir, tapu, mal ve muhasebe memurlarından bir komisyon oluşturulmuştu. Ayrıca Fırka-i Islâhiyye’nin uyacağı bazı kurallar belirlenmiş, fırkanın sevk ve idaresi, ıslahat sırasında silâh kullanılıp kullanılmaması, öncelikle halka devletin varlığının gösterilmesi ve devletin halka sevdirilmesi, aşiret ve aile reislerinin bölge dışına nakledilmesi, fırkaya yardımcı olanlara maaş bağlanması, ıslah edilen yerlerin devlet yönetimine uygun şekilde teşkilâtlandırılması, vergi yükü fazla olan ahalinin vergilerinin yeniden düzenlenmesi ve arazileri tapusuz olanlara tapularının verilmesi gibi hususlar tesbit edilmişti.
Derviş Paşa idaresindeki yedi tabur 20 Mayıs 1865’te vapurla İstanbul’dan hareket ederek 28 Mayıs 1865’te İskenderun’a vardı. Diğer tabur ve kuvvetler de bulundukları yerlerden buraya geldiler. İlk iş olarak Gâvur dağlarından ıslah ve iskâna başlandı. Önce Amik ovasında bulunan Reyhaniye aşireti yerleştirildi. Böylece Halep yolu emniyet altına alınmış oldu. Daha sonra Lece ile Hacılar nahiyesi arasındaki Kargılı’da ordugâh kuran Fırka-i Islâhiyye, önemli bir geçit noktası olmasını göz önüne alarak burada bir köy kurmaya karar verdi ve Ordu adıyla bir yerleşim alanı meydana getirdi. Köye Hacılar nahiyesinden otuz hâne iskân edildi. Ayrıca çevredeki nahiyeler birleştirilerek bir kaza, merkez olarak da Hassa adıyla bir kasaba teşkil edildi. Hassa kasabasına Hacılar, Tiyek ve Ekbaz nahiyelerinden birkaç yüz hâne getirilerek yerleştirildi. Bu arada isyan halinde bulunan Karafakılı aşireti itaat altına alındı.
Daha sonra Kilis ile Maraş arasında yaşayan Okçu İzzeddinlü ve Şeyhlü aşiretleri iskân edildi ve kendi adlarını taşıyan birer kasaba kuruldu. Bu yeni kasabalar Meydan ve Amikovası kasabalarıyla birleştirilerek bir kaza oluşturuldu ve bu sırada fırkayı teftişe gelen Şehzade İzzeddin Efendi’nin ismine izâfetle kazaya İzziye adı verildi.
Fırka-i Islâhiyye buradaki işlerini tamamladıktan sonra Gâvur dağı tarafında Nigolu Kalesi civarına geldi ve kaleyi tamire başladı. Bu arada bölgede mevcut Kerkütlü, Çerçili, Hanağzı, Kürtbahçesi, Eğintili, Keferdiz nahiyeleriyle Dumdum ovası aşiretleri birleştirilerek bir kaza oluşturuldu ve buraya fırkanın isminden dolayı İslahiye adı verildi. Ayrıca kaza merkezi olarak aynı adla bir kasaba kuruldu; Delikanlı ve Çelikanlı aşiretlerinden yüzer hâne buraya yerleştirildi. Ardından İslahiye sancak merkezi olmak üzere İzziye, Hassa ve Bulanık kazaları birleştirilerek Maraş mutasarrıflığına bağlı bir kaymakamlık teşkil edildi. İslahiye kazasına bağlanan Dumdum ovası aşiretlerinden Delikanlı ve Çelikanlılar ise birçok köy kurulmak suretiyle iskân edildiler. Bu arada bölgenin en önemli aşiretlerinden olan ve beş oymağa ayrılmış bulunan Ulaşlı’ya bağlı Karayiğitoğulları, Kaypakoğulları, Çendoğulları, Ali Bekiroğulları ile Kelmenoğulları itaat altına alındı; böylece Gâvur dağlarının en önemli aşireti sindirilmiş oldu.
İslahiye kaymakamlığına bağlı kasaba ve aşiretlerin nüfus ve hâne miktarları 1866 tarihi itibariyle şu şekilde idi (BA , Yıldız Tasnifi, Ks. 18, Evr. nr. 553/410, Zrf. 93, Kar. 37):
Müslim Gayri Müslim Kıptî Hâne Nüfus Hâne Nüfus Hâne Nüfus Nevâhî-i Selâse 190 483 14 41 — — Kerkütlü 227 457 — — — — Delikanlı 619 1836 — — — — Çelikanlı 372 987 — — — — TOPLAM 1410 3763 14 41 — — Karayiğitoğlu 103 268 14 33 — — Yarpuz 50 110 — — — — TOPLAM 1563 4141 28 74 — — Hacılar 557 1521 29 109 — — Tiyek 208 566 27 71 6 13 Ekbaz 208 545 29 95 2 3 TOPLAM 2536 6773 113 249 8 16 Kapulu 39 108 — — — — Keferdiz 255 504 1 4 — — GENEL TOPLAM 2830 7385 114 253 8 16
Cebelibereket’te ıslahat işini bitiren fırka daha sonra Hacıosmanlı köyü civarında, burası merkez olmak üzere Kıyı nahiyelerini (Kıyı köyleri) birleştirerek bir kaza oluşturdu. Çukurova aşiretlerinden Tecirli ve Cerîd’in kışlak yerleriyle Ulaşlı’dan Çendoğlu nahiyesi bu kazaya bağlandı. Kaza merkezi olan Hacıosmanlı köyüne Tecirli, Cerîd ve Ulaşlı aşiretlerinden bir miktar hâne iskân edilerek buraya vaktiyle köyü kuran kişinin adından dolayı Osmaniye dendi. Bu arada Derviş ve Cevdet paşalar da kendi isimlerine nisbetle Dervişiye ve Cevdetiye köylerini kurdular. Osmaniye idarî bakımdan Payas sancağına bağlandı.
Bunun ardından Kozan tarafına yönelen Fırka-i Islâhiyye, ilk iş olarak harap bir durumda bulunan Kars-ı Zülkadriyye (bugünkü Kadirli) kasabasını imar edip çevre aşiretlerden bir kısmını buraya yerleştirdi. Ayrıca Kars dağlarında oturanlarla Çukurova aşiretlerinden isteyenlerin buraya yerleşmesine izin verildi. Bunun üzerine Kadirli’ye 600 hâneye yakın bir topluluk yerleşti. Kadirli idarî teşkilâtta, daha sonra kurulan Kozan sancağına bağlı bir kaza merkezi haline geldi ve buraya Tatarlı, Sunbas ve Savrun nahiyeleri bağlandı.
Kadirli kazası kurulduktan sonra Kozan üzerine yürüyen Fırka-i Islâhiyye Kozan dağlarını, bu arada Kozanoğulları’nı da itaat altına alarak onları başta Yozgat, Sivas, Sinop, İstanbul, Kütahya, Konya, Kayseri, Develi, Tokat olmak üzere çeşitli yerlere sürdü. Ardından üç kazaya bölünen Kozan’ın Kozan-ı Şarkî olarak adlandırılan kısmındaki köyleri Sis’e (şimdiki Kozan), Belenköy’e yakın olanları Belenköy kazasına, Haçin (bugünkü Saimbeyli) civarındakileri Haçin kazasına bağladı. Ceyhan nehri boyundaki aşiretler de Kadirli kazasına dahil edildi. Böylece Kozan sancağı dört kazadan meydana gelen büyük bir sancak haline getirildi. Kaymakamlığına Mirlivâ Hüsnü Paşa’nın tayin edildiği bu sancağın merkezi olarak da Sis kasabası uygun görüldü.
1876 tarihinde Kozan sancağının kazaları, hâne ve nüfusu şöyle idi:
Müslim Gayri Müslim Hâne Nüfus Hâne Nüfus Sis 3486 8835 358 981 Belenköy 1744 5188 335 1194 Haçin 1491 4621 1738 5939 Kars-ı Zülkadriyye 2455 7929 97 477 TOPLAM 9176 26573 2528 8591
Kozan sancağı teşkil edildikten sonra Çukurova aşiretlerinin iskânına başlandı. Çukurova’nın en büyük aşireti olan Avşarlar yaylakları Uzunyayla ve Sarız yöresine yerleştirildiler. Kozanoğulları’na yardımda bulunan Tatarlı muhacirleri Kadirli kasabasına, Kırıntılı aşireti, Lek ve Hacılar ile birlikte Kozan kazasının güney yönünde bulunan boş araziye iskân edildi. Bu arada Tecirli aşireti Ceyhan nehri boylarına, Cerîd aşireti de Bulanık kazasına bağlı Haruniye’ye yerleştirildi. Adana ile Sis arasındaki bölgede yaşayan Sırkıntı Türkmen aşireti ise kışlak mahallerinde bırakılarak yaylakları olan İnderesi Kafkas muhacirlerine verildi. İskân edilen bütün aşiretlere ziraat yapmaları için devlet tarafından toprak tahsis edilerek bunlar sürekli iskâna teşvik edilmiştir.
Kozan ıslahatını tamamlayan Fırka-i Islâhiyye bölgede kolera çıkması üzerine faaliyetine son vermek zorunda kaldı ve sahası içinde olmasına rağmen Zeytun bölgesinin ıslahatını gerçekleştiremedi. İstanbul’a dönen Derviş ve Ahmed Cevdet paşalardan Derviş Paşa Lübnan’a Beşinci Ordu müfettişliğine, Cevdet Paşa da Halep’e vali olarak tayin edildi. Cevdet Paşa, Fırka-i Islâhiyye’den ayrı olarak valiliği sırasında Zeytun bölgesindeki ıslahatı tamamladı.
Altı ay gibi kısa bir zaman içinde gerçekleştirilen bu icraat bütün Gâvur dağları, Zeytun ve Kozan bölgelerinin ıslahatının ve güvenliğinin sağlanmasıyla sonuçlandı. Bu bölgelerin ahalisi devlet idaresine alınarak yeni şehirler ve köyler kurulduğu gibi devlete isyan eden aşiret beyleri ve ağalarının nüfuzları kırıldı. Gerçekleştirilen iskânla göçebe aşiretlerin yerleştirilmesi Çukurova’nın ziraata açılmasına ve ticaretin canlanmasına yol açtı. Devlet tarafından bazı kilit noktalara yaptırılan kışlalar sayesinde bundan sonra çıkan küçük çapta isyan hareketleri kolayca bastırıldı. Çukurova bugünkü hale gelmesini bu ıslahat hareketine borçludur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA , İrade-Meclis-i Mahsûs, nr. 1256; Meclis-i Vâlâ, nr. 24169.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 37922, 40353.
BA , Yıldız Tasnifi, Ks. 18, Evr. nr. 553/183(e), Zrf. 93, Kar. 35; Evr. nr. 553/183(ı), Zrf. 93, Kar. 35; Evr. nr. 553/327, Zrf. 93, Kar. 36; Evr. nr. 553/409, Zrf. 93, Kar. 37; Evr. nr. 553/410, Zrf. 93, Kar. 37.
Cevdet, Tezâkir , III, 109, 110, 111, 113, 117, 126, 127, 141, 142, 145, 150, 158, 245, 267 vd.
a.mlf., Ma‘rûzât , tür.yer.
Yusuf Halaçoğlu, “Fırka-i İslâhiye ve Yapmış Olduğu İskân”, TD , sy. 27 (1973), s. 1-20.
Paul Dumont, “1865 Tarihinde Güney-Doğu Anadolu’nun Islahı” (trc. Bahaeddin Yediyıldız), TED , X-XI (1981), s. 369-394.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 35-37 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.