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FİRMALARIN KARBON EMİSYONLARI İLE SERMAYE MALİYETLERİ İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 439 – 454, 30.06.2024
Seren Aydıngülü Sakalsız Aynur Süsay Alkan
Öz Çevre, sosyal ve kurumsal yönetim konularında artan toplumsal endişe ile firmalar sorumluluk almak durumunda kalmıştır. Alınan sorumluluklar neticesinde firmaların karbon emisyonları da rekabet avantajı elde etme noktasında önemli bir unsur haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada firmaların karbon emisyonlarının, borçlanma ve özsermaye maliyetleri üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada BIST Tüm Endeksi (XUTUM)’nde yer alan 476 firmadan karbon emisyon miktarlarını 2017-2021 yılları arasında yayımlamış olan 33 firma analiz kapsamına alınmıştır. Yapılan ön testlerin ardından modellere Driscoll-Kraay tahmincisi uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, firmaların karbon emisyonları borçlanma maliyetlerini pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Diğer taraftan karbon emisyonlarının özsermaye maliyetleri üzerindeki etkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir. Bulgulara göre, yüksek karbon emisyonuna sahip işletmelerin yabancı kaynak kullanımlarında yüksek borç maliyetine katlanması beklenmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler Karbon Emisyonları, Sermaye Maliyeti, Panel Veri Analizi, Sürdürülebilirlik
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M., Matthews, L. ve Elheddad, M. (2021). Mandatory Disclosure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and The Cost of Equity Capital: UK Evidence of A U-Shaped Relationship. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(2), 908–930. Güneysu, Y. ve Atasel, O. Y. (2022). Karbon Emi̇syonlari İle Fi̇nansal Performans Arasindaki İli̇şki̇ni̇n İncelenmesi̇: Bist100 Endeksi̇nde Bi̇r Araştırma. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(3), 1183–1193. Gupta, K. (2018). Environmental Sustainability and Implied Cost of Equity: International Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(2), 343–365. Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis. Society, Royal Statistical, 31(2), 350–371. Jung, J., Herbohn, K. ve Clarkson, P. (2018). Carbon Risk, Carbon Risk Awareness and the Cost of Debt Financing. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(4), 1151–1171. Kim, Y. B., An, H. T. ve Kim, J. D. (2015). The Effect of Carbon Risk on The Cost of Equity Capital. 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The Accounting Review, 89(2), 695-724. Ng, A. C. ve Rezaee, Z. (2015). Business Sustainability Performance and Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 34, 128–149. Palea, V. ve Drogo, F. (2020). Carbon Emissions and The Cost of Debt Financing: What Role for Policy Commitment, Firm Disclosure and Corporate Governance? Review (C. February 6). Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. SSRN Electronic Journal, (1240). Rahman, N. R. A., Johari, N. H. ve Mohamad, N. E. A. (2017). Carbon Emission Disclosure and The Cost of Capital: An Analysis of Malaysian Capital Market. SHS Web of Conferences, 36(20), 1–12. Özçelik, S.A.G. (2016). "Türkiye Kalkınma Bankası Kurumsal Sera Gazı Envanteri ve Raporu". 22 Haziran 2019 tarihinde http: //www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/çevreci kalkinma/2016 yili Sera Gazi Envanteri ve Raporu.pdf adresinden erişildi Sharfman, M. P. ve Fernando, C. S. (2008). Environmental Risk Management and The Cost of Capital. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6), 569–592. Swartz, C. (2008). Disclosure Level and The Cost of Equity Capital: South African Evidence. University of Cape Town. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2023). Sera Gazı Emisyon Envanteri Raporu. (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2023) /data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2021-49672 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Erişim Tarihi (25.12.2023). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf Wang, Y., Feng, Z. ve Huang, H. (2020). Corporate Carbon Dioxide Emissions and The Cost of Debt Financing: Evidence from The Global Tourism Industry. International Journal of Tourism Research. Wellington, F. ve Sauer, A. (2005). Framing Climate Risk in Portfolio Management. Environmental Resources Evaluation System. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2023). http://pdf.wri.org/framing_climate_risk_uncertainty.pdf World Meteorological Organization (2023). Provisional State of The Global Cilimate 2023. https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023- 11/WMO%20Provisional%20State%20of%20the%20Global%20Climate%202023.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2023). Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FIRMS’ CARBON EMISSIONS AND CAPITAL COSTS: THE EVIDENCE FROM TURKEY Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46, 439 – 454, 30.06.2024
Seren Aydıngülü Sakalsız Aynur Süsay Alkan
Öz Firms have to take responsibility with the increasing social concern about environmental, social and corporate governance issues. As a result of these responsibilities, firms’ carbon emissions have become an important factor in gaining competitive advantage. In this context, the study examines the impact of firms’ carbon emissions on their debt and equity costs. In the study, out of 476 firms in the BIST All Shares Index (XUTUM), 33 firms that have disclosed their carbon emission amounts between 2017-2021 are included in the scope of the analysis. After the pre-tests, the Driscoll-Kraay estimator was applied to the models. According to the findings of the study, firms’ carbon emissions positively affect their debt costs. On the other hand, the effect of carbon emissions on equity costs is not statistically significant. According to the findings, firms with high carbon emissions are expected to incur high debt costs in their use of financial resources.
Anahtar Kelimeler Carbon Emissions, Cost of Capital, Panel Data Analysis, Sustainability
Kaynakça Al-Fakir Al Rabab’a, E., Rashid, A. ve Shams, S. (2023). Corporate Carbon Performance and Cost of Debt: Evidence from Asia-Pacific Countries. International Review of Financial Analysis, 88(September 2022), 102641. Albarrak, M. S., Elnahass, M. ve Salama, A. (2019). The Effect of Carbon Dissemination on Cost of Equity. Business Strategy and the Environment, 28(6), 1179–1198. Atasel, O. Y., Guneysu, Y. ve Unal, H. (2020). Impact of Environmental Information Disclosure on Cost of Equity and Financial Performance in an Emerging Market: Evidence from Turkey. Ekonomika, 99(2), 76–91. Baltagi, B. ve Wu, P. (1999). Unequally Spaced Panel Data Regressions with AR(1) Disturbances. Econometric Theory, 15(6), 814–823. Bhargava, A., Franzini, L. ve Narendranathan, W. (1982). Serial Correlation and the Fixed Effects Model. Review of Economic Studies, 49(4), 533–549. Botosan, C. A. ve Plumlee, M. A. (2002). A Re-examination of Disclosure Level and the Expected Cost of Equity Capital. 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M., Matthews, L. ve Elheddad, M. (2021). Mandatory Disclosure, Greenhouse Gas Emissions and The Cost of Equity Capital: UK Evidence of A U-Shaped Relationship. Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(2), 908–930. Güneysu, Y. ve Atasel, O. Y. (2022). Karbon Emi̇syonlari İle Fi̇nansal Performans Arasindaki İli̇şki̇ni̇n İncelenmesi̇: Bist100 Endeksi̇nde Bi̇r Araştırma. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32(3), 1183–1193. Gupta, K. (2018). Environmental Sustainability and Implied Cost of Equity: International Evidence. Journal of Business Ethics, 147(2), 343–365. Ramsey, J. B. (1969). Tests for Specification Errors in Classical Linear Least-Squares Regression Analysis. Society, Royal Statistical, 31(2), 350–371. Jung, J., Herbohn, K. ve Clarkson, P. (2018). Carbon Risk, Carbon Risk Awareness and the Cost of Debt Financing. Journal of Business Ethics, 150(4), 1151–1171. Kim, Y. B., An, H. T. ve Kim, J. D. (2015). The Effect of Carbon Risk on The Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Cleaner Production, 93, 279–287. Kleimeier, S. ve Viehs, M. (2018). Carbon Disclosure, Emission Levels, and the Cost of Debt. SSRN Electronic Journal, January 7, 1–42. Kozak, S. (2021). Will The Reduction of CO2 Emissions Lower The Cost of Debt Financing? The Case of Eu Countries. Energies, 14(24). Larsson, F. ve Larsson, H. (2023). Impact of ESG Performance and Carbon Emissions on Cost of Debt: A Study of The Nordic Markets. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1775321/FULLTEXT01.pdf adresinden erişildi. Li, Y., Eddie, I. ve Liu, J. (2014). Carbon Emissions and The Cost of Capital: Australian Evidence. Review of Accounting and Finance, 13(4), 400–420. Maaloul, A. (2018). The Effect of Greenhouse Gas Emissions on Cost of Debt: Evidence from Canadian Firms. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management. Matsumura, E. M., Prakash, R., ve Vera-Munoz, S. C. (2014). Firm-Value Effects of Carbon Emissions and Carbon Disclosures. The Accounting Review, 89(2), 695-724. Ng, A. C. ve Rezaee, Z. (2015). Business Sustainability Performance and Cost of Equity Capital. Journal of Corporate Finance, 34, 128–149. Palea, V. ve Drogo, F. (2020). Carbon Emissions and The Cost of Debt Financing: What Role for Policy Commitment, Firm Disclosure and Corporate Governance? Review (C. February 6). Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. SSRN Electronic Journal, (1240). Rahman, N. R. A., Johari, N. H. ve Mohamad, N. E. A. (2017). Carbon Emission Disclosure and The Cost of Capital: An Analysis of Malaysian Capital Market. SHS Web of Conferences, 36(20), 1–12. Özçelik, S.A.G. (2016). "Türkiye Kalkınma Bankası Kurumsal Sera Gazı Envanteri ve Raporu". 22 Haziran 2019 tarihinde http: //www.kalkinma.com.tr/data/file/çevreci kalkinma/2016 yili Sera Gazi Envanteri ve Raporu.pdf adresinden erişildi Sharfman, M. P. ve Fernando, C. S. (2008). Environmental Risk Management and The Cost of Capital. Strategic Management Journal, 29(6), 569–592. Swartz, C. (2008). Disclosure Level and The Cost of Equity Capital: South African Evidence. University of Cape Town. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2023). Sera Gazı Emisyon Envanteri Raporu. (Erişim Tarihi: 22.12.2023) /data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Sera-Gazi-Emisyon-Istatistikleri-1990-2021-49672 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (2015). Adoption of the Paris Agreement. Erişim Tarihi (25.12.2023). https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf Wang, Y., Feng, Z. ve Huang, H. (2020). Corporate Carbon Dioxide Emissions and The Cost of Debt Financing: Evidence from The Global Tourism Industry. International Journal of Tourism Research. Wellington, F. ve Sauer, A. (2005). Framing Climate Risk in Portfolio Management. Environmental Resources Evaluation System. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2023). http://pdf.wri.org/framing_climate_risk_uncertainty.pdf World Meteorological Organization (2023). Provisional State of The Global Cilimate 2023. https://wmo.int/sites/default/files/2023- 11/WMO%20Provisional%20State%20of%20the%20Global%20Climate%202023.pdf (Erişim Tarihi 20.12.2023). Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi. İstanbul: Beta Yayıncılık. Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Finansal Ekonomi Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi Yazarlar Seren Aydıngülü Sakalsız KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-7452-311X Türkiye
Aynur Süsay Alkan Tarsus Üniversitesi 0000-0003-0935-7375 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024 Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ocak 2024 Kabul Tarihi 26 Mayıs 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 46
Kaynak Göster APA Aydıngülü Sakalsız, S., & Süsay Alkan, A. (2024). FİRMALARIN KARBON EMİSYONLARI İLE SERMAYE MALİYETLERİ İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 26(46), 439-454.
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