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FISK Skip to content Dinin emir ve yasaklarına aykırı davranma anlamında fıkıh ve hadis terimi.
1/2 Müellif: ALİ ŞAFAK Bölüme Git
Sözlükte “taze hurma kabuğunu yarıp dışarı çıkmak, belirli bir sınırı aşmak” anlamına gelen ve İslâm öncesi dönemde daha çok bitki ve hayvanlar hakkın…
2/2 Müellif: EMİN ÂŞIKKUTLU Bölüme Git
HADİS. Râvide adâlet sıfatını yok eden ve onun cerhine sebebiyet veren kusurlardan biri olan fısk, râvinin dinen büyük günah sayılan suçları işlemesi …
Sözlükte “taze hurma kabuğunu yarıp dışarı çıkmak, belirli bir sınırı aşmak” anlamına gelen ve İslâm öncesi dönemde daha çok bitki ve hayvanlar hakkında kullanılan bu kelime (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fsḳ” md.) İslâm döneminde “hak yoldan ayrılma, Allah’ın emirlerine itaatsizlik etme” şeklinde daha özel bir anlam kazanmış, hem müşrik, yahudi, hıristiyan ve münafıklar, hem de dinin emirlerine aykırı hareket eden müslümanlar fısk kelimesi ve türevleriyle nitelendirilmeye başlanmıştır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kök halinde (fısk-füsûk ) yedi, çekimli fiil veya sıfat (fâsık ) şeklinde kırk yedi yerde geçen fısk kavramının küfr kelimesinden daha kapsamlı biçimde bazı âyetlerde imanın karşıtı (el-Bakara 2/99; Âl-i İmrân 3/110; el-En‘âm 6/49; es-Secde 32/18), bir kısmında ise dinin emirlerine itaatin karşıtı olarak (el-Bakara 2/197; en-Nûr 24/4; el-Hucurât 49/7, 11) kullanıldığı, hidâyet ve dalâlet terimleriyle de yakın bir ilişkisinin kurulduğu (el-Bakara 2/26; et-Tevbe 9/80; el-Hadîd 57/26) görülür. Ancak Kur’an’da fısk (çoğulu füsûk) kelimesinin geçtiği yedi âyette (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fsḳ” md.) müslümanların muhatap alındığı ve fısk kavramıyla meyte, kan, domuz eti ve Allah’tan başkası adına kesilen hayvanların etini yemek, fal oklarıyla kısmet aramak, borç ilişkilerinde karşı tarafa zarar vermek, Hz. Peygamber’e itaatsizlikte bulunmak, müminlerle alay etmek ve onlara kötü lakap takmak gibi küfür ve şirk dışında kalan büyük günahların işlenmesinin, dinin emir ve yasaklarına aykırı davranılmasının kastedildiği görülür. Hadislerde ve sahâbe sözlerinde de sıkça geçen fısk ve fâsık kelimeleri genelde bu son anlamda kullanılmış (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fsḳ” md.), meselâ müslümana sövmenin fısk olduğu ifade edilmiştir (Buhârî, “Edeb”, 44; Müsned , I, 439). Fıskın Kur’an ve Sünnet’teki bu geniş, kısmen de izâfî ve takdirî kapsamı bu paralelde oluşan dinî literatüre de yansımış ve özellikle kelâm ve mezhepler tarihinde fısk ve fâsık terimlerinin tanım ve kapsamıyla ilgili geniş tartışmalar yer almıştır.
FIKIH. Fıkıh literatüründe fısk imâmet, devlet başkanlığı ve hâkimlikten ehliyet, şahitlik, vesâyet, velâyet gibi konulara kadar insan unsurunun ağırlık taşıdığı birçok alanda önemli bir eksiklik olarak görülmüş, bu alanlarda kişilerin âdil olması veya fâsık olmaması şartı ileri sürülerek fısk, bazı hak ve yetkilerin kazanılmasına veya görev ve sorumlulukların yüklenilmesine engel görülmüştür. Bu sebeple İslâm hukukçuları fıskı ahlâkî ve dinî boyutundan çok hukukî yönüyle ele almış ve kişilere fısk isnadının yapılabilmesi için mümkün olduğunca dışa akseden davranışları ölçü alan objektif kriterler belirlemeye çalışmışlardır. Literatürde, fısk teşkil eden söz ve davranış örnekleri ele alınan konuyla ilişkisine göre farklılık taşısa da genelde bir tutarlılık gösterir ve fısk, adalet kavramının karşıtı olarak “kişinin büyük günahları işlemesi, küçük günahları işlemekte ısrar etmesi veya farzları terketmesi, haramları işlemesi, kötü davranışlarının iyi davranışlarından çok olması” şeklinde zâhirî bir vasıf olarak tanımlanmaya çalışılmıştır (Kâsânî, VI, 268; İbn Ferhûn, I, 173).
Fakihlerin çoğunluğu, fâsıkın kendi dengi kimselere imam olmasını câiz görürken cemaat arasında imamlığa daha lâyık biri bulunduğu takdirde bunun mekruh olduğu, ancak her iki halde de fâsık imamın arkasında kılınan namazın iadesinin gerekmediği görüşündedir. Mâlikî fakihleri fâsıkın imâmetini her iki halde de mekruh görürler. Hanbelîler ise cuma ve bayram namazları dışında fâsıkın imâmetinin prensip itibariyle câiz olmadığı, arkasında kılınan namazın iadesi gerektiği görüşündedir. Onlar bu görüşlerine, devlet başkanının zorlaması hariç günahkârın (fâcir) mümine imam olmaması gerektiği yönündeki hadisi (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 78) veya bu yöndeki sahâbe ve tâbiîn sözlerini gerekçe gösterirler. Âlimlerin çoğunluğu, kelime-i tevhidi söyleyen bir kimsenin arkasında namaz kılınabileceğini bildiren hadisi (Heysemî, II, 67), günahkâr olsun dindar olsun her müslümanın arkasında namaz kılınabileceği yönündeki hadisi veya sahâbe söz ve uygulamasını (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 64; Şevkânî, III, 184-187) delil aldığı gibi fısk nitelemesinin bir yönüyle sübjektiflik ve izâfîlik taşıdığını, fıskı imâmete engel görmenin müslümanlar arasında sonu gelmez tartışmalara yol açacağını da göz önünde bulundurmuş olmalıdır. Bu sebeple onlar, imâmete kimlerin daha lâyık olduğunu belirlemek ve bir efdaliyet sıralaması yaparak fâsıkın imâmetini mekruh görmekle yetinmişlerdir.
Fıskın devlet başkanlığı görevini üstlenmeye veya devam ettirmeye engel olup olmadığı hususu, fâsıkın namazda imâmeti, ordu kumandanlığı veya kadılık görevleriyle bağlantılı olarak İslâm âlimleri arasında geniş tartışmalara yol açmıştır (bk. FÂSIK ).
İslâm muhâkeme hukukundaki ispat vasıtaları arasında birinci derecede önem taşıyan şahitliğin kabulü için ileri sürülen şartlardan biri de şahidin adaletli olması yani fâsık olmamasıdır. Hakkın ispatında önemli bir delil kaynağı olan şahidin kişiliği ve doğruluğu üzerinde hassasiyetle duran İslâm hukukçuları, herhangi bir haram fiili işleyen veya farzı terkeden kişinin yalan söyleyebileceği, bundan dolayı sözüne güvenilemeyeceği düşüncesiyle şahitliğini kabul etmemektedirler. “Eğer fâsık bir kimse size bir haber getirirse onu araştırın…” (el-Hucurât 49/6); “… ve sizden adalet sahibi iki kişiyi şahit tutun” (et-Talak 65/2) meâlindeki âyetlerle, “İhanet eden erkeğin ve kadının, zina eden erkeğin ve kadının, bir de düşman kişinin kardeşi hakkında şahitliği câiz değildir” (Ebû Dâvûd, “Aḳżıye”, 16; Tirmizî, “Şehâdât”, 2; İbn Mâce, “Aḥkâm”, 30) gibi bazı hadislerde şahitlerin âdil olması, fâsıkların sözüne itibar edilmemesi istenmektedir. İslâm âlimleri bu hadisteki ihanet kavramının insanların emanetine ihanetle sınırlı olmadığı, Allah’ın emirlerine ve yasaklarına riayetsizliğin de emanete hıyanet olduğu görüşündedir. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de emanet kelimesinin böyle geniş bir mânada kullanıldığı görülür (el-Ahzâb 33/72). Mecelle ’de de şahidin âdil olmasının şart olduğu ifade edildikten sonra, “Âdil, hasenatı seyyiatına galip olan kimsedir. Binaenaleyh rakkas, maskara gibi namus ve mürüvveti muhil hal ve hareketleri itiyad eden şahısların ve yalancılık ile mâruf olan kimselerin şehadetleri makbul olmaz” (md. 1705) denilerek hem bu konuda Hanefî mezhebinde yerleşik hüküm açıklanmış, hem de bazı örneklerden hareketle fıska objektif bir tanım getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ancak şahidin olaya duyu organları vasıtasıyla muttali olması safhasından ziyade bunu mahkeme huzurunda açıklama safhası önemli olduğundan fakihler özellikle bu ikinci safhadaki fıskın şahitliğin kabulüne engel teşkil ettiği görüşünü benimsemişlerdir. Şahitlerin fâsık olup olmadıklarının tesbiti için yapılan araştırmaya “tezkiye” denilmiştir.
Fâsık kişinin hâkim (kadı) olarak tayiniyle ilgili hükümlerle şahitliğinin kabulüne dair hükümler paralellik gösterir. Hanefîler’e göre fâsıkın hâkim tayin edilmesi doğru olmamakla birlikte tayin edilmişse verdiği kararlar geçerlidir. Diğer üç mezhebe göre ise fâsık kimse hâkim tayin edilemeyeceği gibi herhangi bir şekilde tayin edilmişse verdiği kararlar geçerli değildir. Hanefî mezhebindeki kuvvetli görüş olmamakla birlikte Ebû Hanîfe, Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed’in bu görüşte olduğuna dair bir rivayet de vardır. İslâm hukukçularının ileri sürdükleri şartlara sahip hâkimler bulmanın kendi çağında mümkün olmadığını söyleyen Gazzâlî fâsık kişinin hâkim tayin edilmesinin sahih olduğunu, fakat ehil kişi varken böyle birinin tayininin helâl sayılmayacağını ifade ederken Hanefîler’le aynı görüşü paylaşmaktadır. Mâlikî mezhebindeki diğer bir görüşe göre de fâsıkın hâkim tayini sahih olmakla birlikte yine de azledilmesi gerekir; bu durumda azline kadar verdiği hükümler geçerlidir. İslâm hukukçularının tartıştıkları bir konu da âdil bir kişinin hâkim tayin edildikten sonra görev sırasında fısk sayılan bir fiil işlemesi halinde kendiliğinden azledilmiş olup olmayacağıdır. Bazılarına göre böyle bir hâkim kendiliğinden azledilmiş sayılmaz. Mezhepteki kuvvetli rivayete göre Hanefîler bu görüştedir. Bazı İslâm hukukçuları ise hâkimin bu durumda azledilmiş olacağını, azline dair bir karar olmasa da hükümlerinin geçersiz sayılacağını söylerler. Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüş budur. Hanefî mezhebinde de bu görüşte olan âlimler vardır.
Ehliyetsizin ve eksik ehliyetlinin şahsı ve malı üzerinde birtakım yetkileri ve görevleri olan veli veya vasînin fâsık olması durumunda bu yetkilerini kullanıp kullanamayacağı İslâm hukukçularınca tartışılan bir başka konudur. Hanefî ve Mâlikî âlimlerine göre fısk, velinin ehliyetsiz veya eksik ehliyetlinin şahsı üzerindeki yetkilerini ortadan kaldırmaz. Şâfiîler’e göre ise velinin fâsık olması halinde bu yetkiler sıralamada daha sonra gelen ve fâsık olmayan veli tarafından kullanılır. Fâsık velinin tövbe etmesi halinde yetkiler tekrar ona döner ve tövbesi hususunda samimiyetine kanaat getirilmesi için belli bir süre geçmesi de gerekmez.
Baba veya dede tarafından tayin edilen vasî (vasî-yi muhtâr) fâsık ise Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre malî konularda emin bir kişi olduğu sürece sırf fıskından dolayı hâkim onu azletmez. İmam Mâlik ve Şâfiî ile Ahmed b. Hanbel’den bir rivayete göre ise bu tayin sahih değildir; fâsık kişiler hâkim tarafından da vasî tayin edilemez.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fsḳ” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 1132.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fsḳ” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fsḳ” md.
Müsned , I, 439.
Buhârî, “Edeb” 44.
İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât” 78, “Aḥkâm” 30.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalât”, 64, “Aḳżıye” 16.
Tirmizî, “Şehâdet” 2.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ (nşr. Hasan Zeydân Tâlibe), Kahire 1967, IV, 298.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VI, 268.
Mergīnânî, el-Hidâye , İstanbul 1986, III, 101, 108; IV, 258, 259.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , I, 124; II, 423.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , III, 200.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , II, 22-25; VI, 571; VII, 356-357; IX, 297; XI, 381-382; XII, 28-29.
İbn Ebü’d-Dem, Edebü’l-ḳażâʾ (nşr. M. Mustafa ez-Zühaylî), Dımaşk 1402/1982, s. 70-73, 358.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , II, 53-55.
İbn Ferhûn, Tebṣıratü’l-ḥükkâm (nşr. Tâhâ Abdürraûf Sa‘d), Kahire 1406/1986, I, 26, 173, 258-260.
Heysemî, Mecmaʿu’z-zevâʾid , II, 67.
İbnü’l-Hümâm, Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , I, 350-351; VII, 253-254, 375-376.
Şirbînî, Muġni’l-muḥtâc , I, 231; III, 74-75, 155; IV, 375, 377, 427, 438, 451.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , III, 184-187.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr , VII, 81, 111-115.
Mecelle , md. 1684-1784.
Abdülkādir Ûdeh, et-Teşrîʿu’l-cinâʾiyyü’l-İslâmî , Kahire 1379/1960, II, 401-405.
Bilmen, Kamus2 , VIII, 127, 130-136.
Abdülkerîm Zeydân, Niẓâmü’l-ḳażâʾ fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Bağdad 1404/1984, s. 173, 176-181.
Sadık Kılıç, Kur’an’da Günah Kavramı , Konya 1984, s. 122-169.
Abdülaziz Bayındır, İslâm Muhakeme Hukuku , İstanbul 1986, s. 141-190.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 37-38 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
HADİS. Râvide adâlet sıfatını yok eden ve onun cerhine sebebiyet veren kusurlardan biri olan fısk, râvinin dinen büyük günah sayılan suçları işlemesi veya küçük günahları ısrarla yapmasıdır. Böyle bir kimseye fâsık denir. Fâsıkın karşıtı ise müttakî dir. Fıskın akîdeyle ilgili yönü râvinin itikad bakımından sapıklığa düşmesi olup buna bid‘at adı verilir. Bid‘at sahibi olan kimseye mübtedi‘ , bunun zıddına da “sünnete bağlı kimse” anlamında ehl-i sünnet denir.
Hadis râvisinde fısktan uzak durma şartının aranması, “Ey iman edenler! Eğer bir fâsık size bir haber getirirse doğruluğunu araştırın” (el-Hucurât 49/6) meâlindeki âyete dayanır.
Hadis râvileri yanında hâkim (kadı) ve şahitlerde de fısktan uzak olma şartı aranmış, bundan dolayı fısk sebebi sayılan büyük ve küçük günahların neler olduğu tesbit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Fıskın çerçevesini alabildiğince geniş tutan bazı âlimler Allah’ın yasakladığı her şeyi büyük günah saymışlardır. Ancak Allah’ın emirlerine aykırı davranmanın çirkin bir hareket olduğu kabul edilmekle beraber O’na karşı işlenen günahların bir kısmının diğerlerinden daha büyük olduğu âyet ve hadislerde açıkça ifade edilmiştir. Nitekim Necm sûresinin 32. âyetinde, “Ufak tefek kusurları dışında büyük günahlardan ve edepsizliklerden kaçınanlara gelince bil ki rabbin affı bol olandır” denilmiş, Nisâ sûresinin 31 ve Şûrâ sûresinin 37. âyetinde de büyük-küçük günah ayırımı yapılmıştır. Günahlar arasında böyle bir ayırımın yapıldığı Hz. Peygamber’in, “Beş vakit namaz ve cuma namazı, büyük günah işlemedikçe gelecek cuma namazına kadar arada işlenen günahlara kefârettir” meâlindeki hadisinde de görülmektedir. Bütün bunları dikkate alan İslâm âlimlerinin çoğunluğu, günahların râvide aranan adalet sıfatına etkilerinin farklı olduğu, her günahın bir fısk sebebi sayılamayacağı ve dolayısıyla adâleti yok etmeyeceği konusunda görüş birliğine varmışlardır.
Fıskın tanımında söz konusu edilen büyük günahların neler olduğu hususu ayrıca tartışılmıştır. Bazı İslâm âlimleri bir hadise dayanarak büyük günahları Allah’a şirk koşmak, büyü yapmak, haksız yere adam öldürmek, yetim malı yemek, savaştan kaçmak, namuslu kadına zina iftirasında bulunmak ve faiz yemek şeklinde sıralamışlardır (Buhârî, “Veṣâyâ”, 23, “Ḥudûd”, 44; Müslim, “Îmân”, 38, 145). Diğer bazı âlimler ise bu hadiste bir sınırlama bulunmadığını öne sürerek esas belirleyici unsurun işlenen günahın dünyada had cezası, âhirette de azap, gazap, tel‘in ve tehdit gerektirip gerektirmediği hususu olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Ancak bu ölçü pek çok kimsenin kaçınamayacağı küçük hataları da ihtiva edebileceği için büyük günahların çerçevesini haddinden fazla genişletmektedir. Diğer taraftan râvinin âdil olması onun her türlü günahtan kaçınması anlamına gelmez. Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Abdullah b. Mübârek, İmam Şâfiî, Ahmed b. Hanbel ve İbn Hibbân gibi ünlü hadis âlimleri, peygamberler dışında hiç kimsenin günahsız olamayacağı düşüncesinden hareketle itaati isyanından fazla olan râvileri âdil kabul etmişlerdir. Ziyâd b. Ebû Süfyân, davranışlarında isyan yönünün ağır bastığı gerekçesiyle Haccâc b. Yûsuf’un rivayetlerinin terkedildiğini belirtmiş, aynı kişi hakkında Zehebî, “Büyük günahlar işlemeseydi, birtakım kötülükler ve haksızlıklar yapmasaydı durumu iyi idi” demiştir.
Küçük günahlarda ısrar etmenin fısk alâmeti sayılmasının sebebi râvide dinî hassasiyetin bulunmaması, kötü alışkanlıklardan vazgeçmemesi, dolayısıyla daima bir günah işlemeye veya amelî fıskın başında yer alan, Resûlullah adına yalan söylemeye cüret etmesi ihtimali olup tamamen dinî bir faaliyet olan hadis rivayetinde râviye güvenilmemesi, naklettiği hadislere de güvenilemeyeceği sonucunu ortaya çıkarır.
Hadis râvisinin fâsık sayılıp sayılmaması, fısk sebebi olan davranışların işleniş şekline ve niteliğine göre de değişir. Bilinçli bir şekilde fıskını açığa vuranların rivayetleri kesinlikle kabul edilmez. İbn Hibbân, fıskını açığa vuranların, rivayetlerinde doğru söyleseler bile yaptıklarından dolayı mecrûh sayılacakları görüşündedir. Ancak ictihada dayalı bir yorum sonucunda fıska düşen, fakat bunun farkında olmayanlar için iki durum söz konusudur. Fısk olup olmadığı kesinlik kazanmayan davranışlarda bulunan râvilerin rivayeti ittifakla makbul sayılır. Fısk olduğu kesin şekilde bilinen hareketlerde bulunanlardan, kendi görüşlerini desteklemek amacıyla da olsa yalan konuşmayı haram sayarak bundan kaçınanların rivayetleri de kabul edilir. Fakat amaçları doğrultusunda yalan konuşmayı câiz, hatta dinî bir görev sayanların rivayetleri kesinlikle reddedilir.
Fısk sebebiyle tenkit edilen (mecrûh) râvinin rivayeti münker hadis grubuna girer.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fsḳ” md.
Buhârî, “Veṣâyâ”, 23, “Ḥudûd”, 44.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 38, 145, “Muḳaddime”, bab 1.
Şâfiî, er-Risâle , Kahire 1399/1979, s. 493.
İbn Hibbân, eṣ-Ṣaḥîḥ , Beyrut 1407/1987, II, 83.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Mecrûḥîn , I, 62, 79, 80, 305; II, 271.
Hatîb, el-Kifâye , Haydarâbâd 1357 → Medine, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), s. 79-80, 116, 120, 160.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, el-Maḥṣûl , IV, 572.
Âmidî, el-İḥkâm , II, 314.
Karâfî, el-Furûḳ , Kahire 1347 → Beyrut, ts. (Âlemü’l-kütüb), IV, 66.
Zehebî, Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , Beyrut, ts., I, 466; II, 86.
a.mlf., el-Kebâʾir , Beyrut 1396/1976, s. 8.
İbn Hacer, Şerḥu Nuḫbeti’l-fiker , Kahire 1409/1989, s. 41.
a.mlf., Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , II, 210.
Şevkânî, İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl , s. 53.
Tâhir el-Cezâirî, Tevcîhü’n-naẓar , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-ma‘rife), s. 27.
Abdullah Aydınlı, Hadis Istılahları Sözlüğü , İstanbul 1985, s. 57.
Emin Âşıkkutlu, Hadiste Ricâl Tenkîdi: Cerh ve Ta‘dîl İlmi (doktora tezi, 1992), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 67-69.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 38-39 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.