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FITRAT Skip to content İnsanın doğuştan sahip olduğu bütün özelliklerini ifade eden bir terim.
Fıtrat kelimesi “yarmak, ikiye ayırmak; yaratmak, icat etmek” mânalarına gelen fatr kökünden isim olup “yaratılış, belli yetenek ve yatkınlığa sahip oluş” anlamında kullanılır. İlk yaratılış, bir bakıma mutlak yokluğun yarılarak içinden varlığın çıkması şeklinde telakki edildiğinden fıtrat kelimesiyle ifade edilmiştir. Buna göre fıtrat ilk yaratılış anında varlık türlerinin temel yapısını, karakterini ve henüz dış tesirlerden etkilenmemiş olan ilk durumlarını belirtir (İbn Abdülber, XVIII, 57 vd.; Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fṭr” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “fṭr” md.). Bütün varlığın yaratılışı sırasında Allah’ın türlere kazandırdığı bu temel yapıdan dolayı aynı kökten gelen fâtır kelimesi Kur’an’da Allah’ın isimlerinden biri olarak zikredilmiştir (meselâ bk. el-En‘âm 6/14; Fâtır 35/1; ez-Zümer 39/46).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de on dokuz yerde fatr kökünden türemiş fiil ve isimler, bir âyette de fıtrat kelimesi geçmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fṭr” md.). Hadislerde de fıtrata ve aynı kökten gelen başka kelimelere geniş olarak yer verilmiştir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fṭr” md.). Bunlardan özellikle, “Sen yüzünü Hanîf olarak dine, Allah insanları hangi fıtrat üzere yaratmışsa ona çevir” (er-Rûm 30/30) meâlindeki âyetle, “Dünyaya gelen her insan fıtrat üzere doğar; sonra anne ve babası onu yahudi, hıristiyan, Mecûsî (farklı bir rivayete göre hatta müşrik) yapar” (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 79, 92; Müslim, “Ḳader”, 22-25) meâlindeki hadiste geçen fıtrat kelimesinden ne kastedildiğinin açıklığa kavuşturulması insanın kaderi, seçme hürriyeti, müslüman ve gayri müslim çocuklarının dinî ve hukukî durumlarının belirlenmesi gibi kelâmî, ahlâkî ve fıkhî meseleler bakımından önemlidir. Ancak özellikle konuyla ilgili hadislerin gerek muhteva gerekse sıhhat açısından bazı problemler taşıması sebebiyle ciddi görüş farkları ortaya çıkmıştır. İbn Abdülber en-Nemerî’nin konuyu ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele aldığı, daha sonra yazılan eserlere de kaynak teşkil eden et-Temhîd adlı kitabı başta olmak üzere tefsirler ve hadis şerhleriyle diğer kaynaklarda fıtrat meselesine dair birçok farklı görüş üzerinde durulmuştur. a) Başta Selef ulemâsı olmak üzere âlimlerin önemli bir kısmı ilgili naslardaki fıtrat kelimesinin “İslâm” anlamına geldiğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Buna göre, “Dünyaya gelen her insan fıtrat üzere doğar” anlamındaki hadis insanların tabii, aslî ve fıtrî dinlerinin İslâmiyet olduğunu, daha sonra çevre tesirleriyle farklı dinlere yönelmenin asıl ve fıtrattan sapma kabul edildiğini gösterir. Ayrıca, “Beş şey fıtrattandır…” (Buhârî, “Libâs”, 63, 64; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 49-50) diye başlayan hadis de fıtratın “Müslümanlık” anlamına geldiğini gösterir. Çünkü bu hadiste geçen, bıyıkların kısaltılması hususu ilk defa İslâm’ın ortaya koyup gelenekleştirdiği bir uygulamadır (İbn Abdülber, XVIII, 76). Bu görüşe göre gayri müslimlerin çocukları da müslüman sayılır, dünyada ve âhirette müslüman muamelesi görürler. b) Fıtrat “başlangıç, Allah’ın ilk yaratılışta her insan için belirlediği değişmesi mümkün olmayan farklı inanç ve bunun sonucu olan nihaî mutluluk veya bedbahtlık” anlamına gelir. Buna göre insan, Allah onu başlangıçta hangi hal üzere yarattıysa sonunda o hale dönecek (el-A‘râf 7/29); başlangıçta mümin olarak yaratılan imanla, kâfir olarak yaratılan da küfürle ölecektir. Ancak çocukların ilk yaratılıştaki durumları bilinemeyeceği için her doğan insanın fıtrat üzere doğduğunu belirten hadisin devamında, “Sonra anne ve babaları onları hıristiyan, yahudi, Mecûsî veya müşrik yapar” denilerek çocuklara dünyada ebeveynlerinin dinlerine göre muamele yapılacağına işaret edilmiştir. c) Fıtrattan maksat, Allah’ın Âdem’in neslinden, dünyaya gelmeden önce iman ettiğine dair aldığı ikrar ve mîsâktır (el-A‘râf 7/172). d) Her çocuğun fıtrat üzere doğduğunu bildiren hadisteki fıtrat sadece müslüman doğanlar içindir; zira herkes müslüman olarak yaratılmış olsaydı Allah’ın, “Andolsun ki biz cinlerin ve insanların birçoğunu cehennem için yarattık” (el-A‘râf 7/179) demesinin ve kâfirlerle ilgili daha başka hükümler koymasının anlamı kalmazdı.
Bu görüşler içinde en mâkul olanı ve giderek en çok ilgi göreni, fıtratın, ilk yaratılış sırasında Allah’ın insan tabiatına bahşettiği yaratanını tanıma eğilimi, ruh temizliği vb. olumlu yetenek ve yatkınlıkları ifade ettiği şeklindeki anlayıştır. Bu yorumu benimseyen İbn Abdülber fıtratla ilgili diğer görüşleri, hem dayandıkları hadislerin sıhhatiyle ilgili tereddütleri ortaya koyarak hem de akıl ve tecrübeye aykırılıklarını ifade ederek eleştirir (et-Temhîd , XVIII, 70, 74, 82, 83, 87, 88-90). Aynı müellif, insana yaratılıştan verilen fıtratı “selâmet ve istikamet” şeklinde tarif eder ve, “Ben bütün kullarımı hanîfler olarak yarattım (Müslim, “Cennet”, 63; Müsned , IV, 162) meâlindeki kutsî hadiste geçen “hunefâ” kelimesinden istikamet ve selâmetin kastedildiğini belirtir (et-Temhîd , XVIII, 70-71). Ona göre, daha çok fıkıhçı ve kelâmcılar tarafından savunulan bu anlayışta fıtratın iman-küfür, tanıma-reddetme, hidayet-dalâlet gibi belirleyici anlamlar taşıması mümkün değildir. Zira çocuk doğduğunda ne imanı ne de küfrü kavrayabilir. Nitekim Kur’an’da insanların hiçbir şey bilmez durumda dünyaya geldikleri ifade edilmiştir (en-Nahl 16/78). Şu halde yeni doğanlarla ilgili fıtrat kavramı onların yaratılış, tabiat ve mizaç bakımından genellikle temiz ve sağlıklı olduğuna işaret eder; bunlar ancak reşîd olduktan sonra iman veya küfrü seçebilirler. Eğer insanlar daha başlangıçta iman veya küfür üzere yaratılmış olsalardı hiçbir zaman inançlarını değiştiremezlerdi. Buna göre fıtrat “hakkı benimseme yatkınlığı” şeklinde anlaşılmalıdır (Kurtubî, XIV, 29). İnsanlar genellikle bedenî bakımdan olduğu gibi ruhî ve zihnî bakımdan da hissetmeye, algılamaya, doğru biçimde düşünmeye ve inanmaya elverişli olarak dünyaya gelirler. Çocukların fıtrat üzere doğduğunu belirten hadislerin birinde yer alan, “Tıpkı bir hayvandan yaratılışı tam bir hayvanın doğması gibi. Siz hiç kulağı kesik ve enenmiş bir halde doğan hayvan yavrusu gördünüz mü?” şeklindeki ilâve, fıtrat kavramını bu son anlayışa göre yorumlayanlar için önemli bir delil teşkil etmektedir (a.g.e. , XIV, 29). Fıtrat hadisinde bulunan, “… Sonra ebeveyni onu yahudi, hıristiyan… yapar” ifadesi, çocuklardaki temiz yaratılışın ve iman yatkınlığının çocukluk devresinde çeşitli etkilere göre değişmeye elverişli olduğunu göstermektedir.
İbn Teymiyye fıtratı İslâm olarak yorumlayan görüşü benimsemekle birlikte bazı değişikliklerle bu son görüşü de mâkul bulmaktadır (Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl , VIII, 359-535). Buna göre fıtrat, “çocuğun iyilik ve kötülüğe, iman ve inkâra eşit derecede elverişli yaratılması” şeklinde anlaşılırsa bu takdirde onun dünyaya boş bir levha gibi geldiği kabul edilmiş olur ki bu görüş, fıtratı öven ve onun devam ettirilmesini emreden âyetle (er-Rûm 30/30) ve hadislerle çatışır. Nitekim İbn Teymiyye’ye göre, fıtrat hadisinin devamındaki, “… Sonra ebeveyni onu yahudi, hıristiyan… yapar” cümlesinde “veya müslüman yapar” ifadesinin yer almaması, fıtratın esas itibariyle “İslâm” yahut en azından “İslâm’a yatkınlık” anlamı taşıdığını gösterir (a.g.e. , VIII, 444-445). Ayrıca İbn Teymiyye, İslâm düşünce tarihi bakımından önem taşıyan bir yaklaşımla, insan fıtratındaki çizginin Allah’ın dininin yani Allah’ın tanınması ve ikrar edilmesi yönünde olduğunu, çocuğun bu yönde gelişmesi için yeni şartların hazırlanmasına bile ihtiyaç bulunmadığını söyler. Çocuğun fıtratında bulunan doğru çizgide yetişmesini engelleyecek olumsuz şartların ve âmillerin giderilmesi ve böylece onun fıtrî kabiliyetinin önünün açılması yeterlidir (a.g.e. , VIII, 453-455, 462-463). İbnü’l-Esîr’in fıtratla ilgili görüşü de bu yöndedir (en-Nihâye , III, 457). İslâm dünyasında felsefî roman türünde yazılmış Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân gibi eserler, insanın fıtratı konusunda temelini Kur’an ve Sünnet’ten alan bu şekildeki iyimser felsefenin sonucudur (İbn Tufeyl, Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân , nâşirin mukaddimesi, s. 5-101).
Fıtrat kavramına bağlı olarak, rüşd çağına erişmeden ölen çocukların âhiretteki durumu hakkında da değişik görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. a) Çocuk yaşta ölenlerin tamamının âhiretteki durumu Allah’ın dilemesine bağlıdır; çünkü eğer yaşasalardı ne yapacaklarını ancak Allah bilir. b) Müminlerin çocukları cennete girer, kâfirlerin çocuklarının durumu ise Allah’ın dilemesine bağlıdır. c) Müminlerin çocukları cennete, kâfirlerin çocukları cehenneme gider. d) Bütün çocuklar cennetliktir. e) Kâfirlerin çocukları cennet ehlinin hizmetçisi yapılır. f) Kâfirlerin çocukları imtihandan geçirildikten sonra cennete veya cehenneme girerler. İbn Abdülber çoğunluğun ikinci görüşü benimsediğini kaydeder (et-Temhîd , XVIII, 96-97). Fıtrat kelimesini “İslâm” veya “hakkı kabule yatkınlık, selâmet ve istikamet” mânasında anlayanlar, genellikle müslümanların çocukları gibi kâfirlerin çocuklarının da cennete gireceğini söylerler. Ayrıca bu âlimler diğer bazı deliller yanında, fıtrat hadisinin bir rivayetinde yer alan ve müslümanların çocukları gibi müşriklerin çocuklarının da fıtrat üzere doğduğunu belirten ifadeyi (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 92, 93; Müsned , V, 9) kendi görüşlerine delil gösterirler.
Müslümanların rüşd çağına ulaşmamış çocuklarına miras, mülkiyet, cenaze namazı gibi konularda büyüklere uygulanan hükümler uygulanır. Gayri müslim çocuklarının tâbi tutulacağı hükümler tartışmalı olmakla birlikte âlimlerin büyük çoğunluğu dünyevî konularda bunları anne ve babalarının dinlerinden kabul etmiş ve savaş sırasında hayatlarının korunması dışında, haklarında gayri müslimler için belirlenmiş hükümlerin uygulanması gerektiğini söylemiştir; tarihteki uygulama da bu yönde olmuştur (ayrıca bk. ÇOCUK ).
Fıtrat, insanın hem ruhî hem de fizikî bakımdan yaratılıştan sahip bulunduğu temel özelliklerini ifade ettiğinden, estetik maksatlarla vücudun bazı bölümleri veya organları üzerinde yapılan, aslî yapıyı değiştirecek nitelikteki müdahaleler fıtratı bozmaya yönelik davranışlar olarak kabul edilmiş, İslâm âlimleri konuyla ilgili hadisleri de göz önüne alıp bu tür müdahaleleri şer‘î bakımdan sakıncalı görmüşlerdir. Ancak hangi ameliyelerin fıtrata müdahale sayılacağı ve bunların hükümlerinin neler olduğu hususunda çok farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür (M. Osman Şübeyr, IV/9, s. 161-221).
İçinde fıtrat kelimesinin yer aldığı diğer bazı hadisler de vardır ki bunlara farklı mânalar verilmiştir. Bu hadislerde beş veya on şeyin fıtrat (veya fıtrattan) sayıldığı bildirilmektedir. Bunlar sünnet olmak, etek tıraşı olmak, tırnakları kesmek, koltuk altı kıllarını gidermek, bıyıkları kısaltmak, sakalı uzatmak, misvak kullanmak, buruna su çekmek, parmak aralarını yıkamak, tahâretlenmek gibi daha çok dış görünüşle ve temizlikle ilgili hususlardır (Buhârî, “Libâs”, 63, 64, “İstiʾẕân”, 51; Müslim, “Ṭahâret”, 49-50, 56). Bu hadislerde geçen fıtrat kelimesine genellikle “âdet ve sünnet” anlamı verilmiştir. İbnü’l-Esîr bu kısa tarifi, “geçmiş peygamberlerin ve şeriatların üzerinde ittifak ettikleri, müslümanların yapmaları gereken dinî esaslar” şeklinde açıklar (en-Nihâye , III, 457).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “fṭr” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “fṭr” md.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “fṭr” md.
et-Taʿrîfât , “fıṭra” md.
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , “el-fıṭra” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “fṭr” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “fṭr” md.
Müsned , IV, 162; V, 9.
Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 79, 92, 93, “Libâs”, 63, 64, “İstiʾẕân”, 51.
Müslim, “Ḳader”, 22-25, “Cennet”, 63, “Ṭahâret”, 49-50, 56.
İbn Tufeyl, Ḥay b. Yaḳẓân (nşr. Fârûk Sa‘d), nâşirin mukaddimesi, Beyrut 1974, s. 5-101.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , III, 54, 56, 72, 74.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , III, 222.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , III, 457.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , IV, 16.
Kurtubî, el-Câmiʿ , XIV, 24-29.
İbn Hacer, Fetḥu’l-bârî , Kahire 1959, XII, 458-459; XIV, 295.
Münâvî, Feyżü’l-ḳadîr , Beyrut 1972, V, 33-34.
Nevevî, Şerḥu Müslim , III, 146-148; XVI, 16, 270.
Aynî, ʿUmdetü’l-ḳārî , Beyrut 1348, XXII, 44.
İbn Teymiyye, Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl , Riyad 1401/1981, VIII, 359-535.
İbn Abdülber, et-Temhîd , Tıtvân 1987, XVIII, 57-141.
L. Gardet, Dieu et la destinée de l’homme , Paris 1967, s. 333-334.
Kerim Yavuz, Çocukta Dinî Duygu ve Düşüncenin Gelişmesi , Ankara 1982, s. 106-114.
Beyza Bilgin, İslâm’da Çocuk , Ankara 1987, s. 17-27.
M. Osman Şübeyr, “Aḥkâmü cirrâḥati’t-tecmîl”, Mecelletü’ş-Şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , IV/9, Küveyt 1408/1988, s. 161-221.
D. B. Macdonald, “Fıtra”, İA , IV, 627-628.
a.mlf., “Fıṭra”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 931-932.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 47-48 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.