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FİTRE Skip to content Ramazan ayının sonunda gücü yeten müslümanın ödemekle yükümlü olduğu sadaka.
Sözlükte “yaratmak, icat etmek; kesmek, yarmak, ikiye ayırmak” mânalarına gelen fatr kökünden türeyen fıtr kelimesi oruca son vermeyi, orucu açmayı (iftar ) ifade eder. Bundan dolayı ramazan bayramına îdü’l-fıtr denildiği gibi ramazan ayını yaşamanın, onun mükâfat ve bereketinden faydalanmanın bir şükran belirtisi olarak verilen sadaka ya da sadakatü’l-fıtr (sadaka-i fıtr ) veya zekâtü’l-fıtr denilir. Bu tamlama kısaltılmış olarak fıtra ve Türkçe’de fitre şeklinde kullanılmaktadır.
Ramazan orucunun farz kılındığı 2. yılın Şâban ayında (Şubat 624) fıtır sadakasına dair vârit olan hadis onun ödenmesinin gerektiğini bildiriyorsa da bu sadakanın hükmü fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelîler’e göre fitre vermek farz dır. Çünkü bir hadiste Resûlullah’ın hür, köle, erkek, kadın her müslümana fıtır sadakası vermeyi farz kıldığı belirtilir (Müslim, “Zekât”, 12; Şevkânî, IV, 195). Diğer bazı karineleri de göz önüne alan bu üç mezhebin imamları bu hadiste geçen “faraza” ve bazı rivayetlerde yer alan “emere” (Müslim, “Zekât”, 15) kelimelerine “farz kıldı” mânasını vermişlerdir. Hanefîler ise fitrenin vâcip olduğu görüşündedir. Çünkü onlara göre bu konudaki hadisler gerek sübût gerekse delâlet bakımından farziyet ifade etmez. Ancak bu mezhepte farz ile vâcip arasında uygulama açısından fark yoktur. Mâlikîler’den Eşheb el-Kaysî ve bazı Zâhirîler fitrenin müekked sünnet olduğunu söylemişlerse de bu zayıf bir görüş olarak kalmıştır. Ebû Bekir el-Esam gibi bir kısım âlimler de zekâtın farz kılınmasıyla fitrenin hükmünün neshedildiğini söylemişlerdir.
Ergenlik çağına erişen müslüman erkeğin fitre vermesi gereklidir. Evli olmayan müslüman kadınlar fitrelerini kendileri öderler. Evli kadınların fitresi Ebû Hanîfe ’ye göre yine kendileri, diğer üç mezhebe göre ise fitre borcu nafaka ya dahil olduğu için koca tarafından ödenir. Çocukların malları varsa veli leri fitrelerini bu maldan öder; malları yoksa nafakalarını temin etmekle yükümlü olan kimse çocuklara ait bu borcu kendi malından ödemek zorundadır. Ancak İmam Muhammed çocukların fitrelerinin babaları tarafından ödeneceği, dolayısıyla babası olmayan çocuğun fitre yükümlülüğünün de bulunmayacağı görüşündedir. Fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğu, kişinin fitre mükellefi sayılabilmesi için âkıl bâliğ olmasının, ramazanı oruçlu geçirmesinin veya şehirde oturmasının şart koşulmadığını kabul ederken aksi görüşte olan fakihler de vardır.
Bütün ibadetlerde olduğu gibi fitrede de ferdî-içtimaî, maddî-mânevî hikmetler vardır. Bu konuda İbn Abbas şöyle der: “Resûlullah fitreyi, oruç tutanı anlamsız ve çirkin davranışlardan temizlesin, fakirlere de yiyecek bir lokma olsun diye farz kılmıştır” (Müsned , V, 432). Bazı âlimler, bu sözdeki mânanın ilhamıyla fitreyi namazın eksiklerini telâfi eden sehiv secdesi ne benzetmişlerdir. Öte yandan mahiyetinde sevinç ve neşe bulunan bayramı toplumdaki her ferdin ortak şekilde yaşayabilmesi için muhtaç kimselerin kısmen de olsa ihtiyaçları giderilerek sosyal dayanışma nın güzel bir örneği verilmiş olur. Bu dayanışmayı âzami seviyeye çıkarmak ve daha çok insana yardım etme zevkini verebilmek için fitre miktarı asgari ölçüde tutulmuş ve ödeme kolaylıkları sağlanmıştır.
Fitre yükümlülüğünün ne zaman doğduğu ve ne zaman yerine getirilmesi gerektiği konusunda fakihler arasında farklı görüşler vardır. İmam Şâfiî , Ahmed b. Hanbel ve bir rivayette İmam Mâlik ’e göre fitre yükümlülüğü ramazanın son günü güneşin batmasıyla, Ebû Hanîfe’ye ve diğer bazı müctehid imamlara göre ise bayram günü tan yerinin ağarmasıyla doğar. Birinci gruba göre oruçla ilgili olan bu sadaka ikinci gruba göre bayramla ilgilidir ve kurban kesiminde olduğu gibi fitre de vaktinden önce vacip olmaz. Bu görüş ayrılığının uygulamadaki sonucu, bir mükellefin ramazanın son günü güneş batımından sonra ölmesi veya bir çocuğun bayram sabahı doğması gibi nâdir durumlarda ortaya çıkar.
Fitrenin ödeme zamanına gelince, bu konudaki hadisler ve sahâbe uygulamaları, bu vaktin bayramın birinci günü sabah namazıyla bayram namazı arası olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak fakihler, yoksulun lehine olacağını düşünerek fitrenin bayramdan birkaç gün öncesinden verilebileceğini söylerler. Hatta İmam Şâfiî bir ay, Ebû Hanîfe bir yıl, Zeydiyye mezhebi ise iki yıl öncesinden ödenebileceği görüşündedir. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre fitrenin ödenmesinin bayramdan sonraya bırakılması mekruh olmakla birlikte yapılan ödeme kazâ değil edâ dır. Bazı fakihler ise fitreyi bayram sonrasına bırakmayı haram sayar ve yapılan ödemeyi kazâ olarak nitelendirir. Fitreden maksadın fakir müminlerin bayram günlerinde ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak olduğu düşünülür ve ilgili hadislerle sahâbe tatbikatı da göz önüne alınırsa önemli bir mazeret bulunmadıkça bu ibadeti bayram gününden sonraya bırakmanın uygun olmadığı anlaşılır.
Fitre verecek kimselerin sahip olmaları gereken malî güç hakkında da iki farklı görüş vardır. Hanefîler’in dışındaki üç mezhebe göre, zekâtın vâcip olması için gerekli görülen nisab miktarı bir mala sahip bulunma şartı fitrede aranmayıp mesken, ev eşyası ve temel ihtiyaç maddelerinden başka kendisi ve bakmakla yükümlü olduğu kimseler için bayram günü ve gecesinin (yirmi dört saatlik) yiyeceğinden fazlasına sahip olan her müslüman fitre ile mükelleftir. Zahirî ve Hanefî mezhebinde ise fitre sadece zekât vermekle yükümlü olan müslümanlara vâciptir. Çünkü Hz. Peygamber bazı hadislerinde sadakanın ancak zenginliğin gereği olduğunu ifade etmiştir (Müsned , II, 501; V, 432; Dârimî, “Zekât”, 22; Buhârî, “Zekât”, 18).
Fitrenin, o dönemde Medine’de en çok tüketilen gıda maddelerinden 1 sâ‘ miktarı olduğu hususunda kaynaklar hemen hemen ittifak halindedir. Nitekim sahâbeden Ebû Saîd el-Hudrî şöyle demiştir: “Peygamber devrinde fitreyi yiyecek maddelerinden 1 sâ‘ olarak verirdik. O zaman bizim yiyeceğimiz arpa, kuru üzüm, hurma ve keş (yağı alınmış peynir) idi” (Buhârî, “Zekât”, 76). Ancak yiyecek maddelerinden buğdayın miktarında ihtilâf vardır. Hanefîler, buğdaydan verilecek fitre miktarının yarım sâ‘ olduğunu ileri sürerken diğer üç mezhep buğdayın da 1 sâ‘ olarak verilmesi gerektiği görüşündedir. Başka bir ihtilâf ise fitrenin hangi tür yiyecek maddeleri esas alınarak ve ne şekilde ödeneceği konusundadır. İbn Hazm’a göre fitre sadece hurma ve arpa üzerinden ödenebilir. Hanefîler’e ve Hanbelîler’de ağırlıklı görüşe göre fitre hadiste zikredilen dört gıda maddesinden biri esas alınarak ödenir. Şâfiî ve Mâlikî mezhepleriyle bazı Hanbelîler’e göre ise hadislerde geçen buğday, arpa, kuru üzüm ve hurma o devrin yaygın gıda maddeleri olup fitre bir kimsenin kendi bölgesindeki mahsulden, kendi yediği gıda maddelerinden de verilebilir. Fakihlerin çoğunluğu fitrenin sadece aynî olarak ödenmesini gerekli görürken başta Ebû Hanîfe olmak üzere bazı fakihler fitrenin bu mahsullerin değeri üzerinden nakit olarak da verilebileceği görüşünü benimsemiştir. Hatta bazı Hanefî kaynaklarında, özellikle bolluk zamanlarında nakit olarak vermenin daha faziletli olacağına dikkat çekilmiş ve Hz. Peygamber’in, “Fakirleri istemekten müstağni kılın” (Dârekutnî, II, 153) meâlindeki hadisinin de bu görüşü kuvvetlendirir mahiyette olduğu belirtilmiştir. Özellikle alışverişin mübadele usulüyle değil nakitle yapıldığı çağımızda fitrenin para olarak verilmesi daha çok önem kazanmıştır.
Günümüzde fitrenin tesbiti konusunda iki ölçünün esas alınması teklif edilmiştir. 1. Hadislerde geçen yiyecek maddelerinin 1’er sâ‘ının (yaklaşık 3 kg.) para cinsinden ortalamasının alınması. Bu uygulama ile ramazan ayında üzüm, hurma, buğday, arpa gibi maddelerin çeşitli kaliteleri göz önüne alınarak fitre için birçok değişik rakamın ortaya çıkması ve müslümanların bu durum karşısında tereddüde düşmesi önlenmiş olacaktır. 2. Bir fakirin ekmek ve normal bir katıkla bir günlük yiyeceğini sağlayacak meblağın tesbit edilmesi. Bu usul takip edildiği takdirde, belirlenen meblağın hadislerde adı geçen en ucuz maddenin -meselâ arpanın- bedelinden daha düşük olmaması gerekmektedir. Eğer ortaya çıkan meblağ daha fazla olursa naslara aykırılık söz konusu değildir. Çünkü fazla verilen miktar nâfile sadaka yerine geçer. İkinci teklif İmam Şâfiî’nin, herkesin ortalama olarak tükettiği yiyecek maddelerinden fitre vermesi gerektiği şeklindeki ictihadına da uygundur (el-Üm , II, 59). Bu iki usulün yanında, fitre miktarını belirlemede mükellefin şahsen veya aile olarak günlük gıda tüketim ortalamasının ölçü alınıp hadislerde zikredilen en ucuz maddenin bedelinden de aşağı düşmeyecek şekilde bir miktar tesbitine gidilmesi de mümkün olabilir. Yemin kefâret iyle ilgili olarak Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, “ailenize yedirdiğiniz yemeğin orta hallisinden on fakire yedirmek” ifadesinin yer aldığı (el-Mâide 5/89), bazı fakihlerin fitrenin mükellefin kendi yediğinden verilmesini uygun gördükleri (İbn Rüşd, I, 255), hadiste de daha çok o dönemin temel ve yaygın gıda maddelerinin zikredildiği göz önünde bulundurulursa bu son usule göre yapılacak bir miktar tesbiti de yanlış olmaz.
Fitre vermekle mükellef olanların fitre almaları fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre câiz değildir. Ayrıca mükellefin fakir olsalar bile anne, baba, dede, nine gibi usul ü ile çocukları ve torunları gibi fürû una ve karısına fitre vermesi câiz görülmemiştir. Çünkü sadakayı bakmakla yükümlü bulundukları kimselere vererek kendileri için dolaylı bir menfaat sağlamış olurlar. Öte yandan fitrenin zimmî statüsünde olmayan gayri müslim fakirlere verilemeyeceğinde ittifak vardır. Zimmîlere gelince İmam Şâfiî, Mâlik, Ahmed b. Hanbel, Ebû Sevr ve Leys gibi müctehidlerden oluşan cumhura göre bunlara da fitre verilmez. Ebû Hanîfe ve İmam Muhammed gibi müctehidlere, Seyyid Sâbık ve Yûsuf el-Kardâvî gibi çağdaş âlimlere göre ise fakir zimmîlere fitre verilmesinde bir mahzur yoktur. Kur’an’da müellefe-i kulûb a zekâttan pay ayrıldığı (et-Tevbe 9/60), müslümanlarla fiilî savaş ve çekişme içinde olmayan muhaliflere iyilik yapmanın yasaklanmadığı (el-Mümtehine 60/8) göz önünde bulundurulursa ikinci görüşün İslâm’ın genel ilke ve amaçlarına daha uygun olduğu söylenebilir.
İslâm âlimlerinin genel kabulüne göre, fitre verecek kimselerin zekâtta olduğu gibi öncelikle bulundukları yerdeki fakirlerden ve fitre verilmesi câiz olan akrabalarından başlamaları daha uygundur. Fitre verilecek kişilerden dindar ve güzel ahlâklı olanlarının tercih edilmesi mümkün olduğu gibi bu konuda yoksulluk derecesi de ölçü alınabilir. Diğer taraftan fitre bir kişiye de verilebilir, birkaç kişi arasında da bölüştürülebilir. Bununla birlikte fitrenin bir ihtiyacı karşılayacak miktarda olmasına da özen gösterilmelidir. Ayrıca bir ailenin fitrelerinin tamamını bir fakire vermesi câiz olduğu gibi birkaç fakire bölüştürülmesi de mümkündür. Fitre fakirlerin dışında borçlular, yolda kalanlar, kalpleri İslâm’a ısındırılmak istenenler gibi zekâtın verileceği yerler olarak Kur’an’da belirtilen (et-Tevbe 9/60) diğer kimselere de verilebilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 160-161 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.