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FİZAN Skip to content Libya’da bir idarî bölge.
Libya’nın güneyinde yer alan ve ülkeyi meydana getiren üç bölgeden (diğer ikisi Trablus, Berka) biri olan Fizan (Fezzân, Romalılar buraya Phasania derlerdi) rivayete göre adını Fezzân b. Hâm b. Nûh’tan alır (Yâkūt, II, 295). 1969’a kadar Fizan vilâyeti, bu tarihten itibaren el-Muhâfazâtü’l-cenûbiyye olarak adlandırılan bölge, deniz seviyesinden 200-500 m. yükseklikte ve yaklaşık 570.000 km2 genişliğinde olup % 95’i çöllerle kaplıdır. Bölgenin merkezi Sebha (1990’da 76.121 nüfus), diğer şehirleri Merzûk (42.294) ve Katrûn’dur.
Bölgenin kuzeyinde kalker, kum taşı ve bazaltlı platolar yükselir; orta ve güney kısımlarında ise kalkerli yaylalar vardır. Son derece az yağmur düşen Fizan’da sert kara iklimi hâkimdir. Vahaların yaygın olduğu bölgede vadiler boyunca yeşillikler görülür. Tarım kuyu sularıyla yapılır. Hurma bölgenin başlıca ürünüdür.
Vahalarda yaşayan Fizan halkının büyük kısmı göçebedir ve hayvancılıkla uğraşır. Yerleşik olanların bir kısmı tarım, bir kısmı da ticaretle meşgul olur. Sudan’dan Akdeniz’e ulaşan en kısa ticaret yolu üzerinde bulunması dolayısıyla Fizan tarih boyunca önemli bir ticarî bölge olmuştur. En önemli ticaret merkezleri Zevîle, Trâgen ve Merzûk’tur. Bu yoldan başta köle olmak üzere fildişi, bakır, deve kuşu tüyü ve kürk gibi mallar Akdeniz limanlarına taşınıyordu. Fizan ise sadece hurma ve karbonat ihraç ediyordu. Avrupa’nın cam, tekstil ve metal ürünleriyle ilâç ve baharat gibi malları yine aynı yolla Afrika’ya gönderiliyordu. 1959’dan sonra Fizan’da da petrol bulunmasıyla bölge gelişmeye başlamıştır.
Fizan’ın tarihi çok eskilere dayanır. Arkeolojik kazılarla ortaya çıkarılan Yontmataş ve Yenitaş devirlerine ait eserlerden Fizan’ın önemli bir yerleşim merkezi olduğu anlaşılmakla birlikte burada yaşayan topluluklar hakkında fazla bilgi yoktur. Herodotos’un verdiği bilgilere göre o dönemde Fizan’ın yerlilerine Garamentler denilmekteydi. Beyaz Berberîler’le siyah Negrolar’ın karışımından oluşan Garament topluluğu Romalılar döneminde de varlığını korudu. Bölgeyi hâkimiyeti altına almak isteyen Roma kralları Cornelius Balbus milâttan önce 20-19’da ve Valerius Festus 69-70’te Fizan üzerine çeşitli seferler düzenlediler. Bu seferler sonrasında Roma hâkimiyeti tamamen tesis edilememiş olsa da Fizan artık Roma nüfuzuna girmişti. Bundan dolayı Garamentler güney komşuları Etiyopyalılar’a karşı düzenlenen seferlerde Romalılar’a destek verdiler. Fizan’da Romalılar’dan kalan tek eser Cerme şehrindeki mozoledir. Coğrafî şartları sebebiyle uzun süre bağımsız kalan ve ihmale uğrayan Fizan, Emevîler döneminde Kuzey Afrika’nın fethi sırasında Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ tarafından fethedildi (46/666-67) ve böylece Fizan halkı Araplar’la tanışmış oldu. Bölge 306 (918) yılında Berberîler’den İbn Hattâb el-Hevvârî’nin hâkimiyetine geçti. Bu aile bir ticaret merkezi olan Zevîle’ye yerleşti ve XII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar burada hüküm sürdü. Bu dönemde Fizan sulama sistemleri, camileri ve hamamlarıyla önemli bir gelişme gösterdi. 1190’da Mısır’dan gelen Eyyûbî kumandanlarından Şerefeddin Karakuş Benî Hattâb hâkimiyetine son verdi. Fakat bir müddet sonra Fizan Kânim Sultanlığı’nın kontrolü altına girdi. Kânim hükümdarları burayı Trâgen’de oturan bir hâkim vasıtasıyla idare ettiler. XVI. yüzyıl başlarındaki Bornu-Kânim savaşlarının ardından hâkimiyet Fas asıllı Evlâd-ı Muhammed sülâlesine geçti. Bugünkü Merzûk’u kurarak merkez yapan evlâd-ı Muhammed döneminde Fizan’ın İslâmlaşması ve Araplaşmasında önemli ilerlemeler kaydedildi.
Hasan el-Vezzân (ez-Zeyyâtî), XVI. yüzyılın başlarında Fizan’ı gelişmiş meskûn bir bölge olarak tarif eder ve burada büyük köşkler bulunduğunu, pek çok köyü olduğunu anlatır. Ayrıca Fizan halkının sahip bulunduğu hurmalıklar sayesinde zengin kimselerden oluştuğunu belirtir. Buranın birinci derecede bir kadı mesabesinde olan emîr tarafından yönetildiğini kaydeder (Vaṣfü İfrîḳıyye , II, 146-147).
XVI. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Kuzey Afrika’yı fethetmeye başlayan Osmanlılar 1551’de Trablusgarp’ı ele geçirerek eyalet haline getirdiler ve Fizan da bu eyalete bağlı bir sancak olarak teşkilâtlandırıldı. Fakat Fizan bölgesine hâkim olan evlâd-ı Muhammed sülâlesi bağımsızlığını korumak için zaman zaman Trablusgarp’taki yönetime karşı mücadelesini sürdürdü. Trablusgarp beylerbeyiliği tarafından baskı altına alınan Fizan yöneticileri vergilerini düzenli biçimde vermek şartıyla iç işlerinde serbest bırakıldılar. Yeniçeri ileri gelenlerinden Karamanlı Ahmed Bey’in 1711’de Trablusgarp yönetimini ele geçirmesi ve Sultan III. Ahmed’den beylerbeyilik pâyesini alarak otoritesini meşrûlaştırmasıyla evlâd-ı Muhammed’in hüküm sürdüğü Fizan Karamanlı yönetimine tâbi oldu. 1835 yılına kadar Trablusgarp’ı elinde bulunduran Karamanlı sülâlesi vergi alamadığı zamanlar Fizan üzerine askerî seferler düzenlediyse de (1716, 1718, 1732, 1811) bölgeyi tam olarak kontrol altına alamadı. XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında vergilerin muntazam olarak verilmesi, evlâd-ı Muhammed ile Karamanlılar arasında ilişkilerin düzelmesine vesile oldu. Abdülcelîl başkanlığındaki evlâd-ı Süleyman kabilesi 1831’de evlâd-ı Muhammed’i yenerek Fizan’ı ele geçirdi. Bu arada Trablusgarp’taki Karamanlı hâkimiyeti iyice zayıflamış, idare vergi toplayamaz ve borçlarını ödeyemez hale gelmişti. Bu fırsattan faydalanan evlâd-ı Süleyman kabilesi Trablusgarp yönetimine karşı isyan etti. Bölgedeki iç karışıklıkların Fransızlar’ın müdahalesine yol açacağından endişe eden Bâbıâli, 1835’te Karamanlı yönetimine son vererek Mustafa Necib Paşa’yı Trablusgarp valiliğine gönderdi. Ancak Fizan’da Osmanlı otoritesinin yeniden tesisi, 1838’de tayin edilen Aşkar Ali Paşa ile mümkün olabildi. Ali Paşa, Fizan’ı kontrol eden evlâd-ı Süleyman’ın reisi Abdülcelîl’i Mısrata yakınlarında büyük bir yenilgiye uğrattı (1839). Abdülcelîl bundan sonra gerilla taktiği uygulayarak Osmanlı yönetimine karşı faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Ancak 1842 Mayısında Sirt taraflarında yakalanarak kardeşiyle birlikte idam edildi. Abdülcelîl’in öldürülmesiyle Fizan evlâd-ı Süleyman’ın kontrolünden çıktı ve Trablusgarp’a bağlı bir kaza haline getirildi (1842). Evlâd-ı Süleyman kabilesi de Kânim’e sürüldü.
1842’de merkezi Merzûk olmak üzere kurulan Fizan kazası 1860’larda yapılan düzenleme ile Trablusgarp’a bağlı bir sancak statüsü kazandı. XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında nüfusu 5000’e kadar ulaşan Merzûk, Bornu-Merzûk-Trablusgarp arasında gerçekleşen Sahrâ ticareti sayesinde canlılığını koruyabildi.
1869’da bölgeyi ziyaret eden Alman araştırmacısı Nachtigal, Merzûk’ta 300 kadar Osmanlı askerinin bulunduğunu, mutasarrıfın idarî işleri tercüman aracılığı ile yürüttüğünü, kolera, frengi ve çiçek hastalığının yaygınlığı sebebiyle nüfusun giderek azaldığını belirtir (Le Gall, s. 118-119). Sınırlı sayıda askerle bölgede karışıklığı önleyen Osmanlı yöneticileri, ticarî hayatın devamını sağlayarak bölge tâcirlerinin de etkisiyle devletin nüfuzunu Bornu’ya kadar yaymayı başardılar. Fransızlar’ın Sahrâ ticaretinin yönünü Trablusgarp’tan Cezayir’e çevirmeye çalışmalarına karşılık Osmanlılar ticarî vergileri % 12’den % 2’ye indirerek Sahrâ ticaretinin Cezayir’e yönelmesini önlediler (1862). Bölgenin önemli yerleşim merkezlerinden olan ve Sahrâ ticaretinde etkili rol oynayan Gāt’ın 1875’te Osmanlı topraklarına katılarak kaza statüsü kazanması Fizan’daki Osmanlı varlığını kuvvetlendirmiştir. Mustafa Faik Paşa’nın Fizan mutasarrıflığı döneminde (1879-1885) devletin bölgedeki etkisi daha da artmıştır. Yörenin kuvvetli kabilelerinden Ezgar Tuaregleri’ni kontrol altında tutmak için Gāt’tan sonra en önemli Tuareg pazar yeri olan Canet’te Ezgar Tuareg kazası teşkil edilmiş ve kaymakamlığına da adı geçen kabilenin reisi getirilmiştir.
Fizan’daki Osmanlı hâkimiyeti, 1911’de vuku bulan İtalyan saldırısına kadar ciddi bir güçlükle karşılaşmadan devam etmiştir. Bunda, Fransızlar’ın yoğun çabaları ve 1880’lerden itibaren ardı ardına gelen teşebbüslerine rağmen Sudan-Sahrâ ticaretinin Fizan-Trablusgarp güzergâhından ayrılmamasını sağlamanın da büyük rolü olmuştur. Genellikle fildişi, altın tozu, deve kuşu tüyü, deri, bal mumu ve köle ihracına karşılık silâh, cephane, kâğıt, giyecek eşyası, pamuklu kumaş, çay ve şeker gibi mâmul malların ithaline dayalı olarak gerçekleştirilen Sahrâ ticareti Fizan ve Trablusgarp halkının önemli geçim kaynağı idi. Bu sebeple Fizan’da Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin tesis ve devamında tüccarların önemli katkısı olmuştur.
II. Abdülhamid döneminin son yıllarında Fizan Jön Türkler’in sürgün yeri olarak kullanıldı. Zamanla bunlara memuriyet kisvesi altında sürgüne gönderilen bazı görevli ve subaylar da eklenince Fizan ve onun bağlı bulunduğu Trablusgarp vilâyetinde modern okullarda yetişmiş, yeni fikirlere ve milliyetçiliğe eğilimi bulunan etkili bir Türk grubu oluştu. 1896’da Trablusgarp kumandanı ve vali vekili olan Receb Paşa’nın siyasî sürgün ve mahkûmlara iyi muamele etmesi, onların görüşlerine değer vermesi, Trablus ve Fizan bölgelerinin yönetiminde Jön Türk nüfuz ve tesirinin artmasına vesile oldu. Fizan’ın güney ve batı sınırlarında artan Fransız nüfuzuna karşı verilen aktif mücadelede Jön Türkler’in önemli katkısı olmuştur (Çaycı, Büyük Sahra’da Türk-Fransız Rekabeti [1858-1911] , s. 143-146). Fizan’a sürülen Jön Türkler’den birkaçının mezarı Merzûk’ta bulunmaktadır. 1906 yılında, Merzûk’un batısında bulunan ve Fizan-Cezayir arasında bir sınır kasabası olan Gāt kaymakamlığına Jön Türkler’den Kolağası Abdülkadir Câmî Bey tayin edilmiştir.
Trablusgarp’ın İtalyanlar’ın saldırısına uğramasından (5 Ekim 1911) sonra Osmanlı Devleti ile İtalya arasında imzalanan Uşi Antlaşması ile (19 Ekim 1912) bölgedeki Osmanlı hâkimiyeti sona erdi. İtalyanlar Trablusgarp’ı ele geçirmekle beraber Fizan’a ancak Ağustos 1914’te girebildiler; fakat Senûsî direnişi ve I. Dünya Savaşı yüzünden geri çekilmek zorunda kaldılar. Nihayet 1930’da faşist general Graziani kumandasında bölgeye gelen İtalyanlar Fizan’ı yeniden işgal ettiler. 1942’ye kadar İtalyan idaresinde kalan Fizan, bu defa güneyden gelen General Leclerc kumandasındaki Fransızlar’ın işgaline uğradı (Aralık 1942). Fransızlar 7 Ocak 1943’te Merzûk’u, daha sonra Sebha’yı ele geçirerek Tunus’ta Montgomery kumandasındaki İngiliz Sekizinci Ordusu ile birleştiler. Ocak 1943’te imzalanan İngiliz-Fransız antlaşmasıyla Fizan Fransız idaresi altına girdi.
24 Aralık 1951’de Muhammed İdrîs es-Senûsî liderliğinde kurulan Libya Birleşik Krallığı’nda Fizan üç otonom bölgeden biri oldu. Libya ve Fransa arasında Ağustos 1955’te yapılan antlaşma gereğince Fransızlar Gāt ve Gadâmis’ten sonra Fizan’ı da terkettiler. Eylül 1969’da iş başına gelen ihtilâl hükümeti Trablus’un adını el-Muhâfazâtü’l-garbiyye, Berka’nın adını el-Muhâfazâtü’ş-şarkıyye ve Fizan’ınkini de el-Muhâfazâtü’l-cenûbiyye olarak değiştirdi.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Celâl Tevfik Karasapan, Libya, Trablusgarp, Bingazi ve Fizan , Ankara 1960, tür.yer.
Abdurrahman Çaycı, Büyük Sahra’da Türk-Fransız Rekabeti (1858-1911) , Erzurum 1970, tür.yer.
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Tâhir Ahmed ez-Zâvî, Târîḫu’l-fetḥi’l-ʿArabî fî Lîbyâ , Beyrut 1972, s. 115-118.
Ettore Rossî, Lîbyâ münẕü’l-fetḥi’l-ʿArabî ḥattâ sene 1911 (trc. Halîfe M. et-Telîsî), Beyrut 1394/1974, bk. İndeks.
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Michel F. Le Gall, Pashas, Bedouins and Notables: Ottoman Administration in Tripoli and Benghazi, 1881-1902 (doktora tezi, 1986), Princeton University, s. 115-179.
İbrahim Temo’nun İttihad ve Terakki Anıları , İstanbul 1987, s. 198-204.
Tadeusz Lewicki, “Le rôle du Sahara et des sahariens dans les relations entre le nord et le sud”, Histoire générale de l’Afrique , Paris 1990, I, 313-321.
The Middle East and North Africa 1993 , London 1993, s. 661-675.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , V, 3408-3410.
Ewald Banse, “Fizan”, İA , IV, 670-672.
J. Despois, “Fazzān”, EI2 (İng.) , 875-877.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 161-163 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.