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FODULA Skip to content Osmanlılar’da çeşitli kesimlere dağıtılmak üzere pişirilen pide şeklinde yassı bir çeşit ekmek.
Ramazan pidesine benzer biçimde ince, fazla mayalanmış özsüz hamurdan yapılan ve kolay kopma özelliğine sahip olan fodula (fodla) daha ziyade imaretlerde, saray mutfağında, İstanbul’daki diğer bazı saraylarda ve yeniçerilere ait fırınlarda pişirilir, bir kısım görevlilere maaşları ile birlikte sepet içinde istihkakına göre tayın olarak dağıtılırdı. Bu ekmeğin pişirilip dağıtılması için resmî bir teşkilât oluşturulmuştu. Fodula kelimesinin nereden geldiği ve bunun ne zamandan beri pişirilip dağıtıldığı bilinmemekle birlikte Evliya Çelebi’nin bu kelimeyi -eğer bir istinsah hatası değilse- “oruç açılan yiyecek” anlamına gelen “fatûre” (فطوره ) şeklinde yazması fodula kelimesinin bununla ilgili olduğunu düşündürmektedir.
Sarayda fodula dağıtımının resmî bir özellik kazanması muhtemelen Fâtih Sultan Mehmed zamanında oldu. Nitekim Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân ’a göre Fâtih döneminde av köpeklerinin yiyecek ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için bir fodula fırını kurulmuştu. “Sekban fırını” da denen bu fırın Ayasofya civarında bulunuyordu. Ayrıca Evliya Çelebi, yeniçerilere ait fodulanın pişirildiği fırının Eski Odalar ile Acemi Oğlanları Odaları arasında yer aldığını belirtir. Bu fırınlarda, Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın bazı sınıflarına ve av köpeklerine dağıtılmak üzere fodula hazırlanırdı. Bunun yanında saray mutfağında da ekmekçiler saray halkı için bu cins ekmek çıkarırlardı. Fâtih dönemine ait saray mutfakları muhasebe defterlerinde fodula adı geçmemekle birlikte o devirde “nân-ı harcî” adı altında bu çeşit ekmeğin pişirildiği söylenebilir. 1490 senesine ait bir başka defterden de “nân-ı hâssa” ve “nân-ı harcî” adları altında iki ayrı cins ekmek hazırlandığı anlaşılmaktadır (BA, KK , nr. 7094). XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısına ait bazı kayıtlara göre saray mutfağında simit fırını ve fodula fırını adıyla iki ayrı fırın vardı; ayrıca bir de sekban fırını (fırın-ı sekbânân-ı hâssa) bulunuyordu (BA, KK , nr. 7097, s. 52-53). 1554-1555 yıllarına ait bir muhasebe defterinde bir yıl zarfında saraydaki fodula fırınında harcanan un miktarı 9810 İstanbul kilesi (1 İstanbul kilesi ortalama 25 kg.) olarak gösterilmişti. Simit fırınında pişirilen ekmek ise “fodula-i simit” tabiriyle belirtilmişti. Söz konusu defterlerden anlaşıldığına göre fodula hem pişirilen ekmeğin hem de bu cins ekmek için ayrılan unun adıydı. Nitekim 1573 Mayısından 1574 Nisanına kadar mutfak masraflarını gösteren bir muhasebe defterinde fodula unu sarfiyatı 39.170 kile olup bundan fodula ekmeğinin yanı sıra çörek, börek ve baklava da yapılmıştı. XVII. yüzyıla ait olduğu tahmin edilen bir belgede fodula harc fırınına günde 130 kile un verildiği, bundan 90-110 dirhemlik 5500 çift fodula pişirildiği belirtilmektedir (TSMA, nr. E. 8718). Fodula unundan pişen ekmekler Enderun hizmetlileri, saray ağaları, paşalar, kazaskerler, defterdar, nişancı, hekimbaşı, şehzade hatunları, harem ağası, saray hastahanesi hizmetlileri, teberdarlar, kapıcılar, müteferrikalar ve mutfak görevlilerine verilmiş, divanın yapıldığı günlerde âdet üzere dışarıda bekleyen yeniçerilere, solaklara, serpiyadelere ve fakirlere de dağıtılmıştır. Saray dışında ayrıca Galata Sarayı ve İbrâhim Paşa Sarayı’nda da birer fodula fırını mevcut olup bu saraylarda görevli hizmetliler için ekmek pişirilmekteydi.
Sekban fırınında hazırlanan fodulalar ise bazı yeniçeri sınıflarına ve av köpeklerine mûtat olarak tayın şeklinde dağıtılır ve bununla ilgili yıllık hesaplar tutulurdu. Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân ’da bu fırının günlük un sarfiyatı 40 kile olarak gösterilmektedir (vr. 27b ). 1498 Ağustosundan 1499 Aralığına kadar geçen bir yıl dört aylık sarfiyatı gösteren bir muhasebe defterine göre büyük veya tam (fodula-i büzürg), küçük veya yarım (fodula-i kûçek) olmak üzere 1.128.219 adet ekmek hazırlanmış, bunun 707.505’i İstanbul’da, 420.714’ü o sırada çıkılan İnebahtı Seferi sırasında dağıtılmıştı (Fodula Muhasebe Defteri , s. 46-48). Bu dönem zarfında harcanan un miktarı 697 müd (1 müd = 20 kile, toplam 13.940 kile veya yaklaşık 345 ton) olmuştu. 933 Ramazan – 934 Şâban (Haziran 1527 – Mayıs 1528) devresine ait bir başka yıllık muhasebede belirtildiğine göre ise bu süre zarfında fodula için sarfedilen fodula unu miktarı 958 müd 1 kile (yaklaşık 480 ton) olup bundan 1.018.464 ekmek yapılmış, görevlilere (fodula-i merdümân) ve av köpeklerine (fodula-i kilâb) dağıtılmıştı. Her iki muhasebe kayıtlarına göre bir kile undan büyük veya tam fodula olarak kırk, küçük veya yarım fodula olarak elli yedi – altmış ekmek çıkıyordu. 1527-1528 döneminde bu şekilde hazırlanan 198.720 büyük fodula serpiyade kul oğulları, cebeci oğulları, yeniçeri çuhası diken terzi sınıfına; 210.240 küçük fodula gündelik olarak yeniçeri ağasına (20 çift), yeniçeri kâtibine (10 çift), yeniçeri kethüdâsına (12 çift), sersekbana (20 çift), serbölüğe (6 çift), hassa sekbanlara (60 çift), zağarciyân-ı süvârîye (118 çift), sekbânân-ı süvârîye (180 çift), saksonculara (14 çift), fodula kâtibine (30 çift) ve fırın hademelerine (24 çift) dağıtılmıştı. Bundan başka avda ve savaşta kullanılan köpeklere 67.320 büyük, 532.184 küçük fodula verilmişti. Bu köpekler atmacacı ve çakırcı zağarları, tazı ve sason-ı hûkî (domuz avında kullanılan köpek) olarak sınıflandırılmış, bunların arasında 349 kılâde (tasma) hassa tazı ile şahinci tazılarına günlük olarak 698 çift ekmek tahsis edilmişti (BA, D.BŞM , nr. 11). Burada yer alan dağıtım listesi, ekmek adetlerindeki bazı farklılıklar hariç aynen 1498-1499 muhasebesi harcama dökümleri kısmında da bulunmaktadır.
Fodula fırınında XVII. yüzyılın başlarında sayıları elli-altmış arasında değişen acemi oğlanları çalışıyordu. Bunların mevcudu 1717’de 105’i bulmuştu. Fodula kâtibi denilen bir görevli, fırınlar için gerekli unun alınması vb. işlerle ilgileniyor, bunlarla alâkalı muhasebeyi tutuyor ve hesapları gözden geçiriyordu. Nitekim Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân ’da onun vazifeleri fırına un ve odun vermek, parasını hazineden almak, yeniçeri yetimlerine günde yarım akçe veya üç ayda bir dokuz şinik un dağıtmak şeklinde belirtilmektedir (vr. 135b ). XVII. yüzyıla ait olduğu anlaşılan bir vesikaya göre Yeniçeri Ocağı emektarlarından olan Anadolu Kâtibi Mehmed, o ana kadar senelik olarak fodula kâtiplerinin 20 yük (2 milyon) akçeden fazla masraf yaptıklarını, eğer kendisi bu göreve getirilirse 16 yük (1.600.000) akçe üzerine muhasebeyi bağlayabileceğini belirtmiş ve bu görev ona verilmişti (BA, A.RSK , nr. 5, evr. 28). Aralıklarla 1072’den (1661) 1083’e (1672) kadar fodula kâtipliği yapan Ali Efendi’nin muhasebe defterine göre ise bu süre zarfında sekban fırını için yapılan harcamalar 12.477.499 akçeyi bulmuştu (BA, MAD , nr. 15764). 1074 (1663-64) yılına ait bir başka kayıtta da sekban fırınının bir senelik masrafı 1.291.980 akçe olarak tesbit edilmiş, masrafları karşılamak üzere altı adet mukātaa geliri fırına ocaklık olarak (tahsis) bağlanmıştı.
Fodula kâtibi olabilmek için önce acemi kâtipliği yapmak, ardından ruûsa kaydedilip sipahiler zümresine katılmak gerekiyordu; sipahi olmadan fodula kâtipliğine tayin yapılmazdı (Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân , vr. 135b -136a ). Bu memuriyet Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın önemli kademelerinden birini teşkil ediyor, teşrifatta özel bir yeri bulunuyor ve buradan genellikle yeniçeri kitâbeti görevine tayin yapılıyordu. Ayrıca fodula kâtibi yeniçeri ağasının başkanlığında toplanan divana da katılıyordu. Gündelik olarak fodula dağıtımını elinde bulunan deftere göre düzenleyene “küçük fodula kâtibi”, dağıtım sırasında fodulaları sayan memura “fodula sayıcısı” deniyordu. Yine fodula fırınının kantarcısı ve ambarcısı da vardı. Bu fırın, 1717 yılına ait bir mevâcib defterine göre ekmekçibaşının idaresinde fodula ekmeği üstadı, fodula unu elekçisi ve 105 fırın şâkirdinden ibaret bir kadroya sahipti (BA, KK , nr. 7224, vr. 22a -23b ).
XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında sekban fırını yanında ihtiyacın artması, sayılarının kalabalıklaşması gibi sebeplerle Yeniçeri ocakları, sadrazam ve divan mensupları için dışarıdaki özel fırınlar da devreye sokulmuştu. Bu fırınlara gerekli ekmeklik un devlet tarafından dağıtılır ve sipariş üzere ekmek pişirilirdi. 1074 (1663-64) tarihli deftere göre bu şekilde çalışan fırın sayısı on beş kadardı ve bunlara bir aylık süre zarfında dağıtılan ekmeklik un miktarı 6000-7000 kileyi buluyordu (BA, MAD , nr. 15902).
XVII. yüzyıla ait Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân ’daki listelerden fodula tevziatı yapılan yeniçeri gruplarında, dolayısıyla fodula sayılarında bazı değişiklikler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Meselâ bu listelerde XVI. yüzyıl başlarındaki kayıtlardan farklı olarak turnacıbaşı, başhaseki ve ortaları, ikinci haseki ve ortaları, üçüncü haseki ve ortaları, Orta Cami imamı, Anadolu, Rumeli ve İstanbul ağaları, ikinci deveciler ortası, cemaat ortaları, kethüdâ yeri, ağa imamı, zenberekçi gibi yeniçeri gruplarına fodula tahsis edilmişti. Ayrıca bu dönemde yeniçeri ağasının gündelik fodulası on, yeniçeri kâtibinin kırk, sekbanbaşının otuz beş çiftti. XVIII. yüzyılda ise harcî fodula fırınından tahsisat alanlar arasında başka görevlilerin adlarına da rastlanmaktadır. 1716 Mayısından 1717 Ekimine kadar 572 gün boyunca bu fırından tayın verilenler arasında kaymakam paşa, kaptanpaşa, mâzul saray ağaları, hekimbaşı, seferli ve hazine odaları, harem ağaları, teberdar, helvacı, kasaplar gibi görevliler yer almaktaydı (BA, D.BŞM . ETB, nr. 11792). Fodula ayrıca yeniçeri evlâdına da verilmekteydi. Bunlar “nân-hôrân” veya “fodula-hôrân” başlığı altında ulûfe defterlerinin sonuna kaydedilirler, maaş yanında birer çift fodula tayın da alırlardı. XVI. yüzyılda 600 kadar olan fodula-hôrân sayısı XVII. yüzyılda Ayn Ali’ye göre 1655’e ulaşmıştı.
İmaretlerde pişirilen fodulalar da gündelik olarak hak sahiplerine dağıtılıyordu. Fâtih Aşhânesi Tevzî‘nâmesi ’ne göre Tetimme medreselerinde okuyan ihzârî sınıf talebeleri 100’er dirhemlik bir fodula alırlardı ve bunların mevcudu 600 kadardı. Ayrıca daha yüksek kısımlarda okuyan talebelere, müderrislere ve Tetimme bevvâblarına, devamı kontrol eden noktacılara her nöbette 200 dirhemlik fodula dağıtılırdı. Bu imarette XVI. yüzyılın ilk yarısında fodula için her gün 30 kile un harcanıyor ve beher kileden 110 fodula çıkartılıyor, böylece 100 dirhem ağırlığında 3300 adet fodula hazırlanıyordu. Bunun 2234’ü sayıları 957’yi bulan imaret talebesi, görevli ve hizmetlileriyle 160 kadar misafire, geri kalanı ise muhtemelen fakir ve muhtaç halka tevzi edilmişti. Fodula yapımı için Edirne’deki II. Bayezid İmareti’nde, bir kilesi 18 okka olan Edirne kilesi hesabıyla günde 20 kile, Edirne II. Murad İmareti’nde 12 kile, Edirne I. Bayezid İmareti’nde 6 kile, İstanbul’da Eyüp Türbesi İmareti’nde ise 2,5 kile un sarfiyatı yapılmıştı. Süleymaniye İmareti’nde, 1585-1586’da bir yıl boyunca 12.877 kile buğdayın 8405 kilesi ekmeklik un haline sokularak fodula hazırlanmasında kullanılmıştı. III. Selim’in sadrazamlarından İzzet Mehmed Paşa, imaretlerde pişirilecek fodulaların daha kaliteli olması için Kasım 1796’da yeni bir nizamnâme çıkararak hepsinin iyi undan yapılmasını sağladı (BA, HH , nr. 10771; Nûri, vr. 153a -154a ). İmaret fodulaları çok defa vakıf mütevellisi tarafından yapılan anlaşma sonucu çarşı fırıncılarına havale edilerek pişirtilirdi. Gerek imaretlerde yapılan dağıtımda gerekse yeniçerilere verilen fodulaların tevziinde bazı usulsüzlükler de oluyordu. Bazı medrese talebeleri bir yolunu bularak birkaç imaretten fodula alıyor ve kendi ihtiyaçlarından fazlasını fırıncılara veya halka satıyorlardı. Bu zamanla çok yaygın bir alışveriş halini almıştı. Bazı yeniçeriler de aynı şekilde ele geçirdikleri fazla fodulaları satıyorlardı. Halk arasında kullanılan bir deyim olan “fodulacı” tabiri de muhtemelen bu usulsüz muameleden kaynaklanmıştır. Ayrıca zaman zaman yeniçerilerin fodulaların bozukluğu veya kalitesizliğinden şikâyet ettikleri, bazan da fazla fodula almak maksadıyla fırın işlerine karıştıkları oluyordu.
1826’da Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın ilgasından sonra fodula fırını kaldırıldı. Ancak sarayda bazı görevlilere fodula tipi ekmek çıktığı ve bu eski saray âdetinin XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar devam ettiği bilinmektedir. V. Murad döneminde sarayın eski bir kalfası, Mâbeyin Müşiri Damad Nûri Paşa’nın fodula dağıtma âdetini kaldırıp yerine tayın verme teşebbüsüne karşı çıkarak vâlide sultanın da tesiriyle buna engel olmuştu. Ancak II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra bu âdet terkedilmiştir. Ayrıca 24 Rebîülevvel 1329 (25 Mart 1911) tarihli bir kanunla, özel vakıflar dışında Evkaf Nezâreti’nce ilgililere dağıtılmakta olan fodulalar yerine bedellerinin ödenmesi ve bunların kayıtlarının silinmesi kararı alınmış; birinci nevi fodula için sekiz, ikinci nevi için altı, üçüncü nevi için beş, dördüncü nevi için dört Osmanlı lirasının bir defaya mahsus olmak üzere verileceği belirtilmiş; fakir, sakat kimseler ise bu kapsamın dışında tutulmuş, fakat onlara da fodula değil bedelinin verilmesi kararlaştırılmıştır (Düstur , III, 254-255). Bugün “fodulacı, fodlacı” tabirleri halk arasında hâlâ kullanılmakta, ayrıca İstanbul Fatih’te bu adı taşıyan bir de sokak (Fodla sokağı) bulunmaktadır. Yine halk arasında bazı fırınlar hâlâ fodla fırını şeklinde adlandırılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 2, s. 193/1762, 195/1777.
BA, KK , nr. 3398, s. 52-65; nr. 7094, s. 11; nr. 7097, s. 52-53; nr. 7098, vr. 18a , 48b ; nr. 7224, vr. 22a -23b .
BA, MAD , nr. 15764; nr. 15902.
BA, HH , nr. 10771.
BA, A.RSK (Dosya), nr. 5, Evr. 28.
BA, D.BŞM , nr. 11.
BA, D.BŞM . (Dosya), nr. 1, Evr. 34.
BA, D.BŞM . MTE (Matbah-ı Âmire), nr. 10509, s. 11.
BA, D.BŞM . ETB (Ekmekçibaşı), nr. 11771; nr. 11792.
BA , D.PYM (Piyade Mukabelesi), nr. 35113, 35117, 35121-35124, 35136-35137.
TSMA, nr. E. 8718.
Fâtih Aşhânesi Tevzî‘nâmesi (nşr. A. Süheyl Ünver), İstanbul 1935, s. 3-4.
Fodula Muhasebe Defteri, Muharrem 904 – Cumâdelûlâ 905 (nşr. Dündar Günday, Arşiv Belgelerinde Siyakat Yazısı Özellikleri ve Divan Rakamları içinde), Ankara 1974, s. 46-51, 56-61.
Kavânîn-i Yeniçeriyân (nşr. A. Y. Petrosyan), Moskva 1987, vr. 26b -28b , 135b -136a .
Kānunnâme , Âtıf Efendi Ktp., nr. 1734, vr. 284a-b .
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 154, 292, 350; II, 728.
Ayn Ali, Risâle-i Vazîfehorân , s. 88.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 536-537.
Nûri, Târih , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 5996, vr. 153a -154a .
M. Galib, Sâdullah Paşa yahut Mezardan Nidâ , İstanbul 1909, s. 42-43.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 297.
Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , I, 57, 162, 257, 260-261, 321, 397, 518.
a.mlf., Saray Teşkilâtı , s. 459.
Sertoğlu, Tarih Lügatı , s. 114-115.
“Duâgû Fodulalarının Sûret-i İmhâsı Hakkında Kanun”, Düstur , İkinci tertip, İstanbul 1330, III, 254-255.
Ö. Lûtfi Barkan, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda İmaret Sitelerinin Kuruluş ve İşleyiş Tarzına Ait Araştırmalar”, İFM , XXIII/1-2 (1963), s. 272-274, 280, 283.
a.mlf., “Edirne ve Civarındaki Bazı İmâret Tesislerinin Yıllık Muhasebe Bilânçoları”, TTK Belgeler , II/2 (1965), s. 244-246.
a.mlf., “İstanbul Saraylarına Ait Muhasebe Defterleri”, a.e. , IX/13 (1979), s. 34, 72, 80, 105, 128, 144, 174.
a.mlf., “Süleymaniye Cami ve İmareti Tesîslerine Âit Yıllık Bir Muhasebe Bilânçosu 993/994 (1585-1586)”, VD , IX (1971), s. 120, 155.
Pakalın , I, 634.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Fodla, Fodula”, İst.A , XI, 5813.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 167-170 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.