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FRAŞİRİ, Abdül Skip to content (1839-1892)
Arnavut milliyetçisi ve siyaset adamı.
29 Ağustos 1839’da Yanya (Janinë) vilâyetinin Ergiri (Gjirokastra) sancağına bağlı Pırmeti (Përmeti) kazasının Fraşiri (Frashëri) köyünde doğdu. Halk arasında daha çok Abdül Fraşiri, Abdül Beg Toska veya Abdül Bey olarak tanınmıştır. Şemseddin Sâmi ve Naîm Fraşiri’nin ağabeyidir. Osmanlı resmî kayıtlarında adı Abdullah Hüsnü olarak geçer. Babası, Berat’tan Fraşiri’ye gelip yerleşmiş bir akıncı ailesinden olan Hâlid Bey, annesi Emine Hanım’dır.
Abdül Bey ilk öğrenimini Fraşiri’de yaptı. Ayrıca köyünde faaliyet gösteren Bektaşî Tekkesi’nde Farsça öğrendi. On dört yaşında iken babası ile beraber Tesalya bölgesinde Osmanlı ordusunun yardımcı asker bölüklerine katıldı, bir taraftan da tahsilini sürdürdü. Babasının ölümü (1859) üzerine ailesinin geçimini sağlamak için çeşitli memuriyetlerde çalıştı. Bir süre sonra Yanya’ya gidip ticaretle meşgul oldu. Ardından tekrar memuriyete girdi ve Yanya vilâyeti maliye müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. 1865’te ailesini de Yanya’ya getirdi. Zosimea Rum Lisesi’nde okuyan kardeşleriyle beraber Fransızca ve Yunanca öğrendi.
1877’de açılan ilk Osmanlı Meclis-i Meb‘ûsanı’na Yanya vilâyeti mebusu olarak girdi. Bu arada Basîret , Tercümân-ı Şark ve Yunanca Neologos gazetelerinde yazılar yazarak Arnavutluk’un son durumu hakkında bilgiler verdi. Mayıs 1877’de Yanya Arnavut komitesine başkan olarak seçilen Abdül Bey bu vesile ile çeşitli ülkelere seyahatler yaptı.
1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi sonunda Rumeli’nin Yunanistan, Sırbistan ve Karadağ arasında paylaşılmak istenmesi ve büyük devletlerin baskısı yüzünden Osmanlı Devleti’nin çok defa çaresiz kalması Arnavut aydınlarını kaygılandırmıştı. Abdül Bey, Aralık 1877’de İstanbul’da önde gelen Arnavut liderleri tarafından Arnavut Halkının Hukukunu Koruma Derneği veya İstanbul Komitesi adıyla tanınan derneğin başkanlığına seçildi (Myzyri, s. 501). Bu derneğin ardından 12 Ekim 1879’da Cem‘iyyet-i İlmiyye-i Arnavudiyye adlı bir dernek daha kuruldu. Arnavutlar’ın kültür bakımından kalkınmasını sağlamak amacıyla faaliyet gösteren, başkanlığını Şemseddin Sâmi’nin yaptığı bu dernekte Abdül Bey yönetim kurulu üyesi olarak çalıştı.
Berlin Kongresi ve Ayastefanos Antlaşması sırasında Arnavut halkının yaşadığı yerlerin önemli bir kısmının bölge ülkeleri topraklarına ilhak edilmesi kararı Abdül Bey’i daha aktif olarak siyasetin içine soktu. Kuzey Arnavutluk’taki İşkodra gölünün kuzeyi tamamen Karadağ Devleti’ne terkedilmiş, Güney Sırbistan ve Kosova’daki Arnavutlar’ın çoğunlukta olduğu bölgeler Sırbistan’a verilmişti. Yanya ve Preveze vilâyetlerinin Yunanistan’a ilhakı ve diğer bölgelerin Batılı devletler tarafından parçalanması tehlikesi karşısında Abdül Bey bazı Yanyalı arkadaşlarıyla birlikte İstanbul’dan izinli olarak bölgeye gitti.
Berlin Kongresi’nin ardından büyük devletlerin aracılığıyla yapılan anlaşmada Tesalya ve Epir’in Narda bölgesi Yunanistan’a verilmişti. Ancak Yunanlılar bununla yetinmeyerek Yanya ile birlikte Epir’in tamamına sahip olmak isteyince Abdül Bey ve arkadaşları çeteler kurarak Yunanlılar’la çarpışmaya başladılar. Çeşitli mücadeleler sonunda bu vilâyetlerin Osmanlı Devleti sınırları içinde kalması sağlandı. Karadağ’a verilen yerleri kurtarmak üzere 10 Haziran 1878’de Prizren’de toplanan Arnavut Cemiyeti’nin kurucularından olan Abdül Bey cemiyetin Dışişleri komisyonu başkanı seçildi. Kasım 1878’de, Debreli İlyas Paşa başkanlığındaki Birinci Debre Meclisi’ne Toskalar’ın (Toskëri) yaşadığı bölgenin temsilcisi sıfatıyla katıldı. Ocak 1879’da toplanan Preveze Meclisi’nin kurucularından biri olarak faaliyet gösterdi. 1879 yılı ilkbaharında Vriyonlu Mehmed Ali Paşa ile birlikte İtalya, Fransa, İngiltere, Almanya ve Avusturya-Macaristan gibi devletlerin başşehirlerini ziyaret edip buralardaki diplomatların Arnavutluk’un bütünlüğü ve bağımsızlığı hakkındaki görüşlerini değiştirmek üzere onlara bir memorandum sundu.
Abdül Bey ve arkadaşlarının sürdürdüğü faaliyetler neticesinde Çamıriya bölgesinin Yunanistan’a ilhakı gerçekleşmedi. Osmanlı hâkimiyetini tanıyan Arnavut bölgeleri için bağımsızlık talebinde bulunan Ergiri Millî Meclisi’nin de başkanlık görevini üstlenen Abdül Bey, 20 Ekim 1880’de toplanan İkinci Debre Meclisi’nde Ergiri kararlarını savunduysa da Debre Meclisi’nden gereken desteği alamadı. Bunun üzerine Prizren’e dönerek Prizren Arnavut Cemiyeti’ni faaliyete geçirdi ve Ömer Prizreni başkanlığında kurulan geçici Arnavut hükümetinin (Ocak 1881) Dışişleri sorumluluğunu üstlendi. Böylece Osmanlı tarihinde “Arnavutluk isyanı” olarak anılan hadise başlamış oldu. Bu dönemde Üsküp dahil Kosova’nın birçok vilâyeti geçici Arnavut hükümetinin idaresine geçti. Debre mutasarrıfı, Prizren Arnavut Cemiyeti’nin geçici hükümeti tarafından görevden alınınca durum yeni bir boyut kazandı. Nisan 1881’de Derviş Paşa kumandasındaki Osmanlı kuvvetleri Kosova’da Arnavut bağımsızlık yanlılarının eline geçen bölgeleri geri aldı. 3000 Arnavut Anadolu’ya sürgüne gönderildi. Prizren Arnavut Cemiyeti dağıtılarak üyeleri çeşitli mahkemelere sevkedildi. Abdül Bey, Güney Arnavutluk’ta Elbasan yakınlarında tutuklanarak özel bir mahkemede önce ölüme, sonra da müebbet kalebendlik cezasına çarptırıldı. Üç yıl kadar Prizren Kalesi’nde tutuklu kaldı, ardından yirmi ay Balıkesir ve Bandırma’da mecburi ikamete tâbi tutuldu. Bazı dostlarının ve özellikle Gazi Osman Paşa’nın aracılığıyla siyasetle uğraşmamak şartıyla serbest bırakıldı. Daha sonra yine bazı dostlarının yardımıyla İstanbul Şehremaneti Meclisi üyeliğine getirildi. İki yıl kadar (1886-1888) bu görevde kaldı ve 11 Ekim 1892’de İstanbul’da öldü; Merdivenköy Şahkulu Bektaşî Dergâhı’nın kabristanına defnedildi. 1978’de Arnavutluk Sosyalist Halk Cumhuriyeti Devleti tarafından Prizren Arnavut Cemiyeti’nin kuruluşunun 100. kutlamaları münasebetiyle halk kahramanı ilân edildi ve naaşı Tiran’a nakledilerek Fraşiri Kardeşler Anıtparkı’nda defnedildi.
Abdül Bey Bulgar, Yunan, Sırp ve Karadağlılar gibi hıristiyan toplulukların Batılı devletlere güvenerek Rumeli topraklarının paylaşılması yolunda ilk adımları atıp Arnavutluk’u parçalamaya yöneldiklerinde, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bütünlüğünü savunarak bu toprakların elden çıkmaması için bütün gücüyle çalıştı. Kurduğu çetelerle Yunanlılar’a ve Karadağlılar’a karşı savaşarak bazı bölgelerin Osmanlı Devleti sınırları içinde kalmasını sağladı. Arnavutlar’ın Gega ve Toska kollarındaki Katolik ve Ortodoks unsurların İslâm ve Osmanlı aleyhindeki faaliyetlerine karşı da mücadele veren Abdül Bey, başlangıçta yeni kurulan Balkan devletlerinin zulmüne uğrayan Arnavut halkına sahip çıkarken daha sonraki yıllarda bağımsız Arnavutluk davasına kalkıştı.
Siyasî çalışmalarına bakıldığında Abdül Bey’in, içinde yaşadığı topluma millî değerlerini tanıtma ve Arnavut halkını bir millî istikamette yönlendirme amacını taşıdığı görülür. Hakkında destanlar yazılıp türküler söylenen ve “milletin ruhu” unvanı ile anılan (Burro, s. 122-125) Abdül Bey’in Messager de Vienne (Viyana), Basîret ve Tercümân-ı Şark (İstanbul), Kleio (Trieste), Moniteur Universel (Paris) gibi dergi ve gazetelerde muhtelif makaleleri yayımlanmıştır. Ayrıca çeşitli diplomatik faaliyetleri sonucu ortaya çıkan memorandumlar da onun tarafından kaleme alınmış olup bunların bir kısmı yayımlanmış, bir kısmı da yazma halinde korunmaktadır (Kristo Frashëri, Abdyl Frashëri , s. 21-28).
Abdül Bey’in yazdığı müsvedde halindeki dört eser, Arnavutluk’un bağımsızlığını kazanmasından sonra diğer yazılarıyla birlikte İstanbul’dan Arnavutluk’a götürülerek kızı Emine Hanım’a teslim edilmiş, ancak bu eserler I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında kaybolmuştur (Diturija , s. 321). Abdül Bey, Prizren Hâtıratı yahut Zindan Yâdigârı adlı eserde, özellikle Prizren Arnavut Cemiyeti’nin tarihi ve kendisinin siyasî faaliyetleri hakkında bilgi vermiş, kaynaklarda adı zikredilmeyen Yunanca eserde 1877-1881 yılları arasında Arnavutluk-Yunanistan siyasî ilişkileri üzerindeki görüşlerini anlatmıştır. Adı bilinmeyen üçüncü eseri Fraşiri köyünün tarihi hakkındadır. Dördüncü eseri ise ailesine dair bilgiler verdiği otuz sayfalık Arnavutça bir risâledir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sulo Burro, “Abdyl Frashëri”, Kalendari Kombiar , Sofya 1909, s. 122-125.
Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević, Arbanaska liga-arnautska kongra-i srpski narod u turskom carstvu 1878-1882 , Beograd 1909, tür.yer.
Theodor Ippen, “Beiträge zur inneren Geschichte Albaniens im XIX. Jahrhundert”, Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen (ed. L. von Thallóczy), München-Leipzig 1916, s. 342-385.
Ali Hadri, “Prilog rasvetljavanju Prizrenske Lige (1878-1881)”, Përparimi , Prishtinë 1967, s. 23-69.
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Şemsettin Sami , Ankara 1969, s. 31, 32, 42, 45, 46.
Hasan Kaleshi, “Frashëri, Abdyl”, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas (ed. M. Bernath – F. v. Schroeder), München 1974, I, 535-537.
Stefanaq Pollo v.dğr., Akte të Rilindjes Kombëtare Shqiptare , Tiranë 1978, s. 40, 41, 43-48, 145, 146.
Kristo Frashëri, Tre Vëllezër Pishtare , Tiranë 1978, s. 3-37.
a.mlf., Abdyl Frashëri , Tiranë 1984, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Frashëri Abdyl (1839-1892)”, Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar , Tiranë 1985, s. 288, 289.
a.mlf., “Shkrimet Politike të Abdyl Frashërit”, Studime Historike , I, Tiranë 1981, s. 65-103.
Aleks Buda v.dğr., Historia e Popullit Shqiptar , Prishtinë 1979, II, 160-186.
Kristaq Prifti, “Abdyl Frashëri, udhëhegës i Lidhjes Shqiptare të Prizrenit”, Konferenca Kombëtare e Studimeve për Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit , Tiranë 1979, I, 298-307.
Skender Rizaj, “Roli i Abdyl Frashërit në Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit sipas burimeve osmane dhe angleze”, Seminari Ndërkombëtar për Gjuhën, Letërsinë dhe Kulturën Shqiptare , sy. 5, Prishtinë 1979, s. 147-164.
a.mlf., “Gjurmë e dokumente nga diskutimi A. Frashërit në Parlamentin Osman”, Rilindja , Prishtinë 2.09.1978.
Diturija , sy. 9-11, Tiranë 1928, s. 321.
Necip Âsım, “Şemseddin Sami”, TTEM , I/2 (1930), s. 24.
Stavro Skendi, “Beginnings of albanian nationalist and autonomous trends: The Albanian Leage 1878-1881”, Amer, Slavic and East Europ. Review , sy. 12 (1953), s. 219-232.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , II, 1028; IV, 3113, 3114.
Koli Xoxi, “Komiteti i Janinës”, Fjalor Enciklopedik Shqiptar , Tiranë 1985, s. 498.
a.mlf., “Kuvendi i Dibrës (1878)”, a.e. , s. 585-586.
a.mlf., “Kuvendi i Gjirokastrës (1880)”, a.e. , s. 586.
a.mlf., “Lidhja Shqiptare e Prizrenit (1878-1881)”, a.e. , s. 621, 622.
Hysni Myzyri, “Komiteti Qendror për Mbrojtjen e të Drejtave të Kombësisë Shqiptare”, a.e. , s. 501.
Shefik Osmani, “Shoqëri e të Shtypurit Shkronja Shqip”, a.e. , s. 1028.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 194-195 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.