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FRENK Skip to content Osmanlılar’ın Batı Avrupalılar hakkında kullandıkları bir terim.
Aslı Frank olan (bk. FRANKLAR ) ve genelde “Batı Avrupalı” anlamını taşıyan Frenk kelimesi, Osmanlılar’da önceleri daha fazla ilişki içerisinde bulunulan İtalyanlar’la Fransızlar’ı, XV. yüzyıl sonlarından itibaren Almanlar’ı, XVI. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren de tanışma sırasıyla diğer Batı Avrupalı kavimleri içine almış ve Protestanlığın ortaya çıkması bu durumu etkilememiştir. Buradan, terimin Avrupalılar arasındaki mezhep ve milliyet farkından değil coğrafî konum farkından, daha doğrusu Batı Roma-Doğu Roma (Bizans) bölünmesinden kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Roma İmparatorluğu ikiye ayrılırken Franklar’ın tamamı Batı Roma topraklarında kalmış, yıllar sonra en büyük hükümdarları olan Büyük Karl da (Charlemagne) papa tarafından taç giydirilerek resmen “Batı imparatoru” ilân edilmiştir. Buna karşılık Macarlar gibi Katolik olan bazı kavimler Doğu Roma topraklarında kalmış ve yine yıllar sonra Osmanlılar tarafından Katolik oldukları halde Ortodoks Rum ve Bulgarlar gibi (aynı şekilde Katolik Osmanlı tebaası da) Frenk kavramının dışında tutulmuştur. Bu durum, Frenk kavramının doğrudan Katolik mezhebiyle bağıntılı olmadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak yine de bütün Katolikler Batı kilisesine (Roma), bütün Ortodokslar Doğu kilisesine (İstanbul) bağlı oldukları için genelde Batı Avrupalı denilince akla Katolikler (ve onlardan bölünen Protestanlar), Doğu Avrupalı denilince de Ortodokslar gelmiştir.
XV. yüzyıla ait ilk Osmanlı kaynaklarında çok sık geçen Frenk kelimesi Macarlar hariç diğer Katolik hıristiyanları, özellikle Venedikliler’i belirtmek üzere kullanılmıştır. Dursun Bey, Engürüs (Macaristan) dışındaki Avrupa ülkelerini Frenk tabiriyle andığı gibi bu topraklara da Frengistan demektedir. Ayrıca Osmanlı ordularının karşısındaki müttefik hıristiyan güçlerinden bahsedilirken sık sık “Frenk askeri, Frenk beyleri” gibi adlandırmalar yapıldığı görülür. Özellikle Cem Sultan olayı sırasında Frenk ve Frengistan kelimeleri iyice yaygınlık kazanmıştır. Bu olayla ilgili kaynaklara göre Cem Sultan saltanat mücadelesini kaybedip ülkeden ayrılınca yıllarca Frengistan’da yaşamış, “Frenk efendiler” bu şehzadenin durumundan istifade ederek devrin padişahından külliyetli miktarlarda para almışlar ve haber toplamak için “Frenk diyarları”nı dolaşan Osmanlı ajanlarına da yardımda bulunmuşlardı. İstanbul’un fethinden sonra, kendilerine özel bir statü tanınan Galata’daki çoğu Latin asıllı olan tüccarlar ve diğer siviller “Efrenc taifesi” adıyla anıldılar. Karamânî Mehmed Paşa da Osmanlılar’la on altı yıl savaşan Venediklilerden Dursun Bey gibi Frenk veya “Efrenc kâfirleri” diye bahseder. Bütün bunlar, XV. yüzyılda kelimenin, Katolik mezhebine mensup Latin kökenli Fransız ve İtalyanlar başta olmak üzere Osmanlı sınırları dışında kalan hıristiyanları ifade ettiğini göstermektedir. Osmanlı idaresi altındaki Mârûnîler, Rum Melkitler, Katolik Süryânîler ise bu terimin kapsamı dışında tutulmuş ve doğrudan zimmî, gebrân, nasârâ diye adlandırılmışlardır. Kudüs’te bulunan ve hıristiyan alemince mukaddes sayılan kutsal makamların korunması için, XIII. yüzyıldan beri Fransisken tarikatına mensup ruhbanların bulunduğu San Salvatore Manastırı’nda muhafaza edilen belgelerde de yalnız dış ülkelerden gelen ziyaretçi ve papazlar için Efrenc tabirinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Kelimenin anlamı, Osmanlılar’ın Avrupa siyasetinde etkili rol oynadıkları XVI. yüzyılda biraz daha genişleyip farklılaştı. 1571 tarihli Trablus İskelesi Kanunnâmesi’nde, “Venedik cânibinden ve France vilâyetinden ve Sakız’dan, velhâsıl külliyyen diyâr-ı Efrenc’den gelen tüccardan” söz edilmektedir. XVI. yüzyılın ikinci çeyreğine ait Mısır Kanunnâmesi’nde “Frenk vilâyeti” tabiri geçer ve “frengî” de denilen Frenk mallarının nasıl satılacağı belirtilir. Osmanlı piyasasında tutulan ince yünlü kumaş türleri genellikle Avrupa’dan geldiği için bunlara “frengî kumaş, frengî akmişe”, türüne göre de “frengî kemhâ, frengî kadife” adı veriliyordu. Bu adlandırmanın erken tarihlerden beri Osmanlı piyasasında var olduğu bilinmektedir. Yine oldukça eski tarihlerden itibaren İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Osmanlı hizmetine giren Batı Avrupa kökenli kişilere de Frenk lakabının takıldığı görülmektedir. Frenk Câfer Paşa, Frenk Mustafa Paşa, Frenk Abdurrahman Paşa, Frenk Mustafa Efendi ve Frenk Osman Ağa bunların başlıcalarıdır. XV. yüzyılın sonunda İstanbul’a gelen Arnold von Harff da burada, kendisine Frenk Hasan denilen ve Almanca konuşan biriyle karşılaşmıştı.
İstanbul’un iskânı sırasında mahalleler tesbit edilirken “Frenk taifesi”nin de yeri ve sayısı belirtilmiş, özellikle diğer cemaatlerle olan farklılığı göz önünde tutulmuştu. Galata bu yeni statüde âdeta Batı âleminin Osmanlı sınırları içinde yer alan bir adası haline geldi. Bu durumu Dursun Bey, “Bir kişi, sekizi bir akçe mangırın birisiyle Rumeli’den Frengistan’ı, Frengistan’dan da Rumeli’yi seyreder” şeklinde bir cümle ile açıklar. Floransalı tüccarlar da Fâtih Sultan Mehmed dönemine ait Bursa sicillerinde “Efrenc tüccarı” sıfatıyla anılmışlardı. Galata’da bulunan “kenîse-i Efrenciyân” burada yaşayan Avrupa menşeli Katolikler’in kilisesiydi. İstanbul’un yanı sıra diğer bazı liman şehirlerinde de Avrupalı tüccarların ve bunlarla birlikte bulunan din adamlarının ikamet ettiği mahalleler mevcuttu ve buralara “Frenk mahallesi” deniliyordu. XV. yüzyılda Samsun ve Trabzon şehirleri için yapılan tahrirlerde “Efrenciyân” adıyla kayıtlı, büyük bir kısmını Cenevizli tüccarların oluşturduğu birer topluluğa rastlanmaktadır. İzmir de XVII. yüzyılda bir liman şehri olarak gelişmeye başladığı zaman burada bir Frenk mahallesi teşekkül etmişti. Frenk tabiriyle zikredilen tüccarların “harbî” veya “müste’min” sayılmaları yanında geçici ikametlerinin ne kadar süreceği, ölenlere ait malların kime verileceği ve bir yere gitmek isteyenlerin nasıl vergilendirileceği hususları sürekli bir şekilde Venedik Cumhuriyeti ve Fransa Krallığı ile yapılan antlaşmalara konu olmuş; Halep, Beyrut, Şam, İskenderiye gibi gayri müslim yerlilerin çok olduğu zengin ve faal şehirlerdeki Katolik cemaatleri de yakından ilgilendiren bu tüccarların statüsü idareciler için çok defa başlı başına bir problem teşkil etmiştir.
Frenk topluluğunun işlerini, İstanbul’un fethinden sonra Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından kurulmasına izin verilen Magnifica Comunità di Pera üstlendi ve varlığını 1927 yılına kadar sürdürdü. Böylece maddî çıkarları ile birlikte hukukî imtiyazları da güvence altına alınan Frenkler’in bazıları Osmanlı topraklarındaki ikametlerini sürekli hale getirdiler; bunlara son yüzyıllarda Levanten adı verildi. İstanbul kadar İzmir ve Sakız’da da bulunan Katolik cemaatlerine ek olarak Kırım Harbi sonunda artan göçler sebebiyle Mersin, İskenderun, Tarsus, Samsun gibi liman şehirlerinde yaşayan Levantenler’in sayıları büyük ölçüde arttı. Başta tercümanlık olmak üzere önemli mevkilere geldikleri gibi büyük sermaye sahibi de olan ve toplum içindeki yaşayışları çok farklı şekilde gelişen Levantenler tiyatro, müzik, mimari ve giyim alanlarında Avrupa modasının yayılmasında önemli rol oynadılar. Batı tipi tiyatro gösterileri ilk defa Fransız elçiliğinde yapıldı; daha sonra XIX. yüzyılda, İstanbul ve İzmir’de oturan Frenkler’le Levantenler arasında revaç buldu. Tiyatroya paralel olarak opera sanatı da gelişti. İtalyan tenor ve sopranoları ülkenin özellikle Levanten bölgelerinde bu sanatın tanınmasını sağladılar. Büyük ölçüde İtalyan ve Fransız kolonisi mensupları tarafından yürütülen bu faaliyetler gayri müslim Osmanlı tebaası üzerinde çok etkili oldu; ilk defa Batı müziği dinleyen ve opera seyreden III. Selim’den sonra ise asıl etkisini sarayda gösterdi (geniş bilgi için bk. BATILILAŞMA [Mûsiki]). Mimari üslûp, Frenk ve Levantenler’in zenginleşmesi sonucunda geleneksel tarz ile Avrupa tarzının birleşmesini sağladı ve bu yeni mimari cami, çeşme, sebil gibi geleneksel İslâm sanatının uygulandığı eserlerde etkili olmaya başladı. Özellikle İstanbul ve İzmir’deki sayfiye yerlerinde de Levanten veya alafranga mimari denilen zevkin yayılması, binaların dış görünüşüyle birlikte iç görünüşünün de değişmesine ve buralarda Avrupaî bir hayatın yaşanmasına sebep oldu. Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasından sonra onun yerine kurulan askerî teşkilâta “alafranga” olarak nitelendirilen Batı tipi elbiseler giydirildi; Mısır’da da Kavalalı Mehmed Ali Paşa aynı yolu takip etti. Bu tutum bir süre sonra sivil giyime tesir etti ve XIX. yüzyılda Frenk usulü giyim kuşam yaygınlaştı. Levanten ve Frenkler tarafından Avrupa moda merkezlerinden getirtilen elbiseler önce erkek giyimini, bir süre sonra da kadın giyimini değiştirdi ve İstanbul’un merkezinde oturanlar muhafazakâr kalırken özellikle Beyoğlu tarafına geçenler alafranga davranış ve giyim tarzını benimsediler.
Cumhuriyet döneminde Frenk statüsü ortadan kalkmış, ülkelerine dönmeyen Batılılar Lozan Antlaşması çerçevesinde Türkiye Cumhuriyeti vatandaşı olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Türk halkı, Batılılar tarafından kullanılan yahut Türkiye’ye onlar aracılığıyla giren yeniliklere frenk kelimesiyle meydana getirilen isimler takmış, özellikle Cumhuriyet döneminde gerçekleşen Batı’ya açılma sonucunda frenk kavramının ortadan kalkmasıyla birlikte bir kısmı aşağıda sıralanan bu tabirler unutulmaya başlamıştır: Frenk arpası, frenk astarı, frenk bağı, frenk biberi, frenk çileği, frenk elması, frenk eriği, frenk gömleği, frenk gülü, frenk inciri, frenk kimyonu, frenk ocağı, frenk patlıcanı, frenk pekmezi, frenk sakalı, frenk sicimi, frenk turpu, frenk yakısı, frenk zahmeti. Bunlardan başka Frengistan, Frenkçe, Frenkhâne, Frenkleşme, Frenkmeşrep gibi tabirler de unutulanlar arasındadır. Frengi, frenk asması, frenk maydanozu, frenk menekşesi ve frenk üzümü gibi isimler ise halen Türkçe’de kullanılmaktadır. Bugün Urfa yöresinde domatese sadece frenk denilmekte (frenk elmasından veya frenk patlıcanından kısaltılmış olabilir), domatesli yiyeceklere de “frenk dürmüğü (dürümü), frenk tavası, frenkli kebap” gibi isimler verilmektedir; frenk suyu ise (frenk pekmezi) salçadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 197-199 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.