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FÛLÂNÎLER Skip to content Batı Afrika’da yaşayan müslüman bir topluluk.
Dünyanın en büyük göçebe topluluklarından biri olan Fûlânîler, Çad gölünün doğu kıyısındaki Wadai’den Senegal’in Atlantik kıyılarına kadar uzanan geniş bir alana yayılmışlardır; 1000 yılı aşkın bir zamandan beri gruplar halinde bu bölgede dolaşarak hayvancılık ve çiftçilikle uğraşırlar. Kendilerine Fulbe diyen Fûlânîler, Siyah Afrika’da beyaz ırka mensup tek insan topluluğunu teşkil ederler. Adları Senegal, Gambia ve Sierra Leone’de Pular, Mali ve onun doğusundaki bölgelerde Fulfulde olarak söylenir; Fransızlar Peul, İngilizler Fulani ve Almanlar ise Ful derler. Arapça’da Fûlâniyye şeklinde ve muhtemelen ilk defa Makrîzî (ö. 845/1442) tarafından kullanılan kelime Abdurrahman es-Sa‘dî’nin Târîḫu’s-Sûdân adlı eserinde de bu şekilde zikredilmiştir.
Çok dağınık halde yaşadıkları için Fûlânîler’in günümüzdeki sayıları kesin olarak bilinmemekte, ancak 7-8 milyonu göçebe, gerisi yerleşik toplam 20 milyon kadar oldukları sanılmaktadır. % 93’ü müslüman olan Fûlânîler İslâmiyet’le ilk defa XI. yüzyılda, Kuzey Afrikalı Arap ve Berberî tüccarlarla Murâbıtlar’ın faaliyetleri ve yerli halkla evlenmeleri sonucunda karşılaşmışlar, müslümanların bölgedeki etkinliklerinin artması paralelinde, özellikle XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıllarda putperest kabilelere karşı girişilen cihad hareketleri sırasında da ihtida etmişlerdir. Genellikle katı dindar kişilikleriyle tanınırlar; daha çok göçebe hayatı yaşayanlar arasında putperestlik âdet ve gelenekleri hâlâ yaygındır. Fûlânî toplumu asiller, köleler, tüccarlar ve çobanlar, şarkıcılar ve dokumacılar, dericiler, marangozlar ve demirciler olmak üzere çeşitli toplum tabakalarından oluşan bir kast sistemiyle dikkati çeker.
Fûlânî dili önceleri, aralarında Berberî lehçeleriyle bağlantı kurularak Hâmî dil grubuna dahil edilmiş, daha sonra bu görüş terkedilerek Senegal ve Gine dilleriyle aynı gruba sokulmuştur. Tipik isim türleriyle ve kelimenin sonuna getirilen eklerle dikkati çeken Fûlânî dili bölgedeki diğer diller gibi tek heceli köklere sahiptir.
Fûlânîler’in menşei konusu tartışmalıdır. Senegal’den Orta Kamerun’a kadar olan bölgede çeşitli devletlerin kurulmasında önemli rol oynayan bu halkın ortaya çıktığı zaman ve gelişiminin takip ettiği seyir hakkında çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Neolitik devirde nemli bir sahranın varlığı üzerinde durulmakta ve doğudan geldiği zannedilen Afrika asıllı veya Afrika dışından göçebe bir halkın uzun süre bu topraklarda yaşadığı sanılmaktadır; bu insanlar büyük bir ihtimalle Fûlânîler’in atalarıdır. Yakın zamana kadar Büyük Sahrâ’da görülen iklim değişikliği hakkındaki bilgilerin yetersizliği, araştırmacıları Fûlânîler’le fizikî benzerliği bulunan insan gruplarını aramaya sevketmiştir. Sahrâ’dan, tarihte ilk defa Fûlânî adının görüldüğü yer olan Senegal’deki Futa Toro’ya kadar ulaşan bir göç olayından bahsedilmekte ve insanların saç tipleri, kafa tası yapıları, dil ilişkileriyle çeşitli etnografik bağları göz önünde tutularak önce Sahrâ’dan Etiyopya’ya, sonra da buradan sığır sürüleriyle birlikte bir grubun batıya, diğerinin güneye gittiği yönünde teoriler geliştirilmektedir. Fûlânîler geçmişleri hakkında kuvvetli bir millî geleneğe sahip değillerdir; menkıbelerinde kendilerinden bazan Arap bazan da yahudi-Arap, Arap-zenci veya Mağribî-zenci melezi bir ırk olarak bahsederler.
İlk merkezlerden biri olan Futa Toro bu halkın yayılışında önemli bir rol oynamıştır. Fûlânîler muhtemelen XI. yüzyılda buraya yerleştiler; daha sonra da Dhombogo ve Kaarta yoluyla doğuya doğru yayıldılar. Bunlardan birkaç kabile bu bölgelerde kalırken diğerleri yerleşik Mandingo (Mandinka) halkıyla evlilikler kurarak Fulankeler’i meydana getirdiler. Liderleri Maga Callo’nun Mâsînâ yönüne doğru göç etmesine kadar Fûlânîler’in büyük bir kısmı Bagana’nın güneyindeki Kaniagan’da kaldı; diğer bir kısmı Bakunu’ya yerleşti. Futa Toro’da yaşayan diğer bir grup Say’da Nijer nehrini geçtikten sonra önce Sokoto bölgesine, ardından Adamava’ya yerleşti. Bir grup da Mâsînâ yöresinden Dogon, Liptako ve Futa Calon’a geldi. Fûlânîler’in Çad’dan Senegal’e kadar uzanan geniş bir bölgeye yayılması çeşitli grupların birbirlerini desteklemesini gerektirmiş ve bunun sonucunda bazı önemli devletler kurulmuştur.
Mâsînâ Fûlânî Devleti XIV. yüzyılın sonunda Maga Callo tarafından kuruldu. Fûlânî hükümdar ailesi Ardoslar, Sonni Ali Ber’in başında bulunduğu Songay Krallığı’nın saldırılarına uzun süre karşı koydular. XVIII. yüzyılın sonunda ise Bambara işgalleri ve Tuareg yayılmacılığı arasında kıskaca alınmadan önce Gao Faslıları’nın denetimi altına girdiler. Mâsînâ Fûlânî Devleti, Ahmedü Lobbo idaresinde (1810-1844) en parlak dönemini yaşadı. Osman b. Fûdî (Osman dan Fodio) liderliğindeki cihad hareketlerine katılan Ahmedü Lobbo, Mâsînâ bölgesinde yaşayan putperest kabileler arasında İslâmiyet’i yaymaya çalıştı. 1815’te Bani nehri kıyısında Hamdullahi (Hamdallay) şehrini kurarak burasını başşehir yaptı ve devleti çeşitli eyaletlere ayırarak her eyaletin başına valiler ve hâkimler tayin etti; malî ve askerî sistemi tam olarak yerleştirdi. Ahmedü Lobbo, bütün Fûlânîler’in ve Bambara kabilesinin önemli bir bölümünün İslâmiyet’e girmesini sağladı. 1844’te ölünce yerine oğlu II. Ahmedü (1844-1852) geçti ve hâkimiyetini Tinbüktü’ye kadar yaydı. Fakat onun oğlu III. Ahmedü’nün (1852-1862) 50.000 kişilik ordusu Tukulorlar’ın lideri el-Hâc Ömer’in 30.000 kişilik ordusuna Sagewal’de yenildi; Hamdullahi zaptedildi ve III. Ahmedü öldürüldü. İki yıl sonra kardeşi Ba Lobbo, Tukulor ordusunu yenmeyi başarıp el-Hâc Ömer’i Degembere’de bir mağaraya sığınmak ve kuvvetli bir ihtimalle orada intihar etmek zorunda bıraktıysa da el-Hâc Ömer’in yeğeni Ticânî kısa süre sonra tekrar saldırıya geçip Mâsînâ’nın denetimini eline aldı ve bu durum XIX. yüzyıl sonlarındaki Fransız işgaline kadar devam etti.
Futa Calon Fûlânîleri XVII. yüzyılın sonlarında Mâsînâ’dan gelerek buraya yerleştiler; yeterince güçlenince de iktidarı ele geçirdiler (bk. FUTA CALON ).
Nijerya Fûlânî Devleti Osman b. Fûdî tarafından kurulmuştur. XVIII. yüzyılda Futa Toro’dan Nijerya’nın kuzeyindeki Hevsâlar’ın yaşadığı bölgeye gelerek buradaki yedi küçük devletten Gobir Krallığı’nın topraklarında yerleşen Osman b. Fûdî, Kral Yunfa’ya karşı cihad ilân etti. Bu suretle bölgedeki putperest kabileler arasında İslâmiyet’i yaymak için Degal’i merkez yaparak başlattığı faaliyetler daha sonra büyük boyutlara ulaştı. 21 Haziran 1804’te kralın askerlerini yenerek kendisini “müslümanların kumandanı” ilân eden Osman b. Fûdî, 1806-1808 yılları arasında Yunfa’ya bağlı kuvvetlerle yapılan çarpışmalar neticesinde Gobir’in merkezi Alkalawa’yı zaptetti; daha sonra da Kano üzerinde hâkimiyet sağlayarak merkezini buraya taşıdı ve arkasından Katsina, Kebbi, Nupe, Zaria ve Liptako’ya gönderdiği ordularıyla diğer Hevsâ devletlerini ortadan kaldırdı. 1808’de müslüman Bornu’yu da topraklarına kattı; böylece kurduğu devlet Atlantik sahillerinden Tinbüktü’ye kadar uzanan geniş bir bölgeye hâkim oldu (1809). Fakat 1810’da Kânimbulu’ya saldırdığında Muhammed Emîn el-Kânimî tarafından geri püskürtüldü. Bunun üzerine batı eyaletlerinin idaresini kardeşi Abdullah’a, yeni fethedilen doğu eyaletlerinin idaresini de oğlu Muhammed Bello’ya bıraktı; ancak ölünceye kadar (1817) devletin başında kendisi kaldı. Sokoto’yu başşehir yapan Muhammed Bello (ö. 1837) Katsina, Kano, Zaria, Hadejia, Adamava, Gombo, Katagum, Nupe, İlorin, Daura ve Bauchi emirliklerini hâkimiyeti altına alarak Nijerya Fûlânî Devleti’ni zirveye ulaştırdı. Babasının kurduğu dinî esaslara dayalı devlet düzenini sürdüren ve fetih hareketlerinin yanı sıra tarih, coğrafya ve ilâhiyat alanlarında çeşitli eserler yazmaya da zaman bulan Muhammed Bello birçok medrese ve cami yaptırarak ilmî gelişmeyi hızlandırmıştır.
Osman b. Fûdî’nin kurduğu Fûlânî Devleti daha sonra Liptako ve Adamava olmak üzere iki önemli emirliğe bölündü. Liptako emirliği Mâsînâ’dan gelen Ferobeler’in (toprağını terkedenler) lideri Birmali Sala Pate tarafından kurulmuştur. Birmali Sala Pate Wendu yakınlarındaki Bayel bölgesine yerleşti ve uzun zamandır burada bulunan putperest Fûlânîler’in İslâmiyet’e girmeleri için çaba gösterdi. Osman b. Fûdî’nin sağladığı başarı buradaki Fûlânîler’i de cesaretlendirerek Gurma reislerine karşı gelmelerini teşvik etti. Dori Muharebesi’nde (Nisan 1810) Gurmalar’ı yenen Birmali’nin torunu Brahima bi Saidu bölgede İslâm hâkimiyetini pekiştirdi. 1817’de onun yerine geçen Salifu bi Hama da güneydeki Gurmalar’ı yendi; fakat Tuaregler’in baskısı altında kuzeydeki Udalam’ı terketmek zorunda kaldı. Sori döneminde (1832-1861) Liptako’daki idarî yapıyı kuvvetlendirme çalışmaları, 1900 kişinin ölümüyle sonuçlanan kanlı Kassirga Muharebesi’yle 1840’ta zayıfladı. Ali Bori yönetimindeki Tukulorlu askerlerin Duentza’da Kaptan Blachere tarafından yok edilmesinin (1894) ardından Bubakar Sori Kaptan Destenave ile 4 Ekim 1895’te manda antlaşması imzalamak zorunda kaldı ve böylece ülke İngilizler’in hâkimiyeti altına girdi.
Adamava Fûlânî emirliği ise 1841’de Osman b. Fûdî’nin mücahidlerinden Modibbo Adama tarafından kuruldu ve 1901’de İngilizler’le Almanlar’ın sömürge idareleri arasında paylaşılıncaya kadar altmış yıl yaşadı (bk. ADAMAVA ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Müslüman Halklar Ansiklopedisi (ed. R. V. Weekes, trc. Deniz Diker v.dğr.), İstanbul 1990-91, I, 337-339.
Mervyn Hiskett, “Material Relating to the State of Learning among the Fulani before their Jihad”, BSOAS , XIX (1957), s. 550-578.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 215-216 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.