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GALATA KULESİ Skip to content İstanbul’da Galata’da alt kısmı Ceneviz, üst kısmı Osmanlı yapısı kule.
Galata’ya XIV. yüzyıldan itibaren yavaş yavaş sahip olarak burada bir koloni kuran İtalyan asıllı Cenevizliler, Bizans Devleti’nin iyice zayıfladığı bu yüzyıl içinde kolonilerinin etrafını surlarla çevirdikleri vakit bu arazinin en yüksek noktasında, deniz seviyesinden 35 m. yükseklikte Haliç girişiyle Marmara’ya hâkim bir yerde burçların hepsinden kalın bir kule inşa etmişlerdi. Bugünkü Galata Kulesi’nin esasını teşkil eden bu burç, karadan gelecek bir tehlikeye karşı Galata surlarının kuzey tarafını koruyor, Haliç’ten ve Boğaz kıyısından yukarı uzanan sur duvarlarının birleştiği yerde bulunuyordu. Surların başkulesini teşkil eden bu burcu Bizanslılar Büyük Burç (Megalos Pyrgos), Cenevizliler ise İsa Kulesi (Christea turris) olarak adlandırmışlardı. Bizans yapısı olan ve Haliç girişini kapatan zincirin bir ucunun bağlandığı kule ise kıyıda bulunuyordu. Kastellion denilen bu ikinci müstahkem kulenin mahzen kısmı Türk devrinde önce depo olarak kullanılmış ve XVIII. yüzyılda Yeraltı Camii adıyla ibadet yerine dönüştürülmüştür. Genellikle bu iki tahkimat unsuru birbirine karıştırılmıştır.
Galata’da 1316’dan itibaren Ceneviz imtiyaz bölgesinin güçlenmeye başlaması sonunda, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun iki taht ortağı VI. Ioannes Kantakuzenos ile V. Ioannes Palaiologos arasındaki iktidar çatışmalarından istifade eden Ceneviz idaresi 1348 yılında acele ile Galata tahkimatının ana unsuru olan kuleyi yaptırmış, bunu sur duvarlarına bağlayarak hendeği de derinleştirmiştir. Bu bilgiyi veren Nikeforos Gregoras’a göre, Ioannes Kantakuzenos Cenevizliler’i cezalandırmak istediyse de bunu başaramamıştır. Evvelce kulenin hemen hemen eteğinde, günümüzdeki Yüksekkaldırım caddesiyle Lülecihendeği caddesi köşesinde bulunan Küçükkule Kapısı yanında mevcut Sanct Nicolaus burcu üzerindeki bir levhada görülen Ceneviz ve Bizans armaları ile 1349 yılı bu tarihî bilgiyi destekliyordu.
Cenevizliler, XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı ile XV. yüzyılın ilk yarısı içinde kule çevresindeki tahkimatı devamlı geliştirdiler, 1445 veya 1446’da kuleyi de yükselttiler. Öteden beri Doğu Akdeniz, Adalar ve Karadeniz ticaretindeki rakiplerine karşı Türkler’le dost geçinme siyasetini takip eden Cenevizliler, Galata tahkimatında yapacakları “yüksek bir kule” için II. Murad’dan malzeme ve borç para istemişlerdi; bu yardıma karşılık yapacakları (veya yükseltecekleri) kulenin -bu herhalde Galata Kulesi olmalıdır- uygun bir yerine Murad Bey’in adını veren bir kitâbe koymayı da teklif etmişlerdi. İtalya’daki merkez bu girişimi öğrendiğinde Galata idaresine çok sert bir mektup yazarak tahkimatı kuvvetlendirmeye yetecek zenginlikte olduğunu bildirmişti. Kule 1445-1446 yıllarında Baldassare Maruffo tarafından yükseltilmiş olmalıdır. Nitekim Mumhâne veya Kireç Kapısı’nda eskiden bulunan bir mermer levhada podesta (Cenova’yı temsil eden vali) Maruffo’ya, buradaki surları genişlettiği ve İsa Kulesi’ne kadar bir misli daha yükselttiği için şükran ifadeleri yer alıyordu.
1453’te İstanbul’un fethinin arkasından Cenevizliler kalenin anahtarlarını savaşsız teslim ettikleri için ellerine, kendilerine bazı haklar tanındığını bildiren bir ferman verilmişti. Çeşitli kopyaları günümüze kadar gelen bu fermanda Fâtih Sultan Mehmed Cenevizliler’in kalelerini yıkmayacağını açıkça ifade ediyordu. Ancak yine de hükümranlığının delili olmak üzere surların kara tarafındakilerin üst kısımları ile Galata Kulesi’nin tepesinden 10 arşın (7,58 m.) kadarı yıktırılmıştır. Surların ve kulenin Fâtih döneminde Zağanos Mehmed Paşa idaresinde tamir ettirilmiş olduğu yolunda bir rivayet vardır. II. Bayezid devrinde 915 (1509) yılında kırk beş gün süren ve “küçük kıyamet” olarak adlandırılan depremde Galata surları ile kulesinin de zarar gördüğü bilinmektedir. Bu tahribatın ardından mimar Murad b. Hayreddin idaresinde yapılan tamir çok kısa süre içinde tamamlanarak 1510 yılı ortalarında bitirilmiştir. Bugünkü zeminden ikinci kat hizasında (13,20 m.) ve üçüncü kat hizasında (17,17 m.) gövdeyi saran tuğladan iki kuşak bu tamirin işaretleri olmalıdır. Bunlardan üstteki o derecede açık Türk mimarisi üslûbundadır ki kulenin hiç değilse bu kuşaktan itibaren yukarısının Türk inşaatı olduğu söylenebilir. Esasen beşinci katın pencerelerinin tuğladan sivri kemerleri de hiçbir şüpheye yer vermeyecek surette Türk inşaatıdır. Böylece kulenin iki veya üçüncü katına kadar olan alt kısmı Ceneviz, bunun yukarısı ise Osmanlı-Türk yapısı olmaktadır.
Galata Kulesi XVI. yüzyılda, Kasımpaşa Tersanesi’nde çalıştırılan sultana ait harp esiri hıristiyanlarca diğer burçlarla birlikte barınak olarak kullanılmaktaydı. Türkler’e 1552’de esir düşen adı meçhul bir İspanyol bu kulelerde yaşadıklarını ve ölenlerin hendeklere gömüldüğünü anlatır. 1574’te İstanbul’a gelen Fransız Pierre Lescalopier, Galata’nın en yüksek yerinde yüksek ve güçlü bir burç bulunduğunu, bunun o sırada zindan olarak kullanıldığını yazar. Brettenli Michael Heberer de 1582-1588 yıllarında İstanbul’da esir olarak bulunduğunda, “etrafı yüksek duvarlarla çevrili geniş bir avlu ortasındaki pek yüksek yuvarlak gövdeli kule”nin içinde sultanın çeşitli işlerde çalıştırılan 1500 esirinin barındığını bildirir. Galata zindanı XVIII. yüzyılda artık Haliç kıyısındaki Azapkapı’ya yakın bazı burçlarda bulunuyordu. Buradaki Koyun Baba Türbesi ve bununla ilgili halk efsanesi bu zindan yerinin son hâtırasıdır.
Evliya Çelebi, XVII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında kulenin 118 mimari arşın yüksekliğinde ve tepesinin kurşun kaplı bir külâhla örtülü olduğunu bildirdikten sonra, “İçi on kat halinde zindan ise de şimdi tersanenin gemi levazım ambarı olmuştur” der. Yine o sıralarda Hezarfen Ahmed Çelebi kollarına yapma kanatlar takarak Galata Kulesi’nden atlamış ve Üsküdar’da Doğancılar’a inmiştir. Galata’da astronomi âlimi Takıyyüddin er-Râsıd’ın 1575’te kurduğu, fakat 1580’de tahrip edilen rasathânesinin Galata Kulesi’nde olduğunu yazanlar varsa da bu rasathânenin Tophane sırtlarında Gritti Konağı yanında bulunduğu kesinlik kazanmıştır. Ancak Takıyyüddin’in bazı rasatlar için geçici olarak Galata Kulesi’nden faydalanmış olabileceği pek açık olmayan bir kısım kayıtlara dayanılarak tahmin edilmektedir. Çok daha sonraları Şeyhülislâm Seyyid Feyzullah Efendi Galata Kulesi’ni Cizvit papazı Besnier’nin yardımıyla bir rasathâneye dönüştürmeyi tasarlamış, fakat 1703’te öldürülmesi üzerine bu tasarı gerçekleşmemiştir.
XVIII. yüzyıldan itibaren kule Mehterhâne Ocağı ile yangın gözleyicilerine tahsis edilmiştir. Ermeni coğrafya yazarı P. G. İnciciyan, 1717’den beri Galata Kulesi’nde gece yarısını duyurmak üzere kös vurulduğunu bildirir. XVIII. yüzyılda kulede bir mehterhâne takımının yaşadığı, buradaki mûsiki aletleriyle köslerin tamirine lüzum gösteren 1194 (1780) tarihli bir arîzadan da anlaşılmaktadır. 1791’de İstanbul’a gelen Salaberry adlı yabancı seyyah, Galata Kulesi’nde fetihten beri her gün aynı saatte “kötü bir müzik” çalındığını yazarken herhalde buradaki mehterhânenin nevbet vurmasını kastetmiştir. Yine İnciciyan’a göre, Galata Kulesi’nde XVIII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren yangınları gözetleyen ve bunları şehrin başka mahallelerine kös vurarak duyuran bir gözcü teşkilâtı da bulunuyordu.
III. Selim döneminde 28 Zilhicce 1208’de (27 Temmuz 1794) büyük bir yangında kulenin külâhı yanmış, duvarlar da ateşten zarar gördüğünden çepeçevre 2,5 zirâ (1,895 m.) indirilerek yeniden sağlam duvar örülmüş ve üstteki esas katın dört tarafına 2 zirâ dışarı taşan camlı çıkmalar (köşk) yapılmıştır. İçeride ise odalar, sofalar ve divanhâne inşa edilmiştir. Yangınları haber veren davul sesinin uzaklardan duyulabilmesi için kuleye büyük bir de kös yerleştirilmiştir. Bu tamir ve değişikliği devrin şairleri çeşitli tarih manzumeleriyle anarlar. Ayıntablı Aynî, “Dedi tecdîdine menkūt ile Aynî târîh / Yenilendi Galata Kullesi pek oldu güzel” 1209 (1794-95) derken Vahîdî adında başka bir şair on beyitlik manzumesinde yangında harap olan kulenin III. Selim tarafından tamir edildiğini bildirmekte, ayrıca burada mehterhânenin de nevbet vurduğuna temas etmektedir: “… Etti tecdîdine ferman bu resm üzre o şâh / Oldu Elvend ile hem-ser kule-i gîtî-nümâ / Çalınır nevbet-i şâhâne ile tabl-ı sürûr / Dâimâ ola nigehbânlığīle dîde-küşâ / … / Dedi menkūt ile ârâyiş-i târîhi Vahîd / Galata Kullesi oldu yeni zîverle binâ” 1212 (1797-98). Galata Kulesi’nin III. Selim döneminde aldığı yeni görünüş, I. Melling, A. L. Castellan, Graf von Stackelberg’in çizdikleri resimlerde bütün ayrıntıları ile görülür. J. M. Jouannin ile J. van Gaver’in 1840’ta basılan Türkiye hakkındaki kitabının bir gravüründe de kule bu biçimiyle tasvir edilmiştir. Bu yıllarda İstanbul’a gelen yabancı ressam ve seyyahlar, şehrin genel manzarasını çizmek veya uzaktan seyretmek için kulenin tepesindeki köşke çıkıyorlardı. O yıllarda burada gecenin her saatinde açık bir kahvehane bulunmaktaydı. P.-A. Jaubert 1806’da, Ch. Mac-Farlane 1828’de bu kahvehaneden bahsederler.
II. Mahmud döneminde 2-3 Ağustos 1831 yangınında Galata Kulesi bir daha yanarak harap oldu. Derhal öncekinden daha değişik biçimde tamir edilen kuledeki çalışmalar sırasında Sultan Mahmud burayı ziyaret etmiş ve uygun bir saat konulmasını istemiştir. Önceki tamirde yapılan dört çıkmalı cihannümâ yerine yarım yuvarlak kemerli pencerelerle aydınlanan büyük bir sofa inşa edilmiş, bunun üstündeki daha ufak çaplı ve yine pencereli katın önüne de demir parmaklıklı çepeçevre bir balkon konulmuştur. On dört pencereden ışık alan bu katın üstünde kurşun kaplı oldukça sivri bir külâh yapılmıştır. Külâh üzerine açılmış dört pencere çatı arasını aydınlatıyordu. Kulenin girişi mermerden, empire üslûbunda sövelerle çerçevelenerek üzerine tuğrası Cumhuriyet’in ilk yıllarında kazınmış bir kitâbe konulmuştur. Şair Pertev’in 1248 (1832-33) yılını veren on altı mısralık tarih manzumesi kapı üstünde yer almıştır. Burada kulenin yangında harap olduğu ve Sultan Mahmud tarafından tamir ettirildiği ifade edilir: “… Bu kulle ez-kazâ yanmıştı yaptı eskiden a‘lâ / Görüp bağrı yanıklar bildi neymiş şîre-i ihsân / Bu kulle zînet-i şehr-i Stanbul olsa şâyeste / Menâr-ı kulle-i ikbâl-i şevket dense de şâyân / … / Sezâ Pertev güherle zeyn olunsa seng-i târîhi / Bu kulle pek metîn oldu pek a‘lâ yaptı Mahmûd Han” 1248 (1832-33). İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri’nde bronz eserler arasında yer alan bir çanın Galata Kulesi’nden getirildiği kayıtlıdır. Bunun kuleye konulması istenen saatle ilgili olup olmadığı bilinmemektedir. Ancak İstanbul’a 1834-1835 yıllarında yaptığı seyahati anlatan J. von Röder, Galata Kulesi için Napoli kralı tarafından bir saat hediye edildiğini bildirir.
II. Mahmud tarafından yaptırılan biçimiyle kule J. F. Lewis’in, E. Flandin’in, Miss Pardoe’nin, Brindesi’nin albüm ve kitaplarındaki renkli veya siyah-beyaz gravürlerle, 1855’e doğru çekilmeye başlanan İstanbul’un ilk fotoğraflarında yer almıştır. Ancak kulenin külâhının daha 1270’te (1853-54) tamir edilmesine lüzum görüldüğü bir belgeden öğrenilmektedir. 1861’de yayımlanan A. Joanne ile E. Isambert’in seyyah rehberinde Galata Kulesi’nin sekiz katı olduğu, 141 basamaklı merdivenle pencereli büyük salon veya sofaya çıkıldığı, burada bir kahvehanenin bulunduğu kayıtlıdır. Bu sofadan kırk bir basamaklı başka bir merdiven daha yukarı kata çıkışı sağlıyordu. Bu ahşap çekme babalı bir döner merdivendi. Çatı arası ise o yıllarda muazzam bir güvercinlik durumundaydı.
Galata Kulesi, azınlıklarla Levantenler tarafından idare edilen Şehremaneti VI. Belediye Dairesi’nin “imar” adı altındaki tahrip çalışmaları ile etrafındaki avlusunu, surlardaki kapılarını, kıyıya doğru uzanan sur duvarlarını kaybetmiş, hendekleri de doldurulmuştur. Bütün Türk dönemi boyunca kulenin dibinden sağlı sollu bir taraftan Kasımpaşa’ya, diğer taraftan Tophane’ye inen büyük Türk mezarlığı, buralarda yapılacak Levanten evlerine yer açmak için servileri ve taşları ile yok edilmiştir. Kulenin dibi ve etrafında, eski gravürlerde ve hatta fotoğraflarda görülen Türk mimari üslûbundaki ahşap evler yıktırılarak yerlerini üslûpsuz kâgir ev ve apartmanlar almıştır. Bu binaların aşırı derecede yüksek oluşu Galata Kulesi’nin uzaktan görünüş nisbetlerine zarar vermiştir. Bunların arasında, bir İskoç şatosu üslûbunda inşa edilen ve şimdi Beyoğlu Hastahanesi olan eski İngiliz Deniz Hastahanesi kulenin dibindeki sivri külâhı ile gözleri rahatsız eder. Kulenin dibindeki mezarlık ortadan kaldırılırken kuleye yeşil bir çevre sağlayan ağaçları da tamamen kesilmiştir.
Galata Kulesi 1875’te çıkan bir fırtınada külâhının sökülmesi üzerine bu unsurunu kaybetmiş, pencereli en üst kâgir katın üzerine poligon biçiminde iki ahşap oda yapılarak ortaya da uzun bir bayrak direği dikilmiştir. II. Mahmud dönemine ait, iki kâgir katı bağlayan döner merdiven de kaldırılmıştır. Ayrıca 1874’ten itibaren İstanbul’da modern itfaiye teşkilâtı kurulurken Galata Kulesi tepesinde bir yangın haber merkezi oluşturulmuştur.
Yüz yıl kadar önceleri Galata Kulesi, henüz bütün güzelliklerini koruyan eski İstanbul’un en iyi seyredildiği yer olarak tanınmıştı. Mehmed Râif Bey’in Mir’ât-ı İstanbul ’unda kulenin her bir penceresinden görülen manzaranın ayrıntılı tasviri vardır. En tepede bulunan poligon biçimindeki odaların döşemelerinin 1959-1960 kışında kirişlerinin çürüyerek çökmesi üzerine ciddi bir biçimde tamir edilmesi düşünülerek İstanbul Belediyesi 1964’te çalışmalara başlamıştır. Kulenin 1833-1876 yılları arasındaki şekline dönülmesi kararlaştırılmış ve bu iş modern malzeme ile yapılmıştır. Ancak külâh Sultan Mahmud döneminin külâhına nazaran daha az sivridir. 1964’ten 1967’ye kadar süren çalışmalar yüksek mimar Köksal Anadolu tarafından projelendirilmiş ve kule 28 Eylül 1967 tarihinde yapılan bir törenle resmen açılmıştır.
Kulenin masif taş temeli kayalık ve killi şistli bir zemine oturur. Yüksekte olan girişe taş bir merdivenle ulaşılır. Bu girişin evvelce bütün tahkimatlarda olduğu gibi gerektiğinde yukarı kaldırılan ahşap bir köprüsü bulunduğu bazı izlerden anlaşılmaktadır. Kulenin eteğinde eskiden onu kavisli biçimde çeviren bir sur duvarının olduğu, böylece kulenin etrafında bir avlunun varlığı bilinmektedir. Bugün bu duvardan kalan küçük bir parçaya, 1957’de eski yerinden sökülen Bereketzâde Çeşmesi yerleştirilmiştir. İçerideki toprak temizlendiğinde 1,60 m. yükseklik ve 0,72 m. genişliğinde bir kanal bulunmuştur.
Zeminde iç çapı 8,95 m., duvar kalınlığı ise 3,75 m. olan kulenin dıştan çapı 16,45 metreyi bulur. Gövdede yerden 17,17 m. yüksekte ve üçüncü kat hizasında tuğladan zencirek motifli bir kuşak vardır. Bunun 1510 tamirinde gövdenin buradan itibaren yenilendiğine işaret ettiği tahmin edilmektedir. Esasen beşinci kat pencerelerin biçimlerinden de anlaşıldığı gibi bunlar tam Türk mimarisi karakterindedir. Ayrıca üç ile dördüncü kat arasındaki merdiven tekniği de farklıdır. Asıl girişten itibaren yukarı çıkış dördüncü kata kadar kulenin yalnız bir tarafında duvar kalınlığı içindeki taş bir merdivenle sağlanmışken dördüncü kattan sonra yukarı çıkış duvar dışında ahşap basamaklıdır. Bugün yukarıya kolayca çıkışı sağlayan bir asansörü vardır. En üstteki sekizinci katı örten sivri külâh beton karkas olarak yapılmıştır ve en tepedeki alem dibinde 62,60 metreyi bulması tasarlanmışken bu ölçüden biraz daha eksik bırakılmıştır. Restorasyondan sonra Galata Kulesi’nin en yukarı katında bir lokanta açılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., “Galata Kulesi”, SA , II, 621-623.
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C. Desimoni, “Sui quartieré dei Genovesi a Costantinopoli nel secolo XII”, Giornale Liguistico , II (1874), s. 137-180.
a.mlf., “I Genovesi e i loro quartieri in Costantinopoli nel secolo XIII”, a.e. , III (1876), s. 217-274.
M. de Launay, “Notice sur le vieux Galata”, L’univers, Revue orientale , sy. 1-4, İstanbul 1874-75.
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İ. Hakkı Konyalı, “Galata Kulesinin Meraklı Hikâyesi”, TTOK Belleteni , sy. 119 (1951), s. 12-13.
Halûk Şehsuvaroğlu, “Galata Kulesi”, a.e. , sy. 157 (1955), s. 6-7.
Köksal Anadolu, “Galata Kulesinin Turistik Tanzimi”, Arkitekt , XXXIV/317, İstanbul 1964, s. 150-159; XXXV/318 (1965), s. 18-24.
R. Ekrem Koçu, “Galata Kulesi”, İst.A , XI, 5901-5910.
[İstanbul hakkındaki bütün kitaplarda ve seyahatnâmelerde Galata Kulesi’nin bahsi geçtiğinden burada sadece kısaltılmış bibliyografya verilmiştir].
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 313-316 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.