“GALATIFICATION” OF WOMAN: AN EXAMPLE OF LITERARY NEOLOGISM AS A PATRIARCHAL ATTITUDE TO WOMAN

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 429 – 442, 30.06.2024

Yavuz Çelik

https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1469621

Öz

Kadınlar ataerkil toplumun hüküm sürdüğü yüzyıllar boyunca erkek egemenliği altında erkek bakış açısıyla şekillenmiş, kimliklenmiş ve eğitilmişlerdir. 20. yüzyılla birlikte kadınlar bu bakış açısına karşı çıkmaya ve kendi kimliklerini aramaya başlamışlardır. Bu dönemde ataerkinin kadına yönelik olarak kullandığı ayrımcı ve küçültücü birçok kavram ve tanım yerine literatüre yeni kelimeler dâhil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada cinsiyet ve edebiyat çalışmaları literatürüne yeni bir terim kazandırmak üzere, Yunan ve Roma mitolojisinde bilindik bir öykü olan “Pygmalion”da adı o gün konmamış kadın heykelden yola çıkılarak neolojizm yoluyla yeni bir kelime türetilmesine odaklanılmıştır. Kadın heykele sonraki yüzyıllarda verilen “Galatea” adından yola çıkılarak “Galatealaştırılma” kelimesi, kadının kocası veya babası yani bir erkek tarafından eğitilmesi, şekillendirilmesi ve kimliklendirilmesi, böylece o erkek tarafından kabul edilebilir bir konuma getirilmesi anlamına sahip bir isim ve fiil olarak türetilmiştir. Kelime İngilizce yapım ekleriyle İngilizcenin dil yapısına uygun olarak üretilmiş ve hem “Galatealaştırmak” anlamında bir fiil hem de “Galatealaştırılma” anlamında bir isim olarak ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca Ovid’in öyküsünden yola çıkılarak geliştirilen bu kavram, William Shakespeare’in 1590’larda yazdığı ünlü komedisi Hırçın Kız’da, oyunun kadın karakteri Katherine’in erkek karakter Petruchio tarafından evcilleştirilmesi üzerinden uygulamalı olarak açıklanmıştır. Shakespeare oyunun adında “evcilleştirme” fiilini kullanmış ve kadının sanki vahşi bir hayvandan evcil bir hayvana dönüştürülmesi yoluyla bir erkek tarafından kabul edilebilir hâle getirildiğini ima ederek kadını küçük düşürücü bir ifadeye başvurmuştur. Bu oyunda Shakespeare’in Petruchio karakterinin Ovid’deki heykeltıraş Pygmalion’ın yerini aldığı ve her iki erkeğin de hayatlarına girecek kadını bir nevi heykel gibi yonttuğu ve biçimlendirdiği, bu eylemin de “kadının Galatealaştırılması” olarak ifade edilebileceği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Galatea, Ovid, Shakespeare, Erkek, Kadın

Kaynakça

• Bauer, L. (1983). English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Burt, R. A. (1984). Charisma, coercion, and comic form in “The Taming of the Shrew”. Criticism, 26(4), 295-311. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23110541
• Çelik, Y. (2019). Cennetteki kadından “evdeki melek”e; ideal bir kadın yaratmanın/eğitmenin şifreleri. (In) Er, A., & Çelik, Y. (ed.). Edebiyatta kadın ve eğitim, (123-143). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
• Dealy, J. (2015). What could she say?: The problem of female silence in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. The University of North Carolina.
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2014). Making new words: Morphological derivation in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Dressler, W. U. (1993). Word-formation: Poetic licence. (In) Asher, R. E., & Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.). The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Vol. 9, 5028–5029. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Eliade, M. (2016). Mitlerin özellikleri. 6. Baskı. (Çev. S. Rifat). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. (Originally published in 1963.)
• Gündüz, E. (2018). Gendered identities: Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17 (3), 833-843. Doi: 10.21547/jss.358023
• James, P. (2011). Ovid’s myth of Pygmalion on screen: In pursuit of the perfect woman. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
• Kuritz, P. (1988). The making of theatre history. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Levchenko, Y. (2010). Neologism in the lexical system of English: On the mass media Material. Munich: GRIN Publishing.
• May, S. (2011). Love: A history. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. (In) Braudy, L. & Cohen, M. (eds.). Film theory and criticism: Introductory readings, (833-844). New York: Oxford UP.
• Nordquist, R. (2020, August 25). What are nonce words? ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/ nonce-word-term-1691432 (12.03.2024)
• Ovid. (2010). Metamorphoses. (Trans. S. Lombardo). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
• Plato. (2008). The symposium. Howatson, M.C., & Sheffield, F. C. C. (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Salzman-Mitchell, P. (2008). A whole out of pieces: Pygmalion’s ivory statue in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Arethusa, 41(2), 291-311. Doi:10.1353/are.0.0001
• Shakespeare, W. (1881). The taming of the shrew. Rolfe, W. J. (ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Szymanek, B. (2005). The latest trends in English word-formation. (In) Štekauer, P., & Lieber, R. (eds.). Handbook of word-formation, (429-448). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Tillyard, E. M. (1992). W. Shakespeare’s early comedies. London: Athlone Press.
• Town, S. (1852). An analysis of the derivative words in the English language; or, a key to their precise analytic definitions, by prefixes and suffixes. Vermont: Phinney & Co.
• Wilson, K. G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press.
• ____________. (2023). Kur’ân-ı Kerim ve yüce meâli. (Çev. E. M. H. Yazır). İstanbul: Furkan Neşriyat.
• Web-1: Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/derivation (retrieved 14.03.2024)
• Web-2: Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/derivation-traditional-grammar (retrieved 14.03.2024)
• Web-3: NKJV Bible. https://www.bible.com/bible/114/EPH.5.22-33.NKJV (retrieved 11.03.2024)

“GALATIFICATION” OF WOMAN: AN EXAMPLE OF LITERARY NEOLOGISM AS A PATRIARCHAL ATTITUDE TO WOMAN

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 429 – 442, 30.06.2024

Yavuz Çelik

https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1469621

Öz

Throughout the centuries of patriarchal society, women have been shaped, identified and educated from a male perspective under male domination. However, in the 20th century, women began to challenge this perspective and seek their own identities. New words were introduced into literature to replace many discriminatory and degrading concepts and definitions of patriarchy against women. To introduce a new term to literature on gender, this study focuses on the derivation of a new word through neologism based on the unnamed female statue in “Pygmalion”, the well-known story of Ovid. Based on the name “Galatea” given to the female statue in the following centuries, the word “Galatification” was derived as a noun denoting the education, shaping and identification of a woman by her husband or father, making her acceptable to that man. The word was produced in accordance with the linguistic structure of English with suffixes and was presented as a verb meaning “to Galatify” and as a noun meaning “Galatification”. Furthermore, this concept, developed upon Ovid’s story, was explained practically in William Shakespeare’s famous comedy The Taming of the Shrew, written in the 1590s, through the taming of the female character Katherine by the male character Petruchio. Shakespeare used the verb “tame” in the title as a demeaning expression to imply that a woman is made acceptable to a man through transformation from a wild animal into a domestic animal. Here, Shakespeare’s character Petruchio replaces Pygmalion in Ovid, and both men sculpt and shape the woman who will enter their lives like a kind of statue, and this action can be expressed as the “Galatification of woman”.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Galatea, Ovid, Shakespeare, Man, Woman

Kaynakça

• Bauer, L. (1983). English word-formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Burt, R. A. (1984). Charisma, coercion, and comic form in “The Taming of the Shrew”. Criticism, 26(4), 295-311. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23110541
• Çelik, Y. (2019). Cennetteki kadından “evdeki melek”e; ideal bir kadın yaratmanın/eğitmenin şifreleri. (In) Er, A., & Çelik, Y. (ed.). Edebiyatta kadın ve eğitim, (123-143). Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
• Dealy, J. (2015). What could she say?: The problem of female silence in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. [Unpublished Bachelor’s thesis]. The University of North Carolina.
• Dixon, R. M. W. (2014). Making new words: Morphological derivation in English. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Dressler, W. U. (1993). Word-formation: Poetic licence. (In) Asher, R. E., & Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.). The encyclopedia of language and linguistics. Vol. 9, 5028–5029. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
• Eliade, M. (2016). Mitlerin özellikleri. 6. Baskı. (Çev. S. Rifat). İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları. (Originally published in 1963.)
• Gündüz, E. (2018). Gendered identities: Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17 (3), 833-843. Doi: 10.21547/jss.358023
• James, P. (2011). Ovid’s myth of Pygmalion on screen: In pursuit of the perfect woman. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.
• Kuritz, P. (1988). The making of theatre history. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
• Levchenko, Y. (2010). Neologism in the lexical system of English: On the mass media Material. Munich: GRIN Publishing.
• May, S. (2011). Love: A history. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Mulvey, L. (1999). Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. (In) Braudy, L. & Cohen, M. (eds.). Film theory and criticism: Introductory readings, (833-844). New York: Oxford UP.
• Nordquist, R. (2020, August 25). What are nonce words? ThoughtCo. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/ nonce-word-term-1691432 (12.03.2024)
• Ovid. (2010). Metamorphoses. (Trans. S. Lombardo). Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
• Plato. (2008). The symposium. Howatson, M.C., & Sheffield, F. C. C. (eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Salzman-Mitchell, P. (2008). A whole out of pieces: Pygmalion’s ivory statue in Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Arethusa, 41(2), 291-311. Doi:10.1353/are.0.0001
• Shakespeare, W. (1881). The taming of the shrew. Rolfe, W. J. (ed.). New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Szymanek, B. (2005). The latest trends in English word-formation. (In) Štekauer, P., & Lieber, R. (eds.). Handbook of word-formation, (429-448). Dordrecht: Springer.
• Tillyard, E. M. (1992). W. Shakespeare’s early comedies. London: Athlone Press.
• Town, S. (1852). An analysis of the derivative words in the English language; or, a key to their precise analytic definitions, by prefixes and suffixes. Vermont: Phinney & Co.
• Wilson, K. G. (1993). The Columbia guide to standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press.
• ____________. (2023). Kur’ân-ı Kerim ve yüce meâli. (Çev. E. M. H. Yazır). İstanbul: Furkan Neşriyat.
• Web-1: Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/derivation (retrieved 14.03.2024)
• Web-2: Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/derivation-traditional-grammar (retrieved 14.03.2024)
• Web-3: NKJV Bible. https://www.bible.com/bible/114/EPH.5.22-33.NKJV (retrieved 11.03.2024)

Toplam 26 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

Download or read online: Click here