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GARÎBÜ’l-HADÎS Skip to content Hadis metinlerinde geçen nâdir kelimeleri konu alan ilim dalı ve bu dalda yazılan eserlerin ortak adı.
Arapça’yı edebî incelikleriyle bilen Hz. Peygamber, farklı lehçelerin konuşulduğu Arabistan yarımadasının çeşitli bölgelerinden gelen heyetlere hitap ederken Arapça’nın zengin dil malzemesini bolca kullanmıştır. Kendisine Allah tarafından verildiğini söylediği cevâmiu’l-kelim özelliği sebebiyle, bir kısmı daha önce duyulmayan veciz ifade ve meseller onun sözlerinde yer aldığı için sahâbîler zaman zaman ona bazı kelimelerin anlamını sormuşlardır.
Hadislerde olduğu gibi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de de bulunan garîb kelimeleri açıklamayı hedef alan eserler, ilk planda Kur’an ve hadisle eski metinleri doğru anlama ve Arapça’nın zengin dil hazinesini tesbit etme düşüncesiyle kaleme alınmıştır. Müellifleri bu tür eserler yazmaya sevkeden sebeplerden biri, fetihlerin geniş topraklara yayılması üzerine İslâmiyet’le birlikte Arapça’yı da öğrenmeye başlayan çeşitli kültür ve milliyetlere mensup kimselerin bu dil üzerinde yapmaları muhtemel tahrifleri önleme gayesidir. Bir diğer önemli sebep de, yeni kurulan şehirlere muhtelif yörelerden gelmiş insanlar iskân edilince bu yeni şehir hayatına bağlı olarak oluşan dil karşısında klasik Arapça’yı muhafaza etme arzusudur.
Garîbü’l-hadîse dair kitaplarda bir kelimenin sözlük anlamıyla yetinilmeyip Arap dilcilerinin sözlerinden, eski Arap şairlerinin şiirlerinden örnekler verilerek o kelimenin edebî incelikleri üzerinde durulur (Kandemir, s. V). Hadis ilminde otorite olan Ahmed b. Hanbel gibi bazı âlimlerin kendilerine sorulan garîb kelimeleri açıklamayıp onların lugat âlimlerine sorulmasını tavsiye etmeleri (İbnü’s-Salâh, s. 272), garîbü’l-hadîsin esasen dil ve lugat ilimlerinin bir meselesi olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu sebeple garîbü’l-hadîs müelliflerinin büyük çoğunluğunu dil ve lugat âlimleri oluşturur.
Hadislerdeki garîb kelimeler üzerinde ilk defa tebeu’t-tâbiîn neslinden Mâlik b. Enes, Şu‘be b. Haccâc ve Süfyân es-Sevrî’nin durduğu belirtilmektedir (Hâkim, s. 88). Bu konuda ilk eseri kimin yazdığı ise tartışmalıdır. İbnü’n-Nedîm’in, garîbü’l-hadîse dair ilk çalışmayı Basralı dil âlimi Ebû Adnan Abdurrahman b. Abdüla‘lâ es-Sülemî’nin (ö. 250/864 [?]) yaptığı kanaatini taşıdığı anlaşılmaktadır (el-Fihrist , s. 51). Ebû Adnan’ın küçük hacimli olduğu belirtilen eserindeki garîb kelimeleri ihtiva eden ve senedleriyle birlikte zikredilen rivayetlerin bablara göre tasnif edildiği söylenmektedir (Hatîb, XII, 405; Sezgin, VIII, 42). Bazı âlimler, ilk garîbü’l-hadîs kitabını Nadr b. Şümeyl’in (ö. 203/819) kaleme aldığını ileri sürmekle beraber (Hâkim, s. 88), Şerḥu ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ diye de anılan (İbn Hayr, s. 186) ve pek küçük bir hacme sahip bulunduğu belirtilen eseriyle Ebû Ubeyde Ma‘mer b. Müsennâ’nın (ö. 209/824 [?]) bu konuda öncülük ettiği görüşü daha fazla kabul görmüştür (İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 5; ayrıca bk. nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 3).
II. (VIII.) yüzyılda yazıldığı anlaşılan diğer eserler arasında, Ebû Bekir Hüseyin b. Ayyâş es-Sülemî el-Bâceddâî’nin (ö. 204/819) Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (İbn Hacer, II, 362-363), Kutrub’un Ġarîbü’l-âs̱âr adıyla da anılan Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i, Ebû Amr eş-Şeybânî, Ebû Zeyd el-Ensârî ve Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’leri ile Asmaî’nin Kitâbü Ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’l-kelâmi’l-vaḥşî ’si zikredilebilir. İbnü’n-Nedîm, Asmaî’nin bu eserinin Sükkerî’nin hattıyla yazılmış 200 varak civarında olan nüshasını gördüğünü söylemektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 61). Hepsi de Arap dil âlimleri tarafından kaleme alınan ve o devirde dil kültürünün zengin olması sebebiyle pek az garîb kelime ihtiva eden bu eserlerin günümüze ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm’ın Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i bu eserlerin en hacimlisidir (nşr. Muhammed Azîmüddin, I-IV, Haydarâbâd 1384-1387/1964-1967; nşr. Hüseyin Muhammed Şeref, I-II, Kahire 1405/1984).
III. (IX.) yüzyılda garîbü’l-hadîse dair eser yazanlar arasında İbnü’l-A‘râbî, Amr b. Ebû Amr eş-Şeybânî, Abdülmelik b. Habîb el-İlbîrî, Muhammed b. Habîb en-Nahvî, Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Kādim ve bu konuda oldukça hacimli bir eseri olduğu söylenen Şemir b. Hamdeveyh anılabilir. Bu eserlerin de günümüze gelip gelmediği bilinmemektedir. Aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İbn Kuteybe, Kāsım b. Sellâm’ın eserine almadığı garîb kelimeleri toplamak amacıyla Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’ini konularına göre telif etmiş (nşr. Sâmiye Muhammed Ahmed, Paris 1970; nşr. Abdullah Cübûrî, I-III, Bağdat 1977-1978; nşr. Rızâ es-Süveysî, Tunus 1979; I-II, Beyrut 1408/1988), garîb kelimeleri şiirlerle, Arap atasözleri ve tarihî olaylarla açıklamıştır. Her ne kadar İbn Kuteybe bu iki eserden sonra bir başka garîbü’l-hadîs kitabına ihtiyaç duyulmayacağını söylemişse de kendisinden hemen sonra muhaddis İbrahim el-Harbî, yirmi bir müsnedi tarayıp meydana getirdiği Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ isimli eserini (nşr. Süleyman b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Âyid, I-V, Cidde 1405/1985) sahâbe adına göre tertip etmiş, içinde garîb lugatların bulunduğu rivayetleri senedleriyle birlikte zikretmiştir. Ancak çok geniş olması sebebiyle bu eserin fazla rağbet görmediği söylenmektedir. Yine aynı dönemde Müberred ve Sa‘leb’in çalışmaları, Muhammed b. Abdüsselâm el-Huşenî’nin, Hz. Peygamber’in hadisleriyle ashap ve tâbiînin sözlerindeki garîb kelimeleri açıkladığı yirmi cüz ve 400 varak olduğu söylenen Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i ve İbn Keysân diye anılan Muhammed b. Ahmed b. İbrâhim’in 400 varaklık çalışması (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 89) burada anılabilir.
IV. (X.) yüzyılda vefat eden garîbü’l-hadîs müelliflerinden Kāsım b. Sâbit es-Sarakustî’nin (ö. 302/915) yazmaya başladığı ed-Delâʾil fî ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (yazma nüshaları için bk. Şâkir el-Fehhâm, LI [1976], s. 232-233, 504-505) babası Sâbit b. Hazm tarafından tamamlanmıştır. İbnü’l-Enbârî Kāsım b. Muhammed, Ebû Mûsâ Süleyman b. Muhammed el-Hâmız, İbn Düreyd, Ebû Bekir el-Enbârî, Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ömer b. Muhammed b. Kādî ve İbn Dürüsteveyh bu yüzyılda yaşayan belli başlı garîbü’l-hadîs müellifleridir. Hattâbî, günümüze ulaşmayan bu eserlerin birbirine benzeyen küçük çaplı çalışmalar olduğunu söylemekle beraber bazı kaynaklarda Ebû Bekir el-Enbârî’ye ait olan garîbü’l-hadîsin geniş hacimli olduğu ileri sürülmektedir (a.g.e. , L [1975], s. 311). Gulâmu Sa‘leb diye tanınan Ebû Ömer ez-Zâhid’in, Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’indeki garîb kelimeleri açıklamak suretiyle garîbü’l-hadîs sahasında yeni bir tür geliştirdiği belirtilmektedir. Daha sonra bu çalışma örnek alınarak Mâlik b. Enes’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı ile Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim için de garîbü’l-hadîs çalışmaları yapılmıştır (a.g.e. , L [1975], s. 310). Dârekutnî’nin Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i de burada kaydedilmelidir (Sezgin, I, 208). IV. yüzyıldan günümüze tam olarak gelen eserlerden Hattâbî’nin Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (nşr. Abdülkerîm İbrâhim el-Azbâvî, I-II, Dımaşk 1402/1982), Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm ile İbn Kuteybe’nin eserlerinde yer almayan garîb kelimelerle bu iki âlimin açıklamalarına müellifin katılmadığı lugatları ihtiva etmektedir. Öncekiler gibi alfabetik olmayan bu eserde, içinde garîb kelimelerin geçtiği hadisler senedleriyle birlikte zikredilmiştir. Ebû Ubeyd, İbn Kuteybe ve Hattâbî’nin eserleri daha sonra kaleme alınan garîbü’l-hadîslerin kaynağı olmuştur (İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 8).
V. (XI.) yüzyılda yazılan bu tür eserlerden, Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Herevî’nin Kur’an ve hadislerdeki garîb kelimelere dair Kitâbü’l-Ġarîbeyn ’i (aş.bk.) kelimeleri alfabetik olarak sıralaması, ayrıca hadislerin senedlerine, metinlerine ve râvilerine yer vermemesi sebebiyle oldukça itibar görmüş ve daha sonra yazılan garîbü’l-hadîslere örnek teşkil etmiştir. Ebü’l-Feth Süleym b. Eyyûb er-Râzî’nin Taḳrîbü’l-Ġarîbeyn ’i (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Tefsir, nr. 1017), Ebû Ubeyd ile İbn Kuteybe’nin garîbü’l-hadîslerinin bir muhtasarından ibarettir. Eserde garîb kelimelerin geçtiği hadisler müsned tertibinde sıralandığı için aranan kelimeler kolayca bulunamamaktadır. Kâtib Çelebi, Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim râvilerinden İsmâil b. Abdülgāfir’in alfabetik garîbü’l-hadîsinin son derece faydalı bir çalışma olduğunu söylemektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1205).
VI. (XII.) yüzyılda kaleme alınan eserler arasında, Abdülgāfir b. İsmâil el-Fârisî’nin Ebû Ubeyd, İbn Kuteybe, Hattâbî ve İbrahim el-Harbî’nin garîbü’l-hadîslerinden faydalanarak 527 (1133) yılında tamamladığı Mecmaʿu’l-ġarâʾib ve menbaʿu’r-reġāʾib ’i alfabetik olarak düzenlenmiş bir çalışmadır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 4758; Murad Molla Ktp., Damadzâde, nr. 574; TSMK, III. Ahmed, nr. 2732; İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1805, noksan). Zemahşerî’nin el-Fâʾiḳ fî ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (I-II, Haydarâbâd 1324; nşr. Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî – Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim, Kahire 1364/1945), kelimelerin ilk iki harflerine göre alfabetik olmakla beraber bir hadisteki bütün garîb kelimeler bir arada açıklandığı için aranan kelimeler kolayca bulunamamaktadır. Kādî İyâz’ın, Ṣaḥîḥayn ile İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ındaki garîb kelimeleri açıklamak üzere kaleme aldığı Meşâriḳu’l-envâr ʿalâ ṣıḥâḥi’l-âs̱âr ’ını (I-II, Tunus 1333/1914), Muhammed b. Ca‘fer el-Kettânî mücevherle tartılmaya veya altınla yazılmaya değer bulmaktadır. Kādî İyâz’ın talebesi İbn Kurkūl, hocasının kitabını bazı ilâvelerle birlikte Meṭâliʿu’l-envâr ʿalâ ṣıḥâḥi’l-âs̱âr adıyla ihtisar etmiş (Süleymaniye Ktp., Murad Buhârî, nr. 90; Reîsülküttâb Mustafa Efendi, nr. 1119), İbn Hatîbüddehşe de bu eseri Tehẕîbü’l-Meṭâliʿ ve terġībü’l-muṭâliʿ ismiyle önce tehzîb etmiş (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Hadis, nr. 127), sonra da et-Taḳrîb fî ʿilmi’l-ġarîb adıyla özetlemiştir. Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî, kelimelerin ilk üç harflerine göre alfabetik olan Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ ’ini (nşr. Abdülmu‘tî Emîn Kal‘acî, I-II, Beyrut 1405/1985), büyük ölçüde Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Herevî’nin eserinden ve benzeri kitaplardan faydalanarak özlü bir şekilde kaleme almıştır.
VII. (XIII.) yüzyılda telif edilen garîbü’l-hadîslerden Mecdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr’in (ö. 606/1210) en-Nihâye ’si (I-IV, Bulak 1311-1322; nşr. Muhammed Mahmûd et-Tanâhî – Tâhir Ahmed ez-Zâvî, I-V, Kahire 1383/1963) ihtiva ettiği garîb lugatların çokluğu, kelimelerin kısa ve özlü bir şekilde açıklanması gibi özellikleriyle kendinden önce telif edilen garîbü’l-hadîslerin en mükemmelidir. Büyük rağbet gören bu eser üzerinde daha sonraki yüzyıllarda çoğu ihtisar olmak üzere muhtelif çalışmalar yapılmıştır. İbnü’l-Esîr’den sonra Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî önce Tefsîru ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla bir eser kaleme almış, ardından bunu el-Mücerred fî ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla ihtisar etmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Cârullah Efendi, nr. 405; Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 1945; Âşir Efendi, nr. 74). Mühezzebüddin İbnü’l-Hâcib’in de on ciltlik bir garîbü’l-hadîsi olduğu söylenmektedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1207). Daha sonraki yüzyıllarda kaleme alınan garîbü’l-hadîslerden İbn Hacer’in (ö. 852/1449) Tefsîru ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ’i (Kahire, ts.) ve Âkıl b. Ömer b. İmrân el-Alevî’nin (ö. 1033/1624) Münteḫabü’z-zehr ve’s-semer min ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ ve’l-es̱er ’i (Brockelmann, II, 553) zikredilebilir.
Bu konudaki çalışmaların bir türü, hem Kur’an hem de hadislerdeki garîb kelimelerin birlikte ele alındığı kitaplardır. Genellikle “Ġarîbeyi’l-Ḳurʾân ve’l-ḥadîs̱” adıyla anılan bu eserlerin en tanınmışları Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Herevî’nin Kitâbü’l-Ġarîbeyn: ġarîbeyi’l-Ḳurʾân ve’l-ḥadîs̱ ’idir (nşr. Mahmûd Muhammed et-Tanâhî, Kahire 1970; eserin bazı bölümleri, Haydarâbâd 1406/1985). Ebû Mûsâ el-Medînî, el-Mecmûʿu’l-muġīs̱ fî ġarîbeyi’l-Ḳurʾân ve’l-ḥadîs̱ adlı eserini (nşr. Abdülkerîm el-Azbâvî, I-III, Cidde 1406-1408/1986-1988; ayrıca bk. Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1203-1207) Herevî’nin kitabını tamamlamak amacıyla yazmıştır. Muhammed Tâhir el-Fettenî’nin, bir Kur’an ve hadis lugatı olan Mecmaʿu biḥâri’l-envâr fî ġarâʾibi’t-tenzîl ve leṭâʾifi’l-aḫbâr ’ı bu sahada yapılan son çalışmalardan biridir (I-II, Leknev 1248; I-IV, Leknev 1284; nşr. Habîbürrahman el-A‘zamî, I-V, Haydarâbâd-Dekken 1967-1973).
İçinde birçok garîb kelime bulunan bazı hadislerdeki bu kelimeleri açıklamak, edebî inceliklerini belirtmek ve ihtiva ettikleri fıkhî hükümleri ortaya koymak maksadıyla kaleme alınan eserler arasında Ümmü Zer‘ hadisi etrafında yapılan çalışmalar önemli bir yer tutar. Bu çalışmaların en tanınmışı, Kādî İyâz’ın Buġyetü’r-râʾid fîmâ fî ḥadîs̱i Ümmi Zerʿ mine’l-fevâʾid adlı eseridir (nşr. Selâhaddin b. Ahmed el-İdlîbî v.dğr., Fas 1395/1975; ayrıca bk. Kandemir, tür.yer.).
Zayıf hadis nevilerinden “garîb”in çoğul şekli olan “garâib” kelimesiyle anılan Ġarâʾibü Mâlik , Ġarâʾibü Şuʿbe gibi çalışmaların garîbü’l-hadîsle bir ilgisi yoktur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 51, 61, 89.
Hattâbî, Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ (nşr. Abdülkerîm İbrâhim el-Azbâvî), Dımaşk 1402/1982, I, 64-71.
Hâkim, Maʿrifetü ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 88-91.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , XII, 405.
İbn Hayr, Fehrese , s. 185-197.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , I, 3-12, ayrıca bk. nâşirin mukaddimesi, I, 3-8.
İbnü’s-Salâh, ʿUlûmü’l-ḥadîs̱ , s. 272-275.
Nevevî, İrşâdü ṭullâbi’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ (nşr. Abdülbârî Fethullah es-Selefî), Medine 1408/1987, II, 550-553.
İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , II, 362-363.
Sehâvî, Fetḥu’l-muġīs̱ , III, 45-56.
Süyûtî, Tedrîbü’r-râvî , II, 184-186.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1203-1207.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 553.
Mübârekfûrî, Muḳaddimetü Tuḥfeti’l-aḥveẕî (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), Kahire 1386/1967, I, 229-246.
Hüseyin Nassâr, el-Muʿcemü’l-ʿArabî , Kahire 1968, I, 50-65.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 208; VIII, 42, 59, 67, 80, 90, 108, 118, 123, 149, 153, 157, 171, 180, 191, 208, 251.
M. Yaşar Kandemir, al-Kâdî ‘İyâd ve Bugyat ar-Râ’id fîmâ fî Hadîs Umm Zar‘ min al-Favâ’id (doktora tezi, 1977), İÜ Şarkiyat Araştırma Ktp., s. V.
Şâkir el-Fehhâm, Kitâbü’d-Delâʾil fî ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱ li-Ebî Muḥammed Ḳāsım b. S̱âbit el-ʿAvfî es-Saraḳusṭî (MMLADm. , L [1975] içinde), s. 70-110, 303-321, 512-527; (LI [1976] içinde), s. 232-293, 481-517.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VII, 162.
Talât Koçyiğit, Hadis Istılahları , Ankara 1985, s. 115-116.
M. Abdülazîz el-Havlî, Târîḫu fünûni’l-ḥadîs̱i’n-nebevî (nşr. Mahmûd el-Arnaût – M. Bedreddin el-Kahvecî), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 246-251.
Mücteba Uğur, Ansiklopedik Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 103-104.
Kettânî, er-Risâletü’l-müstetrafe (Özbek) , s. 330-335.
Fâtıma Hamza er-Râzî, “Ḥareketü’t-teʾlîf fî luġati ġarîbi’l-ḥadîs̱”, el-Mevrid , IX/4, Bağdad 1981, s. 64-74.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 376-378 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.