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GÄTJE, Helmut Skip to content (1927-1986)
Arap dil bilimi, dil felsefesi ve İslâm mantığı alanlarındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınan Alman şarkiyatçısı.
Bremerhaven’de doğdu. 1947 yılında liseyi bitirdi. 1948’de Tübingen’de Protestan ilâhiyatı okumaya başlamasının ardından Ârâmîce ve İbrânîce ile uğraşması birçok meslektaşı gibi onu da şarkiyatçılığa götürdü. Ertesi yıldan itibaren tahsiline Tübingen’de İslâm araştırmaları, semitistik ve felsefe bölümlerinde devam etti. 1955 yılında Jörg Kraemer’in yanında Die Parva naturalia des Aristoteles in der Bearbeitung des Averroes adlı doktora tezini tamamladı. Daha sonra bir süre, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft tarafından masrafları karşılanan ve yayımı bugün de süren Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache üzerinde çalıştı. Kasım 1956’da, o zamanlar Tübingen Üniversitesi bünyesinde bulunan Şark Semineri’ne araştırmacı, arkasından da asistan oldu. Temmuz 1961’de, Emevî dönemi şairlerinden Adî b. Rikā‘dan rivayet edilen şiirler üzerine hazırladığı Die Fragmente des ʿAdī Ibn ar-Riqāʿ adlı doçentlik tezini verdi. Tübingen’de bir yıl doçent olarak görev yaptıktan sonra o sıralarda yeni açılan Saar Eyalet Üniversitesi Şarkiyat Bölümü’ne kurucu profesör tayin edildi (1963) ve 8 Mart 1986’da ölümüne kadar bu bölümün idareciliğini yürüttü.
Helmut Gätje, doktora tezinde ele aldığı Aristo’nun İbn Rüşd üzerindeki tesiri konusunu, Yunan düşüncesinin İslâm düşüncesine tesiri şeklinde genelleştirerek hayatı boyunca işlemiştir. Onun ilk çalışması gibi ölümünden sonra yayımlanan ve en son yazılarından biri olan “Zu neuen Ausgaben von Texten des Averroes” başlıklı makalesi de (Isl. , LXVII [1990], s. 124-139) bu konuya ayrılmıştır. Bu esas konunun yanında, doktora tezini kaleme aldıktan hemen sonra bir süre Wörterbuch der klassischen arabischen Sprache ile meşgul olarak bu eserin Anton Spitaler ve Jörg Kraemer ile birlikte ilk iki fasikülünü yayımlamak suretiyle ilgi alanını dil ve sözlük çalışmalarını da içine alacak şekilde genişletti. Buna, daha sonra Tübingen’de asistanlığını yaptığı Rudi Paret’in uzmanlık alanı olan Kur’ân araştırmalarını da dahil etti. Gätje’nin ilgi alanlarının çeşitliliğini, üniversite öğrenimi sırasında derslerini takip ettiği ilim adamlarından özellikle üçü, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’i Almanca’ya tercüme eden Rudi Paret, doktorasını yöneten Jörg Kraemer ve felsefe-mantık hocası Bruno Baron von Freytag etkilemiştir. Gätje’nin ilmî araştırmalarının dışında Arapça, Farsça, Türkçe, Süryânîce ve Ârâmîce’nin öğretilmesine katkıda bulunduğu, hatta zaman zaman kendisinin de bu konuda görev aldığı görülür.
Gätje, her ne kadar üzerinde çalıştığı metinleri yorumlarken “müellifin ne kastettiğini tesbit ederek bu tesbiti esas almak gerektiği” (Zeitschrift für Geschichte , II [1985], s. 143) görüşünü savunsa da şarkiyatçı geleneğinin, bir bütün olarak İslâm tefekkürünü Grek felsefesine ve özellikle de Aristo felsefesine irca etme temayülünü aşamamıştır. Yazılarında görülen, her şeyi Grek felsefesine dayandırma gayreti (Daiber, s. 7), onun sınırlı konularla ilgilenmesi ve bu sebeple -meselâ fıkıh usulü, beyân ve meânî ilimlerinde- ortaya çıkan fikirlerin aynı zamanda filozoflar tarafından bilindiği hususunu gözden uzak tutmasından da kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır (meselâ bk. Arabica , XXI [1974], s. 166-167). Gätje’nin şarkiyatçı geleneğiyle yetinmeyip uğraştığı alanlarla ilgili Batı bilimlerindeki yeni gelişmelere de açık olması onu şarkiyatçıların çoğundan ayıran bir hususiyetidir. Meselâ üniversite öğrenciliği sırasında derslerini takip ettiği von Freytag’ın Logik: Ihr System und ihr Verhältnis zur Logistik (Stuttgart 1955) adlı kitabını, özellikle dil-mantık ve dil-varlık ilişkisini ele aldığı hemen her yazısında zikreder. Transformasyonel grameri dikkate alarak yazdığı “Probleme semantischer Identität” (ZAL , III [1979], s. 7-27) adlı makalesinde de Arap dil bilimcilerinin modern transformasyoncularınkine benzer bir biçimde “derin yapı” ile “yüzeysel yapı”yı ve formel-lisanî ile semantik anlam seviyelerini birbirinden ayırdıklarını göstermeye çalışmıştır. Gazzâlî hakkında yazdığı “Logisch-semasiologische Theorien bei al-Ġazzālī” (Arabica , XXI [1974], s. 151-182) başlıklı makalesi, onun son zamanlarda ortaya çıkan kavram bilimi (sémasiologie) veya gösterge bilimiyle de (sémiotique) ilgilenmesinin ve bu alanda yapılan yeni çalışmalardan faydalanarak düşünürün o güne kadar anlaşılamamış bir cephesini tesbit etme gayretinin ürünüdür.
Şarkiyatçı geleneğinin yetersiz olduğu yerlerde Gätje, bu geleneğin temel varsayımlarını sarsmadan modern bilimlerdeki terminolojiyi kullanmaktan da geri durmamıştır (Oriens , XXV-XXVI [1976], s. 152). Özellikle Gunter Jakoby’nin işlediği “dilden hareketle varlık hakkında konuşma” fikrinin tesiri altında kalarak nahvi bu yönden ele almış, fakat Arapça’nın bu konuda Jakoby’nin yaklaşım şeklinin öngördüğü temellere yeterince sahip bulunmadığı iddiasını ileri sürmüştür. Ancak bu iddiayı ileri sürerken Jakoby’nin tezinde Almanca’yı esas aldığını ve Arapça ile Almanca’nın yapı açısından farklı olduklarını gözden uzak tuttuğu anlaşılmaktadır. Gätje’nin, Arap dil biliminden hareketle ulaştığı başlıca sonuç ise Batı’da yazılan Arapça dil bilgisi kitaplarında yeterince hissedilmeyen “tarif” ile “tahsis”in farkını göstermek ve özellikle tahsisin nahiv ve bu esasa dayalı tercümeler açısından önemini vurgulamak olmuştur. Gätje nahivle ilgili araştırmalarında günlük dili ontolojik-mantıkî açıdan tahlil etmeyi denemiş ve bu konuda daha çok Zemahşerî’nin el-Mufaṣṣal ’ı ile Muvaffakuddin İbn Yaîş’in bu kitaba yazdığı şerhten faydalanmıştır. Gätje, bu iki eserde nahiv ele alınırken bazı mantıkî kavramlara müracaat edilmiş olmasını, nahvin de Grek düşüncesinin tesiri altında ortaya çıktığı tezini desteklemek için kullanmıştır.
Gätje, mantık alanındaki araştırmalarını özellikle İbn Sînâ ve İbn Rüşd üzerinde yoğunlaştırmış, bu arada Batı’da nisbeten yeni olan şartlı kıyaslar ve mürekkep önermeler mantığı alanında müslüman mantıkçıların ulaştıkları sonuçları ortaya koyarken bunlardaki orijinaliteyi Stoa mantıkçılarında da benzeri konuların ele alındığı gerekçesiyle inkâr etmiş, ayrıca araştırmalarında çağdaş Batı düşüncesindeki yeni gelişmeleri dikkate almaya çalışırken müslüman mantıkçıların sadece Aristo mantığında, onda yoksa Stoa mantıkçılarında bulunan fikirlerin birer nakledicisi olduklarını gösterme gayretine girmiştir. Nitekim bu gayretle, Aristo mantığında bulunmadığı halde İbn Sînâ tarafından çok geniş bir şekilde ortaya konan şartlı istidlâlleri, hem onun ifadelerini hem de Stoacılar’dan gelen kırık dökük bilgileri zorlayarak Grek düşüncesine irca etmeye çalışmıştır (Zeitschrift für Geschichte , II [1985], s. 159). Yine Fârâbî’nin mürekkep önermeleri ele alan görüşlerini de onun Stoa mantığından istifade edişinin bir delili olarak görür (Isl. , XLVII [1971], s. 13, 23). İbn Sînâ’nın, eş-Şifâʾ ve diğer eserlerindeki istidlâl şekillerini başkalarından almayıp bizzat kendisinin geliştirdiğini söylemesine temas eder (Zeitschrift für Geschichte , II [1985], s. 158); arkasından da bu ifadenin, onun öncüsünün ve bu işi yaparken faydalanabileceği hazırlayıcı malzemenin bulunmadığı anlamına gelemeyeceğini ileri sürerek şarkiyatçılarda yaygın şekilde görülen bu tavrı her ne pahasına olursa olsun bırakmak niyetinde olmadığını gösterir. Ona göre müslüman mantıkçılarının Grek mantıkçılarına dayandıkları gerçeğini tartışmaya dahi gerek yoktur; asıl mesele geçiş yollarının tesbitinden ibarettir. Bu varsayımdan hareketle, hemen her şeyi Grek mantıkçılarından aldığına inandığı İbn Sînâ’nın bunu hangi yollardan gerçekleştirmiş olduğu konusunda bir dizi spekülasyon yapar. Meselâ Grek mantıkçılarının kullandığı bir kelime eğer İbn Sînâ’nın işlediği bir kavrama benziyorsa, bu benzerlik İbn Sînâ’nın ilgili fikri ve hatta bu alanı onlardan -bu konuda yazı yazıp yazmadıkları bilinmese dahi- aldığını göstermek için yeterli bir delildir. Bu arada İbn Sînâ’nın Aristo sonrası Grekçe eserleri görme imkânının olmadığını ve hangi kitapların Arapça’ya çevrildiğinin de kesin biçimde bilinmediğini kabul eder; ancak arkasından bunun sadece tesirin keyfiyetiyle ilgili olduğunu ve meseleyi daha da karmaşık bir hale getirdiğini ileri sürerek İbn Sînâ’nın, kaynaklarını daha önceki İslâm tefekküründe bulan Grek mantığından farklı bir mantık sistemi geliştirdiğini reddeder (a.g.e. , II [1985], s. 159). Ona göre, müslüman mantıkçılarının Aristo mantığında bulunmayan birçok alanda ortaya koydukları yenilikler Aristo sonrası Grek mantıkçılarından faydalanılarak açıklanmalıdır.
Gätje, İslâm’da dil-düşünce ilişkisi üzerinde çalışan nâdir araştırmacılardan biridir. Çeşitli makalelerinde mantıkla nahiv arasında ortak olan birçok konunun müslüman dil âlimleri tarafından nasıl ele alındığına temas ettikten sonra Batı’da yazılan Arapça gramer kitaplarında, nahiv kitaplarındaki ontolojik-semantik fikirlerin ihmal edilmesinden doğan eksikliklere dikkat çekmiştir. Nahiv konusundaki çalışmalarında Arapça’yı mantığa irca ederek incelemek onun yazılarındaki en orijinal tarafı oluşturur. Ancak dilin mantığını ortaya çıkarmak için değil dili mantığa irca etmek için çalışır ve bunu yaparken de dili kullanmanın ontolojik ön şartlarını ve sonuçlarını birinci planda tutarak İslâm dünyasında unutulan bir düşünce şeklini adını koymadan sürdürür.
Sadece araştırma yapmakla kalmayan Gätje, çeşitli eserlerinde kendisinin de dahil olduğu araştırma geleneğinin ilimdeki önemini vurgulamış ve bu konudaki görüşlerini zaman zaman tekrar gözden geçirmiştir. Yayımlanmış yazılarının bir kısmı Alman üniversitelerindeki şarkiyatçılık üzerinedir. Gätje’nin eserleri, hem konuları hem de metotları açısından tarihî-filolojik şarkiyatçı geleneğinin bazı değişikliklerle birlikte günümüzdeki bir devamı olmaktan öteye geçememiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Die Parva naturalia des Aristoteles in der Bearbeitung des Averroes (Tübingen 1956).
2. Die Epitome der Parva naturalia des Averroes. 1. Text (Wiesbaden 1961).
3. Die Fragmente des ʿAdī Ibn ar-Riqāʿ (Tübingen 1961).
4. Studien zur Überlieferung der aristotelischen Psychologie im Islam (Heidelberg 1971).
5. Koran und Koranexegese (Zürich-Stuttgart 1971; İng. tercümesi, The Qurʾān and its Exegesis , Los Angeles 1976).
6. Das Kapitel über das Begehren aus dem mittleren Kommentar des Averroes zur Schrift über die Seele (Amsterdam-Oxford-New York 1985).
Gätje’nin başlıcaları yukarıda belirtilen kitaplarından başka ilmî dergilerde birçok makalesiyle ansiklopedi maddeleri yayımlanmıştır. Ayrıca müsvedde halinde çeşitli çalışmalar bırakmış olup bunlardan bazıları ölümünden sonra basılmıştır (Daiber, s. 11-16).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Helmut Gätje, “Zum Begriff der Determination und Indetermination im Arabischen”, Arabica , XVII/3, Leiden 1970, s. 225-251.
a.mlf., “Die Gliederung der sprachlichen Zeichen nach al-Farabi”, Isl. , XLVII (1971), s. 1-24.
a.mlf., “Logisch-semasiologische Theorien bei al-Ġazzālī”, Arabica , XXI/2, Leiden 1974, s. 151-182.
a.mlf., “Zur Psychologie der Willenshandlungen in der islamischen Philosophie”, Saeculum , XXVI, Freiburg 1975, s. 347-363.
a.mlf., “Zur Struktur gestörter Konditionalgefüge im Arabischen”, Oriens , XXV-XXVI (1976), s. 148-186.
a.mlf., “Zur Lehre von den Voraussetzungsschlüssen bei Avicenna”, Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften , sy. 2, Frankfurt 1985, s. 140-204.
a.mlf., “Zu neuen Ausgaben von Texten des Averroes”, Isl. , LXVII (1990), s. 124-139.
R. Jakobi, “Helmut Gätje (1927-1986)”, a.e. , LXIV (1987), s. 1-3.
H. Daiber, “Helmut Gätje (1927-1986)”, ZDMG , CXXXVIII (1988), s. 1-16.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 400-402 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.