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GĀZÂN HAN Skip to content es-Sultânü’l-a‘zam Gāzân Mahmûd Hân b. Argun Hân b. Abaka Hân el-İlhânî (ö. 703/1304)
İslâmiyet’in İlhanlılar’ın resmî dini olmasını sağlayan İlhanlı hükümdarı (1295-1304).
29 Rebîülâhir 671’de (23 Kasım 1272) Âbeskûn’da doğdu. İlhanlı Hükümdarı Argun Han’ın oğludur. Çocukluğunu dedesi Abaka Han’ın yanında geçiren Gāzân Han, Abaka Han’ın eşi Despina Hatun’un etkisinde kalarak Hıristiyanlığa ilgi duymaya başlamışsa da dedesi ve babasının Budist olmasından dolayı gençlik yıllarında bu inancı benimsedi. Babası Argun’un İlhanlı tahtına çıkması (1284) üzerine Horasan, Mâzenderan ve Rey valiliğine getirildi ve bu görevini on yıl başarıyla yürüttü. Argun Han’dan sonra tahta çıkan Geyhatu Han’a karşı saltanat iddiasında bulunan Baydu İlhanlı tahtını ele geçirdi, ancak Gāzân Han Baydu’nun hükümdarlığını tanımadı.
Gāzân Han, kumandanlarından halasının kocası Nevruz Bey’in teşvikiyle Elburz’da Lâr vadisinde müslüman oldu ve Mahmud adını aldı (19 Haziran 1295). Kendisiyle birlikte yaklaşık 100.000 Moğol askeri de müslüman oldu. Bu sırada yirmi üç yaşında olan Gāzân Han’ın İslâmiyet’i kabul etmesinde Şeyh Sa‘deddin İbrahim b. Sa‘deddin Hammûye el-Cüveynî’nin de önemli rol oynadığı bilinmektedir. Gāzân Han, Nevruz Bey başta olmak üzere İlhanlı devlet adamlarının kendisini desteklemeleri sonucunda Baydu’nun saltanat mücadelesini kaybetmesi üzerine ileri gelen devlet ve din adamları tarafından Tebriz’de törenle karşılandı (23 Zilkade 694 / 4 Ekim 1295). Daha sonra Karabağ’a gitti ve burada yapılan cülûs merasimiyle İlhanlı tahtına geçti (3 Kasım 1295). Bazı tarihçiler, İslâmiyet’i devletin resmî dini olarak kabul eden ve Moğollar arasında yayılmasını sağlayan Gāzân Mahmud Han’ın, Baydu ile mücadelesinde müslümanları kendi etrafında toplamak ve siyasî çıkar sağlamak amacıyla bu dini benimsediğini iddia ederlerse de Reşîdüddin onun samimi bir mümin olduğunu söyler. Gāzân Han müslüman olduktan sonra Budist heykellerinin yıkılmasını emretti. Budistler’i İslâm’a girmeye zorladı, hıristiyan ve yahudilerin sokağa özel kıyafetlerini giyerek çıkmalarını istedi. Onun müslüman olmasıyla birlikte hükümdar ve diğer devlet adamlarıyla reâyâ arasındaki dinî ihtilâflar sona erdi. Müslüman halk baskı ve sıkıntılardan, ağır vergilerden kurtuldu. Gayri müslimlerden düzenli olarak cizye alındı. Moğollar yağmacılık ve katliamdan, yakıp yıkmaktan vazgeçip huzur ve sükûn içinde yaşamaya başladılar.
Gāzân Han’ın iktidara gelmesi, Argun Han’ın ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkan siyasî kargaşayı sona erdirdi. Merkezî otoriteyi güçlendirmek suretiyle ülkede huzur ve emniyeti sağlayan Gāzân Han, bu konuda önüne çıkan engelleri aşmak için zaman zaman sert tedbirler almaktan da çekinmedi. Otoritesine engel gördüğü sivilleri ve askerî erkânı, hatta hânedan üyelerini bile idam ettirdi. Haklı haksız birçok insan, bu arada Nevruz Bey ile Vezir Hâce Sadreddin el-Hâlidî de hayatını kaybetti.
İlhanlı tahtında müslüman bir hükümdarın bulunmasına rağmen Anadolu’daki Moğol idaresinde bir değişme ve düzelme olmadı. Anadolu’daki İlhanlı valileri çeşitli bahanelerle Tebriz’e karşı isyan ettiler. 1296 yılında Moğol tümeninin kumandanı Tuğaçar’ın isyanını, ertesi yıl Moğol orduları başkumandanlığının kendisine verilmemesini protesto eden Baltu’nun, 1299 yılında da Baycu Noyan’ın torunu Sülemiş’in isyanları takip etti. Bu isyanlar Anadolu’nun perişan olmasına, halkın daha fazla ezilmesine sebep oldu.
Gāzân Mahmud Han, Memlükler’in içinde bulunduğu karışıklık ve saltanat mücadelesini fırsat bilerek atalarının Memlükler karşısında uğradığı yenilgilerin öcünü almaya teşebbüs etti. Memlükler’in Gāzân Han’a muhalif Moğol kumandanlarını himaye etmeleri de onun intikam duygularını kamçıladı. Suriye ve Mısır’ı topraklarına katmak için büyük bir ordu ile yola çıkan Gāzân Han Bağdat’a vardığında Anadolu genel valisi Sülemiş’in isyan ettiğini öğrendi; Suriye seferinden vazgeçerek kuvvetlerini bu âsi vali üzerine gönderdi. Ancak Sülemiş’in Mardin’i yağmalaması Gāzân Han’ın yeni bir Suriye seferine çıkmasına sebep oldu. Bu haber Kahire’ye ulaşınca Memlük Sultanı el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed b. Kalavun 1299 Eylülünde Mısır’dan hareket etti. Hama-Humus arasındaki Vâdilhâzindâr’da meydana gelen savaşı kazanan Moğol ordusu (22 Aralık 1299) ileri harekâta devam ederek Dımaşk’a girdi (Ocak 1300). Gāzân Han sonbaharda tekrar dönmek üzere Suriye’den ayrıldı. Ancak Dımaşk’ta bıraktığı kuvvetlerin kumandanı Kıpçak Memlükler’e itaat arzederek 100 günlük bir aradan sonra şehirde hutbeyi tekrar el-Melikü’n-Nasır adına okutmaya başladı. Bunun üzerine aradan beş ay geçmeden Suriye yeni bir Moğol saldırısına uğradı, fakat şiddetli soğuklar yüzünden sonuç alınamadı.
Altın Orda Hanı Taktaga, 1301 yılında Kuzey Azerbaycan’ı istilâ teşebbüsünde bulunduysa da başarılı olamadı. İki yıl sonra kalabalık bir elçilik heyeti göndererek Kuzey Azerbaycan üzerinde tasarruf hakkı istedi, Gāzân Han onun bu isteğini kabul etmedi. Çağatay şehzadeleriyle mücadele eden Gāzân’ın kardeşi ve Horasan Valisi Olcaytu, Ceyhun nehrini geçerek Horasan’da yağma ve tahribatta bulunan Kutluğ Hoca kumandasındaki Çağatay Hanlığı kuvvetlerini geri çekilmek zorunda bıraktı.
Anadolu bu dönemde, Tebriz’deki İlhanlı hükümdarlarının isteğine göre tahta çıkarılan veya azledilen Selçuklu sultanları tarafından idare ediliyordu. Gāzân Han, Anadolu Selçuklu Sultanı II. Mesud’u tahttan indirip (1296) III. Alâeddin Keykubad’ı (1298), bir müddet sonra onu da azlederek (1302) son Anadolu Selçuklu sultanı olarak kabul edilen II. Mesud’u tekrar tahta çıkardı.
Suriye ve Mısır’a hâkim olma arzusundan vazgeçmeyen Gāzân Han, 12 Nisan 1302’de Papa VIII. Boniface’ye mektup yazarak Memlükler’e karşı hıristiyan devletlerin desteğini sağlamaya çalıştıysa da bir sonuç alamadı. Moğol ordusuyla Memlük kuvvetleri arasında Dımaşk yakınlarında meydana gelen savaş Memlükler’in zaferiyle neticelendi (2 Ramazan 702 / 20 Nisan 1303). Bu yenilgiye çok üzülen Gāzân Han, yeni bir sefere çıkma imkânı bulamadan 11 Şevval 703 (17 Mayıs 1304) tarihinde Kazvin civarında vefat etti. Vasiyeti gereği Tebriz’e götürülerek Şâmıgāzân’da (Şenbigāzân) defnedildi. Saltanat süresinin kısa olması, başlattığı reformlardan çoğunun yarım kalmasına sebep olmuştur. Yerine geçen kardeşi Olcaytu Han iyi niyetli, fakat zayıf bir hükümdar olduğu için Gāzân Han’ın başlattığı önemli hizmetleri devam ettiremedi. Olcaytu’nun ardından çocuk denecek yaşta İlhanlı tahtına geçen Ebû Said Bahadır Han döneminde devletin idaresi uzun süre birbirleriyle mücadele halinde olan devlet adamlarının elinde kaldı. Gāzân Han’ın ölümünden otuz bir yıl sonra İlhanlı Devleti’nin siyasî varlığı böylece sona erdi.
Azerbaycan ve Tebriz’de bulunan Budist mâbedlerini, bu arada babası Argun’un portresinin bulunduğu Tebriz’deki mâbedi de yıktırarak Müslümanlığın yayılmasına yardımcı olan Gāzân Mahmud Han zamanında İslâmiyet geniş ölçüde devlet desteği görmüş, başta Tebriz olmak üzere ülkede birçok dinî müessese kurulmuştur. Gāzân Han Sünnî-Hanefî olmakla beraber Şiî imamlarına ve âlimlerine hürmet eder, onlara düzenli maaş bağlar ve vergiden muaf tutardı. Şiîler’ce kutsal sayılan yerleri ziyaret eder, buralara bağışta bulunurdu. Bundan dolayı bazıları onu Şiî zannetmişlerdir.
Gāzân Han’ın seleflerinden farklı bir yönü de tecrübeli devlet adamlarına itibar etmesidir. Bu sayede iktisadî ve içtimaî hayatı düzene sokmuş, kumandanlara dirlikler tahsis ederek bozulan askerî disiplini yeniden sağlamıştır. Cengiz Han döneminde kurulup Ögedey ve Mengü kağanlar zamanında geliştirilen posta teşkilâtını ıslah etmiş, bu maksatla menzilhâneler kurarak ulakların buralarda kalmasını sağlamış, eskiden olduğu gibi evlere girip halkı rahatsız etmelerini yasaklamıştır. Zamanında basılan sikkelerin üzerinde Moğolca “Tengriyin küçündür” (Tanrı’nın gücü ile) ibaresiyle Arapça ve Tibetçe yazılar vardır. Sikkelerdeki bu ifadelerden, kendisini “semanın kudretiyle tahta çıkmış bir hükümdar” olarak tanımladığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Çin’deki büyük hanlığa tâbi olmaktan çıkan ve sadece kendi adına hutbe okutup para bastıran Gāzân Han, başta maliye ve adliye teşkilâtı olmak üzere bozulmuş olan devlet kurumlarını yeni baştan düzenledikten sonra tarımı teşvik edici tedbirler almış, toprağın verimini arttırmak için Azerbaycan ve İran’da sulama kanalları açtırmıştır. Çıkardığı bir kanunla yıllardan beri işlenmemiş toprakları topraksız köylülere dağıtmış ve onlardan ilk yıl için vergi almamıştır. Bu kanun gereğince sahipli olmasına rağmen işlenmeyen topraklar topraksız kimselere dağıtılmış, böylece halkın geçim sıkıntısı azaldığı gibi devletin de geliri artmıştır. Devlet memurlarının suistimallerini önlemek amacıyla hemen her alanda sıkı bir denetim sistemi geliştirilmiş, alınan tedbirler sayesinde devletin yıllık geliri 1700 tümenden 2100 tümene (yaklaşık 3 milyon altın) yükselmiştir. Tıp, astronomi, kimya ve el sanatları başta olmak üzere hemen her alanda ilerleme kaydedilmiştir. Tebriz civarında kurulan rasathânenin yanında bir de medrese açılmıştır. Çok sayıda köprü, mescid, kütüphane, medrese ve bahçe yapılmış, devlet merkezi Tebriz ve diğer İlhanlı şehirleri dinî ve sivil mimarinin şaheserleriyle süslenmiştir. Reşîdüddin Fazlullah, şimdiye kadar yıkmaktan başka bir şey yapmamış olan Moğollar’ın inşa faaliyetlerine bu dönemde başladıklarını söyler.
Gāzân Han, kendisi için Tebriz’in batısında ismine izafeten Şâmıgāzân adı verilen yerde bir türbe, etrafına da çeşitli hayır müesseselerinin inşa edilmesini emretmiştir. Yapımına 16 Zilhicce 696’da (5 Ekim 1297) başlanan bu külliyeye Ebvâbü’l-bir, daha sonra da Gāzâniyye adı verilmiştir. Gāzâniyye’de bir cuma camii, bir hankah, Şâfiî ve Hanefîler için birer medrese, çocuklar için mektep, seyyidlerin kalması için dârüssiyâde, ayrıca dârüşşifâ, kütüphane, beytülkārûn, beytülmütevellî, havuzhâne, hamam ve rasathâne bulunuyor, masraflar külliyeye tahsis edilen vakıfların gelirleriyle karşılanıyordu. Külliyenin tamamlanmasından sonra etrafında küçük bir şehir oluşmuş, buraya türbenin yapımından sonra Şenbigāzân denilmiştir (Fuâd Abdülmu‘tî es-Sayyâd, s. 337).
Ayrıca ülkenin çeşitli yerlerinde çok sayıda hayır eseri yaptıran Gāzân Han bunlara vakıflar bağlamış, kimsesizlerin defin masraflarının sağlanması, fakir ve dul kadınlara yardım edilmesi, sahipsiz çocukların yetiştirilmesi, köprü ve yolların tamir ve bakımı, hatta kış mevsiminde aç kalan kuşlara yem verilmesi gibi çok çeşitli işlere kurduğu vakıflardan para ayırmıştır.
Gāzân Han yabancı ülkelerle diplomatik münasebetler kurmuş, Bizans İmparatoru II. Andronikos, Fransa Kralı IV. Philip, İngiltere Kralı I. Edward, Aragon Kralı II. James, Papa VIII. Boniface’e elçi göndermiş ve mektup teâtisinde bulunmuştur.
Moğol tarihini çok iyi bilen Gāzân Mahmud Han insanlara kabiliyetlerine göre iş verirdi. Kaynaklarda kısa boylu, zeki, cesur, sabırlı, bilgili, sözünde duran, samimi, düşmanlarına karşı taviz vermeyen iyi bir kumandan ve âdil bir devlet adamı olarak tanıtılmakta, ana dili Moğolca yanında Türkçe, Arapça, Farsça, Çince, Tibetçe ve bir rivayete göre Fransızca (veya Latince) bildiği, tıp, astronomi, kimya ve tarihe karşı büyük ilgi duyduğu, sarayında âlim ve ediplerle seçkin simaların büyük itibar gördüğü kaydedilmektedir. Reşîdüddin Fazlullah, Gāzân Han’ın isteği üzerine yazmaya başladığı Câmiʿu’t-tevârîḫ adlı meşhur eserinin I. cildini ona ithaf etmiştir. Bundan dolayı eserin ilk cildi Târîḫ-i Ġāzânî , Târîḫ-i Mübârek-i Ġāzânî veya Dâstân-ı Ġāzân Ḫân olarak bilinir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf. – [J. A. Boyle], “G̲h̲āzān”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 1043.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 429-431 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.