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GAZEL Skip to content Eski şiirin en çok kullanılan ve sevilen nazım şekli.
Gazel kelimesi sözlükte “kadınlarla sevgi üzerine konuşmak, söyleşmek” anlamına gelir. Arap edebiyatında gazel bir nazım şekli olmayıp kasidelerin başında aşktan, sevgiliden söz eden bölümlere verilen addır ve “nesîb” karşılığında kullanılmıştır. Daha sonraları şairin aşk, sevgili, şarap, bahar gibi coşkulu haller karşısındaki duygularını anlatan şiirlere uzun yahut kısa olsun gazel denilmiştir.
İran’ın İslâmiyet’i kabulünden sonra gazel, Arap şiirinin etkisi altında oluşan yeni İran edebiyatında lirik şiirin en beğenilen şekillerinden biri olmuştur. Yeni İran şiirinde de ilk dönemlerde kasidelerin nesîb veya teşbîb kısmını oluşturan gazel, İran edebiyatına kaside içinde yer alan bu şekliyle Rûdekî ile girmiş, Enverî ve Unsurî ile devam etmiştir. Bu dönemlerde İranlı şairler Arap şairleri gibi câize almak için kasideler yazıyorlardı. Başlangıçta kasidenin nesîb veya teşbîb kısmında övülen kişilerin sevgililerinden söz edilmezken sonradan övülen kişilerin de istekleriyle sevgililerinden de söz edilmeye başlanmıştır. İlk olarak Gazâirî-i Râzî (ö. 426/1034-35), Gazneli Mahmud’a sunduğu bir kasidesinde Mahmud’un sevgilisi Ayaz’dan da söz etmişti. Bu durum, Horasan’da kurulan bağımsız İran devletlerinde halk şiirinin de etkisiyle nesîb veya teşbîbin daha da gelişmesine ve kasideden ayrı bir nitelik kazanarak klasik gazel şekline dönüşmesine yol açmıştır. Bu dönemlerde gazelin makta‘ beytinde şairin mahlası zikredilmemekteydi. Gazellerde mahlasa daha çok sûfî şairlerin şiirlerinde rastlandığı için bu geleneğin oluşmasında sûfî şairlerin payı olduğu söylenebilir. Mahlas kullanma geleneği, sürekli murakabe halinde olan sûfînin zaman zaman kendine adıyla hitap etmesinin sonucu doğmuş olmalıdır. Gerçek anlamıyla kendi başına ve mahlas taşıyan bir nazım şekli olarak gazel Selçuklular zamanında Hâkānî-yi Şirvânî, Nizâmî ve Sa‘dî tarafından geliştirilmiş, Selmân ve Hâfız’la en mükemmel derecesine ulaşmıştır.
Gazel tarzının gelişmesinde kasidelerden pek zevk almayan Moğol hükümdarlarının da rolü olmuştur. İranlı şairler bu hükümdarlar hakkında kaside yazma yerine onların yol açtığı tahribattan duydukları elem ve kederleri gazellerle dile getirmeyi tercih ettiler. Ferîdüddin Attâr ve Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî gibi sûfî şairler gazellerinde ilâhî güzellik ve ilâhî aşk konularını işlediler. Onlardan sonra gelen Hâfız-ı Şîrâzî ise gazellerinde rindce hayal kurmaya, felsefî ve ahlâkî düşüncelere de yer vererek türün konusunu genişletti.
İran’da bölgelere göre üç farklı şiir üslûbu oluşmuş ve bu bölgelerin adlarıyla anılmıştır. Bunlardan Horasan’da gelişen ve “sebk-i Horasânî” denilen üslûbun başlıca özelliği, mantıklı ve gerçekçi duyguların sade bir ifade tarzıyla anlatılmasından ibarettir. Başlıca temsilcileri Rûdekî, Dakīkī, Ferruhî-yi Sîstânî, Abdullah-ı Ensârî gibi şairlerdir. İkinci gazel üslûbu İran Irakı’nda (Irâk-ı Acem) oluştu. Gazelin kasideden tam anlamıyla bağımsızlığını kazandığı bu bölgede yazılan gazellerde dilin çekiciliği, lirik unsurlar, hayal gücü ve edebî sanatlar ön plana çıktığı gibi dinî ve tasavvufî terimlere de yer verilmiş, böylece gazelin içeriği ve kapsamı genişlemiştir. İran şiirinde üçüncü gazel üslûbu, Hint-Türk İmparatoru Bâbür’ün şiir hakkındaki düşüncelerinin de etkisiyle geliştirilen Hint üslûbudur (sebk-i Hindî). Başlangıçta şiirde yeni bir söyleyiş şeklinde gözüken akım bu üslûbun doğuşunu sağladı. Bu üslûpta aşk veya ona benzer bir olay karşısında duygulara değil akla önem verilir. Şair beytini hayal ve mazmunları, benzetme ve hayalleri aklın kontrolü altında yerleştirmek suretiyle meydana getirir. Baba Figânî gazele Hint üslûbunu kazandırmış, başta Sâib-i Tebrîzî olmak üzere birçok şair onun etkisi altında kalmıştır. Hindistan’a gidip orada yerleşen veya orada doğan Örfî-i Şîrâzî, Feyzî-i Hindî ve Nazîrî gibi şairler bu üslûbun başlıca temsilcileri arasında yer alır.
Türk edebiyatına gazel XIII. yüzyılda İran’dan Fars edebiyatı yoluyla geçmiştir. Molla Câmî, Örfî-i Şîrâzî, Sâib-i Tebrîzî ve Şevket Türk edebiyatını da etkileyen büyük gazel şairleridir. Anadolu edebiyatı sahasında yazılan ilk gazellerde daha çok dinî, ahlâkî ve tasavvufî konuların işlendiği görülür. XIV. yüzyıldan başlayarak Kadı Burhâneddin, Nesîmî ve Ahmedî ile gelişmesini sürdüren gazel türü XV. yüzyılda Şeyhî, Ahmed Paşa, Necâtî ve Çağatay edebiyatında da Ali Şîr Nevâî ile mükemmellik kazanmıştır. Zâtî, Hayâlî Bey, Nev‘î, Rûhî-yi Bağdâdî XVI. yüzyılın tanınmış gazel şairleridir. Bu yüzyılda Anadolu’da Bâkî, Âzerî alanında Fuzûlî gazeli doruğuna eriştirmiştir. XVII. yüzyıla gelindiğinde gazel, Nâilî’nin öncülüğünü yaptığı sebk-i Hindî üslûbuyla yeni bir incelik ve zarafet kazanır. Bu yüzyılın sonunda Nâbî gazele fikrî bir ağırlık kazandırmıştır. XVIII. yüzyılda Nedîm rindliği ve coşkunluğu, Şeyh Galib inceliği, duyarlılığı ve Mevlevîlik neşesiyle büyük gazel şairleri olmuşlardır. Tanzimat’tan sonra Encümen-i Şuarâ şairleri gazelde yeni bir atılıma girmişlerse de onu daha ileriye götürecek bir başarı ortaya koyamamışlardır.
Kafiye örgüsü “aa / ba / ca …” olan gazelin bazı beyitleri ve içindeki kısımları özel adlar alır. Gazelin iki mısraı kafiyeli olan (musarra‘) ilk beytine “matla‘”, matla‘dan sonra gelen beytine “hüsn-i matla‘”, son beytine “makta‘” ve makta‘dan önceki beytine de “hüsn-i makta‘” denir. Hüsn-i matla‘ın matla‘dan olduğu kadar hüsn-i makta‘ın da makta‘dan güzel olmasına özen gösterilir. Gazelin en güzel beytine “şah beyit” veya “beytü’l-gazel” adı verilir. “Tehallus” denilen makta‘ beytinde mahlas söylenir. Mahlasın seyrek olarak hüsn-i makta‘da söylendiği de görülür. Mahlasın anlamının da göz önünde bulundurularak kullanılması haline “hüsn-i tehallus” adı verilir. Bazan genç şairlere, tanınmış şairler tarafından yazılmış “mahlasnâme” denilen bir şiirle mahlas verilir. Mahlas yerine doğrudan doğruya kendi asıl adını yazan şairler de vardır. Kadı Burhâneddin ve Kemalpaşazâde gazellerinde mahlas kullanmayan böyle ender şairlerdendir.
Türk edebiyatında gazellerin beyit sayısı genellikle dört-on beş arasında değişir. Dört beyitli gazellere çok az rastlanır. En çok yazılanlar beş ve yedi beyitli gazellerdir. Bâkî ve Nâilî’nin gazelleri genellikle beş, Fuzûlî’nin yedi beyitlidir. Şeyh Galib’de daha uzun, on bir-on beş beyitli gazellerle karşılaşılır. Kesin bir kural olmamakla birlikte gazeller genellikle beş, yedi, dokuz, on bir gibi tek sayılı beyitlerle söylenmiştir. On beş beyitten uzun gazellere “gazel-i mutavvel” adı verilir. Ahmedî ve Nesîmî’nin otuz ve elli beyte kadar uzayan gazelleri vardır. Matla‘ mısralarından birinin makta‘ beytinde tekrarlanmasına “redd-i matla‘”, öteki mısralardan herhangi birinin tekrarlanmasına “redd-i mısra‘” denir. Redd-i mısra‘ daha çok Tanzimat’tan sonraki dönemin şairlerince rağbet görmüştür.
Şairler bazan mahlas beytinden sonra gazellerini bitirmeyip bir ya da birkaç beyit daha eklerler. Bunlara “müzeyyel gazel”, eklenen beyitlere “zeyl” adı verilir. Arapça, Farsça ve Türkçe’den ikisi veya üçüyle karışık surette söylenmiş gazellere “mülemma‘ gazel”, iki şairin mısra mısra yahut beyit beyit karşılıklı olarak söyledikleri gazellere de “müşterek gazel” denir. Matla‘dan sonra gelen beyitlerin mısra ortalarının baştaki ilk mısra ile kafiyelendiği gazellere “musammat gazel”, bunların mısra ortalarındaki kafiyelerine “iç kafiye” adı verilir. Bu tür gazeller dört mefâîlün, dört müstef‘ilün gibi ortalarından iki eşit parçaya ayrılabilen aruz kalıplarıyla yazılır. Her mısraında aks sanatı yapılmış gazellere “mükerrer gazel” denir. Aynı kalıplarla yazılan mükerrer gazeller divan edebiyatında çok az kullanılmıştır.
Gazelin esas konusu aşk ve sevgili, sevgilinin güzelliği, ona duyulan hasret ve bundan dolayı çekilen üzüntüdür. Sevgiliyle bağlantılı olarak ayrıca şaraptan ve tabiat güzelliklerinden de söz edilir. Bunun yanı sıra bir düşüncenin, bir hayat görüşünün, bahttan yakınma gibi başka konuların da işlendiği olur. XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra gazelin konusunun daha da genişlediği görülmektedir.
Gazelde öncelikle beyit güzelliğine önem verilir. Her beytin kendi içinde bir anlam bütünlüğü vardır. Bundan dolayı gazelin her beytinde değişik konuların işlenmesi kusur sayılmamıştır. Bütünüyle belirli bir konuyu işleyen gazeller “yek-âhenk”, bütün beyitleri aynı güzellik ve kuvvette söylenen gazeller “yek-âvâz” adını alır.
Gazelden bazı nazım şekilleri de türetilmiştir. Çerçeve olarak gazelin her mısraının altına gelmek üzere kısa mısralar eklenerek müstezad yapılmış, ayrıca her beytine değişen sayıda mısra katmak suretiyle bendlerden meydana gelen daha hacimli şekiller elde edilmiştir. Bir şairin gazeline her beytin mısraları arasına iki ya da üç mısra konularak taştîr, yine her beytin önüne iki mısra eklenerek terbî‘, üç mısra eklenerek tahmîs ve daha çok sayıda mısra eklenerek sırasıyla tesdîs, tesmî‘, tesmîn, tetsî‘ ve ta‘şîr yapılmıştır. Bunlardan en çok kullanılanları tahmîs ve tesdîs şekilleridir.
Gazel söylemeye “tegazzül”, başka bir şairin gazeline aynı vezin ve kafiyede benzer bir gazel söylemeye “tanzir etme” ya da “cevap verme”, bu gazele de “nazîre” denir. Hemen her şairin çok sayıda nazîresi vardır. Nazîreler, XV. yüzyıldan başlayarak “mecmûatü’n-nezâir” denilen şiir mecmualarında toplanmıştır. Nazîrenin tanzir edilen gazelle aynı anlam ve üslûp doğrultusunda olması gerekir. Tersine bir anlamda yapılmış olanlara “nakīze” adı verilir.
Mürettep divanlarda daima kasidelerden sonra gelen gazeller kolayca bulunabilmeleri için Arap alfabesine göre kafiyelerinin son harfleriyle sıralanırlar.
Şuarâ tezkirelerinde çok defa şiirle eş anlamda kullanılan gazel, Tanzimat’tan sonraki yenilik dönemine kadar Türk edebiyatında çok önemsenen ve her şairin kullandığı başlıca nazım şekli olmuştur.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 440-442 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.