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GAZİ Skip to content Din uğrunda savaşanlar için özellikle Türkler tarafından mücahid karşılığında kullanılan bir sıfat ve unvan.
Gazi kelimesi (çoğulu guzât , guzzâ , guziy ), sözlükte “hücum etmek, savaşmak, yağmalamak; din uğrunda cihad etmek” mânasına gelen gazâ nın (gazve ) ism-i fâili olup savaşta başarı kazanan kumandanlara, hatta hükümdarlara şeref unvanı olarak verilmiştir. Gazi kelimesi Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bir yerde çoğul olarak yer almakta (Âl-i İmrân 3/156), başka bir yerde de ima yoluyla şehidlikle birlikte zikredilerek övülmektedir (et-Tevbe 9/52). Ancak Kur’an’da bu anlamda daha çok mücâhid kelimesi geçmektedir. Hadislerde ise gazinin ve çoğulu guzâtın sıkça kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Bunların bir kısmında “el-gāzî fî sebîlillâh” (Buhârî, “Taʿbîr”, 12; Tirmizî, “Zekât”, 18, “Daʿavât”, 5), bir kısmında yalnızca gazi şeklinde yer almaktadır (Müsned , I, 20, 53; Buhârî, “Ḫumus”, 13). Hemen tamamında övülen gazilik mefhumunun Allah yolunda savaşan kimseler için kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (kelimenin geçtiği hadisler için bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ġāz” md.). Hz. Peygamber’in şehitlik ve gaziliğin faziletleri hakkındaki sözleri gaziliğin değerini arttırmış ve “ölürsem şehid kalırsam gazi” düsturunun ortaya çıkmasına vesile olmuştur. İslâm fütuhatında bu prensibin birinci derecede rolü vardır.
İslâm ülkesinin düşman hücumuna uğraması halinde yapılan cihadın farz-ı ayın, uzaktaki düşman üzerine yapılan gazânın ise farz-ı kifâye olduğu, önceleri birincisinin “savunma”, ikincisinin “sefer” mânasını ifade ettiği, dolayısıyla gazâ ve cihad kelimelerinin anlamları arasında farklılık bulunduğu, ancak zamanla bu farkın azaldığı ve özellikle Osmanlı döneminde bu iki kelimenin eş anlamlı olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır (Tekin, TT , XIX/109, s. 13 vd.). İslâmiyet’in yayılmasından sonra şehitlikle birlikte gazilik, neferden hükümdara kadar her savaşa katılanın almak istediği bir şeref unvanı olmuştur.
Din uğrunda savaşan her müslümanın sıfatı olan gazi dar anlamda, iktisadî zaruretler yüzünden ortaya çıkan büyük şehirlerdeki, hatta bazan ordudaki muayyen zümreler için de kullanılmıştır. Asya’nın geniş bozkırlarında hayvancılıkla geçinen, çoğunluğunu henüz İslâmiyet’i kabul etmemiş Türkler’in oluşturduğu göçebeler, çok sert geçen kış mevsimlerinde hayvanları telef olunca şehir ve kasabalara inerler ve şehirlilerden yardım isterlerdi. Şehirlinin cimri davranması üzerine de ihtiyaçları olan şeyleri zor kullanarak alırlardı. Zamanla şehirlerde artan refah göçebeleri buralara çekmeye başlamış, saldırı ve yağmalamaların sayısı da artmıştır. Emevî idaresi buna çare olarak göçebelere karşı gönüllü birlikler oluşturmuştur. İlk İslâm kaynaklarında bu gönüllüler gazi diye adlandırılır. Emevî idarecileri bunların barınması için şehirlerin dışında “ribât” adı verilen kaleler, müstahkem mevkiler inşa ettirmişlerdi. Gazilerin işi daha sonra şehirleri, kervanları korumanın yanı sıra gayri müslimleri (göçebeleri) İslâm’a davet etmek olmuştur. Ribâtlardaki şeyh ve dervişler de bu işi gönüllü olarak üstlenmişlerdir. İşin ilginç yönü, hem gönüllü gazilerin çoğunun hem de göçebelerin Türk olmasıydı. Ancak bu durum fazla sürmedi. Abbâsîler’in ilk yıllarından itibaren ribâtlarda ve şehirlerde gönüllü gaziler huzursuzluk kaynağı olmaya, göçebe gayri müslimleri takip etmek yerine meskûn yerleri ve kervanları yağmalamaya başladılar (bk. AYYÂR ). Bu yüzden gazi kelimesi bir süre kötü bir anlam kazandı. Ancak daha sonraki yıllarda kelime tekrar eski mânasında kullanılmaya başlandı. Anadolu gazilerinin mânevî önderi olan Seyyid Battal’ın adı Türk edebiyatında bu unvanla birleşmiş ve onun adı etrafında âdeta bir edebî tür ortaya çıkmıştır (bk. BATTALNÂME ). Battal Gazi Destanı Türk gaziliğinin ruhunu yansıtır. Anadolu gazilerinin cihada giderken bunun ve Ebû Müslim-i Horasânî’nin bayraklarını taşımaları, bu İslâm kahramanlarının hâtıralarını yaşatmaktan kaynaklanmıştır.
Selçuklu hânedanına adını veren Selçuk b. Dukak, gayri müslim Oğuzlar’la yaptığı cihad sebebiyle el-Melikü’l-Gāzî unvanını almıştır (Beyhakī, s. 122). Gazneliler devrinde Hindistan’a yapılan seferlerde gaziler de önemli rol oynadılar. Sultan Mesud zamanında Sâlâr-ı Gāziyân Abdullah Kara Tegin gazilerin sevk ve idaresinden sorumluydu.
XI. yüzyılda Anadolu’ya yapılan Türk hücumlarına öncü olarak katılan gaziler, Alparslan’ın Bizanslılar’a karşı kazandığı Malazgirt zaferinden sonra Anadolu’nun fethinde etkili rol oynayan Emîr Dânişmend, Emîr Mengücük, I. Süleyman Şah gazi unvanıyla birlikte anılırlar. Dolayısıyla Anadolu’nun fethine katılan emirlerin hepsi gazâ geleneğinin temsilcisi olmuşlardır. Selçuklu Devleti’nin Bizans ile sınırı olan bölgelerine yerleştirilenlerin “uç Türkler’i” diye anılan gaziler topluluğu olduğu belirtilir. Bunlarda gazilik babadan oğula geçen ocak hükmünde bir statü idi. Ancak oğulun evvelâ kendini iyi bir cengâver olarak ispatlaması gerekirdi. Âşık Paşa, alp eren (gazi) olabilmek için güçlü bir yürek, cesaret, pazı kuvveti, gayret, iyi bir at, özel bir elbise, yay, iyi bir kılıç ve süngü ile uygun bir arkadaşa sahip olunması gereğinden söz eder (bk. Köprülü, Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar , s. 244).
Bazı kaynaklarda unvan olarak geçen “alp” kelimesi gazinin Türkçe karşılığı olarak kabul edilebilir. Türkler’in İslâmiyet’e girmesinden sonra bazan “alp gazi” biçiminde söylenen bu kelime, tasavvuf cereyanlarının tesiriyle “alp eren” şeklinde de kullanılmıştır. Gazneliler Devleti’nin kurucusu Alp Tegin, Selçuklu Devleti’nin ikinci hükümdarı Alp Arslan olduğu gibi Osman Bey’in dedesi Gündüz’ün unvanı da Alp idi (Karamânî Mehmed Paşa, s. 366). Osman Gazi’nin arkadaşları arasında hem Abdurrahman Gazi gibi “gazi”, hem de Konuralp gibi “alp” unvanlı kumandanlar bulunuyordu.
XIII. yüzyılda Moğol baskısı sonucunda başlayan göç dalgaları ile Anadolu’ya bazı derviş zümreleri de geldi. Dervişler gazilere mânevî destek ve heyecan veriyorlardı. Bu hareket, XIV. yüzyıl başlarında Anadolu beyliklerinin teşekkülüne kadar sürdü. Anadolu beyliklerinde gazilik geleneği devam etti. Fütüvvetin seyfî kolunu temsil eden Anadolu gazileri şehirlerden ziyade uçlarda yerleşmiş ve faaliyetlerini din uğrunda cihad etmek şeklinde duyurmuşlardı. XIV. yüzyıl kaynaklarında (bk. Emecen, Prof. Dr. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız Armağanı , s. 191) ve özellikle ilk Osmanlı tarihçilerinden Ahmedî ve Âşıkpaşazâde’nin eserlerinde bu gazilerden ve gazâ ruhundan geniş olarak bahsedilmektedir. Eflâkî, Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey’in Konya’daki Mevlevî şeyhi Sultan Veled tarafından törenle “gaziler sultanı” yapıldığını yazmaktadır (Menâḳıbü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 485). Mehmed Bey’in halefi Umur Bey de gazi unvanıyla anılır. Gazilik anlayışının etkili şekilde yer aldığı, izahının yapılıp mânevî değeri üzerinde durulduğu Osmanlı sahasında mevcut en eski kaynak olan ve eserini bazan “gazavatnâme”, bazan da “gaziler tarihi” olarak adlandıran Ahmedî’ye göre gazi, Allah’ın yeryüzünde şirki kaldırmak için kullandığı bir silâh ve hizmetkârdır, Allah’ın kılıcıdır, müminlerin hâmisidir; Allah yolunda ölürse şehiddir ve Allah katında ebedîliğe ulaşır (Dâstân ve Tevârîh-i Mülûk-i Âl-i Osmân , s. 6-8). P. Wittek’e göre Batı Anadolu’daki uç beylikleri gazi teşkilâtından doğmuştur. Hepsinin gayesini fethin teşkil ettiği bu beyliklerin başlangıçta en küçüğü olan Osmanlı Beyliği, coğrafî mevkii ve Bizans’a sınır komşusu olması dolayısıyla dâimî cihad halindeydi, buna bağlı olarak da gazâ ruhunu hep canlı tuttu. Bizans İmparatorluğu aleyhine kısa sürede büyüdü, güçlendi ve fetihlerini iyi organize edebilen tek devlet haline geldi. XV. yüzyıl kroniklerinde, Osmanlılar’ın Konya’daki Selçuklu sultanlığına halef olacağına dair menkıbeye geniş yer verilmiştir. Bu menkıbeye göre son Selçuklu sultanı gazâ alâmeti olarak Osman Gazi’ye sancak ve atlar göndermiştir. Yine tarihî geleneğe göre Osmanlı gazilerinin başlıca özelliği başlarına giydikleri ak börktür. Nitekim Âşıkpaşazâde Bursa fâtihi Orhan Bey’i, “Gazâ için ak börk geyüptür / Yüzü ak işi sağ Orhan Gazi / Ne giyse yaraşur Orhan Gazi / Âşık Paşa zamânında idi gāzî” mısralarıyla tavsif eder (Târih , s. 43). Bunun oğlu Murad Hudâvendigâr da Neşrî’ye göre Memlük Sultanı Seyfeddin Berkuk tarafından aynı şekilde “sultânü’l-guzât ve’l-mücâhidîn” olarak anılmıştı (Cihannümâ , I, 217).
Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluş yıllarında Anadolu’da gāziyân-ı Rûm’dan başka abdalân-ı Rûm, bâciyân-ı Rûm ve ahîyân-ı Rûm gibi Kalenderiyye tarikatına mensup fütüvvet teşkilâtları da vardı (Âşıkpaşazâde, s. 205). Anadolu’nun Türkleşmesinde ve fethinin tamamlanmasında bu dinî-askerî alp eren kuruluşlarının çok büyük rolü olmuştur.
Osman ve Orhan Bey zamanlarında fethedilen yerler bu hükümdarlar tarafından gazilere dirlik olarak verilmiştir. Fütüvvet geleneğinin devamından başka bir şey olmayan bu uygulama zamanla daha sistemli hale getirilmiş ve yüzyıllarca devletin toprak ve askerî teşkilâtının temelini teşkil etmiştir. Yıldırım Bayezid döneminde gazâ geleneğinin daha da canlandırıldığı söylenebilir. Onun uç bölgelerindeki gazi ailelerini ve beyleri kontrol altına almaya ve merkezî idareye bağlamaya çalışması bu anlayışın terkedildiği anlamına gelmez. Osmanlılar, XV. yüzyıl ortalarında nisbeten Anadolu’da birliği sağlayarak sınırlarını Fırat’a dayandırmışlar, XVI. yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinde ise İslâm birliği idealini önemli ölçüde gerçekleştirmişlerdir. İstanbul’un fethinden sonra gazâ ruhu bizzat Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’de (a.g.e. , s. 160) ve Avrupa kıtasındaki sınır boylarında mevcut akıncı birliklerinde devam etmiştir. Öte yandan “i‘lâ-yi kelimetullah” idealinin ve anlayışının da özellikle XVI. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kaynaklarda bolca işlendiği, hatta ferman ve hükümlerde de yer aldığı dikkati çekmektedir.
Osmanlılar’da bütün askerlere “guzât-ı İslâm” denilerek gazilik geleneği çeşitli şekillerde yüzyıllarca devam ettirilmiştir. Sipahiliğin babadan oğula geçmesi ve timar teşkilâtını oluşturan birime “kılıç” denilmesi tesadüfî bir adlandırma değildir (bk. TİMAR ). Gazilik geleneğinin devamı yeniçeri teşkilâtında daha açık olarak görülür. Bektaşî tarikatıyla mânevî ilgisinden dolayı yeniçerilere “gâziyân-ı Hacı Bektâş-ı Velî” denirdi. Yeniçeri Ocağı âdeta gazi âdetlerinin sistemleştirilmesidir. Başlangıçta savaş esiri hıristiyan çocuklarının eğitilerek devlet hizmetine alınmaları, başlarına ak börk giydirilmesi hep bu gelenekten kaynaklanmıştır. Osmanlılar’da tahta çıkan padişaha umumiyetle bir tasavvuf büyüğü veya nakîbüleşraf, bazan da şeyhülislâm tarafından kılıç kuşatılması gazilik geleneğiyle açıklanabilir. Aynı şekilde zafer kazanan kumandana törenle gazi çelengi takılması da doğrudan bununla ilgili bir uygulamadır. Osmanlı padişahları da bizzat katıldıkları seferlerde kazandıkları başarılar sebebiyle bazı müelliflerce gazi unvanıyla anılmışlardır. Nitekim Peçuylu İbrâhim Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ı bu unvanla anar (Târih , I, 18). Ancak daha sonra bizzat sefere çıkmasalar da kazanılan zaferler dolayısıyla bu unvanla anılanlar da vardır. Meselâ 1732’de Tebriz’in alınması üzerine I. Mahmud’a, 1769’da Rus ordularının Hotin’den püskürtülmesi dolayısıyla III. Mustafa’ya gazi unvanı verilmişti. I. Abdülhamid ise Osmanlı-Avusturya-Rus savaşlarının ilk yıllarında elde edilen bazı askerî başarılardan dolayı 1788’de bir fetva ile gazi unvanını almış ve bu unvanın hutbelerde okunması için her tarafa ferman gönderilmişti (Emecen, TD , XXXIII [1982], s. 252). Bu anlayış daha sonra da devam etmiş, II. Abdülhamid Doksanüç Harbi’nden dolayı Şeyhülislâm Hayrullah Efendi’nin fetvasıyla gazi unvanını almış, tuğrasına ve devrinde basılan paralara bu unvanını koydurmuş, hutbelerde okunması için ferman çıkartmıştı. Aynı savaşta gösterdikleri kahramanlıklar dolayısıyla Plevne müdafii Osman Paşa ile Doğu Anadolu cephesi kumandanı Ahmed Muhtar Paşa’ya Sultan Abdülhamid tarafından gazi unvanı verilmiştir. Nihayet Sakarya Meydan Savaşı’ndan sonra 19 Eylül 1921 tarihinde Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından Mustafa Kemal’e mareşal rütbesiyle birlikte gazi unvanı verilmesi de bu geleneğin bir devamıdır. Laikliğin ve soyadı kanununun kabulünden sonra bile gazi unvanının kullanımı devam etmiştir. Türkiye’de 1927’den beri her yıl düzenlenen Gazi Koşusu bu unvanla yapılmaktadır. Eski adı Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü olan yüksek okul 1982 yılında Gazi Üniversitesi’ne dönüştürülmüştür. İstiklâl Savaşı’na katılarak İstiklâl madalyası alanlara “İstiklâl Savaşı gazisi” denmektedir. Aynı şekilde Kore ve Kıbrıs savaşlarına katılanlar da bu unvanla anılır.
Osmanlılar’da gazâ anlayışı ayrıca, Arap edebiyatındaki “megāzî” kitapları gibi “gazânâme” veya daha yaygın ifadesiyle “gazavatnâme” adı altında bir edebî türün ortaya çıkması ile de kendini gösterir. Gazâ ruhu ve gazilik Türk kültüründe derin izler bırakmış, gazi sadece unvan olarak değil isim olarak da kullanılırken bunun müennesi olan “gaziye” de kadınlara ad olarak verilmiştir. Halep Eyyûbî hükümdarının kızının adı Gaziye Hatun’dur. Kırım Hanlığı’nda gazi sıfatı aynı zamanda ad haline gelmiştir. Meşhur Kırım Hanı Gazi Giray dışında hanlık makamına geçen iki Gazi Giray Han daha vardır. Anadolu’da bugün gazi adına özellikle Alevî kesiminde sıkça rastlanır. Öte yandan şehir için de bu unvanın kullanıldığı dikkati çeker. Antep halkının İstiklâl Savaşı’nda gösterdiği kahramanlık dolayısıyla bu şehrin adına gazi sıfatının eklendiği bilinmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 443-445 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.