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GAZİ GİRAY II Skip to content (ö. 1016/1607)
Kırım hanı (1588-1607).
1/2 Müellif: HALİL İNALCIK Bölüme Git
1554’te doğdu. Devlet Giray’ın oğlu olup gösterdiği kahramanlıklardan ötürü Bora lakabıyla da tanınır. İlk defa, 1578’de başlayan Osmanlı-Safevî mücad…
2/2 Müellif: MUSTAFA İSMET UZUN Bölüme Git
Edebî Yönü. Kırım hanları arasında önemli yeri olan Gazi Giray aynı zamanda gerçek bir sanatkârdır. Çeşitli ilim dallarının yanı sıra hat ve mûsiki gi…
1554’te doğdu. Devlet Giray’ın oğlu olup gösterdiği kahramanlıklardan ötürü Bora lakabıyla da tanınır. İlk defa, 1578’de başlayan Osmanlı-Safevî mücadeleleri sırasında dikkati çekti; bu savaşa Âdil Giray kumandasındaki Kırım ordusunda bir kumandan olarak katıldı ve Özdemiroğlu Osman Paşa’nın takdirini kazandı. Ertesi yıl bizzat sefere iştirak eden Kırım Hanı Mehmed Giray savaş sona ermeden Kırım’a dönmeye karar verince onu bir miktar kuvvetle Şirvan’da bıraktı. Gazi Giray buradaki mücadelede büyük başarı kazandı. Kür nehrini geçen Selmas Han kuvvetlerini âni bir baskınla bozguna uğrattı. Bu başarılarından dolayı III. Murad’ın iltifatına nâil oldu ve sâlyânesi 50.000 akçeye çıkarıldı. 1580’de bir ileri keşif hareketinde İranlılar tarafından kuşatılarak esir alındı. Osmanlılar’a karşı İran’a destek vermeyi reddetmesi üzerine Alamut Kalesi’ne hapsedildi. 1585 yılında buradan kaçmayı başardı, Erzurum’da bulunan Osman Paşa’nın yanına geldi ve onunla birlikte yeniden savaşlara katıldı. Osman Paşa’nın ölümünden sonra İstanbul’a gitti, oradan Yanbolu’ya gönderildi. Saraydan verilen sâlyâne ile sakin bir hayat yaşarken III. Murad tarafından İslâm Giray’ın ölümü üzerine boşalan Kırım hanlığına tayin edildi (Mayıs 1588) ve bir filo eşliğinde Kırım’a döndü.
Kırım beyleri Gazi Giray’ın hanlığını kabul ettiler; ancak Rus çarı kendi adayı Murad Giray’ı destekliyordu. Rusya’yı baş düşman ilân eden Gazi Giray, İsveç ve Lehistan ile ittifak müzakerelerinde bulunduktan sonra 1591’de büyük bir ordu ile Moskova’ya kadar ilerledi. Kırım beyleri ertesi yıl Ruslar’a karşı yeni bir saldırı düzenlediler. Fakat 1593’te Osmanlı-Habsburg savaşının başlaması üzerine Rusya ile barış imzalandı (Nisan 1594). Rus çarı anlaşma uyarınca 10.000 ruble vergiden başka her yıl tesbit edilen hediyeleri göndereceği taahhüdünde bulunmuştu.
Gazi Giray, Ağustos 1594’te Yanıkkale’yi kuşatmış olan Koca Sinan Paşa’nın yanına gelerek savaşlara katıldı. Ertesi yıl isyan halindeki Eflak ve Boğdan’a taarruzlarda bulundu. Yanıkkale’nin fethinde de Kırım kuvvetlerinin önemli etkileri olmuştur. Ayrıca Boğdan beyi itaat altına alınmıştı. Bu başarılardan sonra Gazi Giray Boğdan’ın Kırım hanzâdelerinden birine verilmesini istediyse de kabul edilmedi. Bunun üzerine 1596’da kendisine yapılan ısrarlı davetlere rağmen sefere katılmayarak veliaht (kalgay) Feth Giray’ı gönderdi. Haçova Meydan Savaşı kazanıldıktan sonra Cigalazâde Sinan Paşa’nın ısrarıyla azledilerek yerine Feth Giray hanlığa getirildi. Ancak üç ay sonra Cigalazâde görevinden alınınca Kırımlılar esasen kendisini desteklediklerinden Gazi Giray tekrar hanlığa tayin edildi. Tebrik için gelen Feth Giray’ı ise huzurunda öldürttü. Boşalan veliahtlık Selâmet Giray’a, ikinci veliahtlık da (nûreddinlik) Devlet Giray’a verildi. Fakat bir müddet sonra Devlet Giray da katledilince kardeşleri Şâhin Giray, Mehmed Giray ve Selâmet Giray İstanbul’a kaçtılar. Bunun üzerine Gazi Giray veliahtlığı oğlu Toktamış Giray’a, ikinci veliahtlığı da diğer oğlu Sefer Giray’a verdi. Bu arada Kazak tehdidi hissedildiğinden Gazi Kirman Kalesi’nin inşasına başlandı. Gazi Giray, III. Mehmed’in emriyle 1598’de Macaristan’daki Osmanlı ordusuna katıldı. Onun da tesiriyle Satırcı Mehmed Paşa Varad üzerine yürüdü. Oradan Erdel’e girilerek tahribatta bulunma kararı alınmıştı. Fakat Varad kuşatması başarısızlıkla sonuçlandığı gibi Gazi Giray’ın kuvvetleriyle Macaristan ve Bohemya’ya yapmak istediği akın da Satırcı Mehmed Paşa tarafından engellendi. Gazi Giray kışı Sombor’da geçirdi ve yaptığı hizmetlere karşılık Silistre’nin kendisine arpalık olarak verilmesini istedi. Fakat talebi İstanbul’da kabul görmedi. Bu arada eskiden beri tanıdığı Satırcı Mehmed Paşa’nın başarısızlık dolayısıyla idamı üzerine derhal Kırım’a dönmek istediyse de vezîriâzamın ısrarıyla bir müddet daha sınır boylarında kaldı. 1599’da Osmanlı ordusu ile Estergon seferine katıldı. Onu Osmanlılar’dan uzaklaştırmak ve geri dönmesini sağlamak için Avusturyalılar yıllık 10.000 altın ödemeyi teklif ettiler. Gazi Giray da gerek askerlerin istekleri, gerekse Kırım’ın Rus ve Kazak tehdidi altında bulunması dolayısıyla geri dönmek istiyordu. Bu tutumu Osmanlı hükümet merkezi tarafından hoş karşılanmıyordu. Tahtının tehlikede olduğunu anlayan Gazi Giray, 1602’de kış aylarının yaklaşmasına rağmen Macaristan’a gitti ve kışı Peçuy’da av, eğlence ve şiir yazmakla geçirdi. Bu sırada yanında meşhur Osmanlı tarihçisi Peçuylu İbrâhim de bulunuyordu.
Gazi Giray 1603 baharında Kırım’a döndü. Bu arada hanın elçileriyle imparatorun murahhasları Klausenburg’da (Kolozsvar) barış müzakerelerinde bulundularsa da bundan bir sonuç elde edilemedi. Gazi Giray barış için yıllık 40.000 altın talep ediyor ve Eflak beyinin tayininde söz sahibi olmak istiyordu. İmparator ise bu istekleri kabule yanaşmıyordu. 1606’da barış antlaşması imzalanınca Gazi Giray Ruslar’a karşı Lehistan’la ittifakını yeniledi. Anadolu’da baş gösteren Celâli isyanları sırasında I. Ahmed ondan asker göndermesini istedi. Gazi Giray, beklenen 10.000 asker yerine küçük bir kuvvet göndermekle yetindi. Ertesi yıl saldırıya geçen Safevîler’le çarpışmak üzere Şirvan’a gitmesi istendi. Fakat bu sırada Gazi Giray, 1597’de inşasını başlattığı Gazi Kirman Kalesi’ni tamamlayıp Kırım’a dönerken yolda vebaya yakalanarak vefat etti (Şâban 1016 / Kasım 1607). Mezarı Bahçesaray’da babası Devlet Giray’ın yanında Han Sarayı Camii hazîresindeki türbesindedir. Veliaht tayin ettiği oğlu Toktamış Giray Kırım beylerince han olarak kabul edilmesine rağmen İstanbul tarafından tanınmadı.
Gazi Giray Kırım hanlarının en büyüklerinden biridir. Hanlığı döneminde, İstanbul’un emirlerini her zaman yerine getirmeyen Kırım’ın önde gelen zümreleriyle hanlığı sıradan bir eyaleti gibi gören Osmanlı hükümet merkezi arasında dengeyi kurabilmiş olması büyük bir başarı sayılmalıdır. İstanbul ile her zamankinden daha çok iş birliği yapan Gazi Giray, kültürel yönden ve idarî bakımdan Osmanlı nüfuzunun önemli ölçüde artmasına izin vermiştir. Kırım Hanlığı’nı kendi oğullarına hasretmeye çalışan Gazi Giray, iradelerinde diğer hanlardan farklı olarak “Ebü’l-Feth el-Gāzî” unvanını kullanırdı. Osmanlılar’dan gerçek bir hükümdar gibi muamele görmek isterdi. Bununla beraber hanlığın iç teşkilâtında Osmanlı etkisiyle önemli düzenlemeler yapmıştır. Zamanında, han divanında vezîriâzam makamında bir kapıağası ile (eşik ağası, başağa) vezirler bulunduğu, kapıağasının nüfuz ve yetkisinin arttığı görülmektedir. Osmanlılar’da olduğu gibi bu ağalar çerkez kölelerden seçilmekteydi. Aynı şekilde kendisine bağlı bir tüfenkçi kuvveti de oluşturmuştu. Başlangıçta sayısı 500 olan bu kuvvet için “tüfenkçi mevâcibi” adıyla bir vergi toplanmaktaydı.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Feridun Bey, Münşeât , II, 119.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 696, 699, ayrıca bk. İndeks.
İskender Bey Münşî, Târîḫ , s. 191-197.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , II, 174, 250 vd.
Naîmâ, Târih , I, 176, 204, 235.
Seyyid Mehmed Rızâ, es-Seb‘u’s-seyyâr fî ahbâri mülûki Tatar (nşr. Mirza A. Kâzım Bey), Kazan 1248/1832, s. 110.
Halim Giray, Gülbün-i Hânân , İstanbul 1327, s. 59 vd.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , VIII, 57, 60.
Âsafî, Şecâatnâme , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6043, vr. 55b -65a , 95b -113a .
Rahîmzâde, Zafernâme-i Sultan Murad , İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 2372, vr. 30a -33b , 41b -44a .
V. Velyaminov Zernov – Hüseyin Feyizhan, Kırım Yurtuna ve Ol Taraflarga Dâir Bolgan Yarlıglar ve Hatlar , St. Petersburg 1281/1864, s. 9-19.
Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, Kırım Müellifleri , İstanbul 1335, s. 20 vd.
I. Novoselskiy, Borba Moskovskogo gosudarstva s Tatarami v pervoy polovine XVII veka , Moscow 1948, s. 118-119.
İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Gâzi Geray Han, Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1958.
Abdullahoğlu Hasan, “Kırım Tarihine Ait Notlar ve Vesikalar I-III, Gâzi Giray’ın Mektupları”, AYB , I/3-7 (1932), s. 118-122, 159-166, 249-252.
Halil İnalcık, “Gâzî Giray II”, İA , IV, 734-736.
a.mlf., “G̲h̲āzī Girāy II”, EI2 (İng.) , II, 1046-1047.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 451-452 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
Edebî Yönü. Kırım hanları arasında önemli yeri olan Gazi Giray aynı zamanda gerçek bir sanatkârdır. Çeşitli ilim dallarının yanı sıra hat ve mûsiki gibi güzel sanatlarda ileri derecede bilgi sahibi olduğu kaydedilen Gazi Giray’ın 1602’de Macar seferine katılıp kışı Peçuy’da geçirdiği sırada tarihçi Peçuylu İbrâhim’e kitâbet, ta‘lik yazının incelikleri ve kalem kesme usullerini öğretmiş olması (Târih , II, 251) onun hat sanatı alanındaki bilgisinin derecesini gösterir. İsmâil Hikmet Ertaylan’ın, Peçuylu’nun hana kitâbet ve kalem kesmeyi öğrettiğini yazması (Gâzi Geray Han , s. 30, 62) yanlıştır.
Gazi Giray’ın sanatkâr cephesinin en gelişmiş yanı klasik Türk mûsikisi alanındaki çalışmalarında görülür. Çeşitli müzik aletlerini çalabilen iyi bir sâzende ve devrinin en güçlü bestekârlarından biri olan Gazi Giray’ın peşrev ve saz semâilerinden altmış ikisi günümüze ulaşmıştır (listesi için bk. Öztuna, I, 300-301). Ayrıca yazma güfte mecmualarında “Tatar” adı altında birçok güfte metnine rastlanmaktaysa da bunların besteleri zamanımıza kadar gelmemiştir.
Gazi Giray mûsikiden sonra en çok şairliğiyle tanınmıştır. Gazâyî ve Han Gazi mahlaslarını kullandığı şiirlerini Farsça, Arapça, Kırım ve Osmanlı Türkçeleri ile yazmıştır. Divan edebiyatının nazım şekilleriyle kaleme aldığı, özellikle mertlik ve kahramanlık duygularını terennüm eden şiirleri sayesinde Türk edebiyatının belli başlı hamâsî şairlerinden biri olarak tanınmıştır. Yavuz Yektay tarafından rast makamında şarkı olarak bestelenen, “Râyete meylederiz kāmet-i dil-cû yerine / Tuğa dil bağlamışız kâkül-i hoş-bû yerine” beytiyle başlayan sekiz beyitlik meşhur gazeli birçok Osmanlı şairi tarafından defalarca tanzir ve tahmis edilmiştir (geniş bilgi için bk. İA , IV, 737). Gazi Giray, düşündüklerini çekinmeden söyleyen, haksızlık ve yolsuzluklara tahammül edemeyen mert bir şahsiyete sahip olduğu için hicviyeler de yazmıştır.
Eserleri. 1. Divan . Halim Giray, Kırım hanları hakkında bilgi veren Gülbün-i Hânân adlı eserinde (s. 64) Gazi Giray’ın bir divanı olduğunu söylemekteyse de eser günümüze ulaşmamıştır. İsmâil Hikmet Ertaylan, Halil Edhem Arda’nın özel kütüphanesinde bulunan, bazıları Kırım ve Çağatay Türkçesi’yle olmak üzere biri eksik kırk iki gazeli ihtiva eden bir divançe nüshasının faksimilesini Gâzi Geray Han: Hayatı ve Eserleri (İstanbul 1958) adlı kitabı içinde yayımlamıştır (s. 65-89). Bu eserde ayrıca Yûnus Emre’nin, “Dolap niçin inilersin” ilâhisini hatırlatan “Yol üstünde yoluktum bir dolaba / Dedim niçin sürersin yüz bu âba” beytiyle başlayan kırk bir beyitlik bir manzumesi yer almaktadır.
2. Gül ü Bülbül . Kaynaklarda Fuzûlî’nin “Nîk ü Bed” manzumesine nazîre olarak yazıldığı belirtilen eser, bülbülün güle duyduğu aşk yüzünden çektiği ıstırabı dile getiren klasik aşk mesnevisi niteliğinde bir manzumedir. Mesnevide yer yer bülbülün dilinden kaleme alınmış derin bir lirizme sahip âşıkane gazeller dikkati çeker. Çağatay Türkçesi’yle ve aruzun “mefâîlün mefâîlün feûlün” kalıbıyla yazılan eser, Gazi Giray’ın Peçuy’da bulunduğu 1602-1603 kışında tamamlanmıştır. Ertaylan, eserin bir nüshasının Rusya’da Leningrad Kütüphanesi’nde Fuzûlî’nin Leylâ vü Mecnûn ’unu ihtiva eden yazmanın içinde bulunduğunu söyler. Mesnevinin bölüm başlıklarını vererek otuz sekiz beyitlik mukaddime kısmıyla hâtimesinden on beyti neşreden (Gâzi Geray Han , s. 50-53) Ertaylan’a göre eser “Nîk ü Bed”e bir nazîre olmayıp muhtemelen ondan alınan ilhamla yazılmıştır. Ayrıca Ertaylan, Gazi Giray’ın aynı isimde bir mesnevi kaleme alan Kara Fazlî’nin eserinden faydalanmış olabileceğini de söyler (a.g.e. , s. 62, dipnot nr. 2).
3. Kahve ile Bâde . Peçuylu, Gazi Giray’ın Peçuy’da iken kahve ile şarap arasında geçen münazarayı konu alan bir manzume yazdığını, sonunda da, “Peçuy’daki hâsılatımız bu kadardır” kaydını düştüğünü belirtir (Târih , II, 251). Şimdiye kadar bir nüshasına rastlanmayan bu manzume de Gazi Giray’ın kendisinden çok etkilendiği belli olan Fuzûlî’nin Beng ü Bâde ’si yolunda bir eser olmalıdır.
Bütün kaynaklarda Gazi Giray’ın ayrıca usta bir münşî olduğu belirtilmektedir. Kırım hanı sıfatıyla Osmanlı pâyitahtına, vezirlere, devlet adamlarına, Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi, Hüseyin Kefevî gibi ulemâya gönderdiği manzum ve mensur mektuplar inşâ mecmualarında yer almaktadır. Bu iki âlime yazdığı dört mektup, Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin Mekâtîb-i Sultânî adıyla tertip ettiği bir mecmuadan (Nuruosmaniye Ktp., nr. 4292) alındığı kaydıyla Abdullahoğlu Hasan tarafından yayımlanmıştır (AYB , I/3-7, s. 118-122, 159-166, 249-252). Aynı makalede, daha sonra Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ne nakledilmiş olan Âşir Efendi Kütüphanesi’ndeki Mecmûa-i Mekâtîb-i Mülûk adlı yazmadan (nr. 895) alınan, Macaristan seferinde iken Vâiz Emîr Efendi’ye yazdığı bir mektup daha yer almaktadır. Bunlardan Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’ye yazılan iki manzum mektup, Seyyid Mehmed Rızâ’nın es-Seb‘u’s-seyyâr ’ında da bulunmaktadır. Ertaylan bunları adı geçen eserden alarak faksimileleriyle birlikte neşretmiştir (Gâzi Geray Han , s. 53-61). Selânikî’nin kaydettiği, Gazi Giray’ın Erdel seferi dolayısıyla padişaha yazdığı mektuba eklediği, “Biz mücâhid kulunuz terkederiz cân ü seri / Pâdişâhım ne diyem sonra duyarsın haberi” beytiyle başlayan gazeliyle Sombor’da kışladığı zaman yazıp padişaha gönderdiği, “Telh-kâm olsak aceb mi hâlimizni bir görün / Burnumuzdan geldi billâh acı suyu Sombor’un” beytiyle başlayan gazeli de manzum mektuplarına birer örnektir (Târih , II, 752-753, 803-804). Ganîzâde Mehmed Nâdiri ile dost olduğu bilinen Gazi Giray’ın mektuplarından bazı örnekler Ganîzâde’nin Münşeâtında yer almıştır (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 1526/6, vr. 318a -319a ). Halil İnalcık, British Museum’daki bir yazmada da (MS, Or., nr. 6261) bazı mektuplarının yer aldığını söyler (İA , IV, 736). Kırım Yurtuna ve Ol Taraflarga Dâir Bolgan Yarlıglar ve Hatlar (St. Petersburg 1281/1864) adlı kitapta da bazı mektuplarının bulunması mümkündür.
Gazi Giray Han, Nâmık Kemal’in Cezmi romanının ikinci derecedeki kahramanları içinde yerini alarak edebiyatımızdaki tipler arasına da girmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , II, 750, 752-753, 769, 803-804.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , II, 251.
Naîmâ, Târih , I, 305.
Seyyid Mehmed Rızâ, es-Seb‘u’s-seyyâr fî ahbâri mülûki Tatar (nşr. Kâzım Bek), Kazan 1248, s. 110.
Halim Giray, Gülbün-i Hânân , İstanbul 1327, s. 59 vd.
Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, Kırım Müellifleri , İstanbul 1335, s. 20 vd.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , II, 348.
İsmail Hikmet Ertaylan, Gâzi Geray Han: Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1958.
Abdullahoğlu Hasan, “Kırım Tarihine Ait Notlar ve Vesikalar I-III, Gâzi Giray’ın Mektupları”, AYB , I/3-7 (1932), s. 118-122, 159-166, 249-252.
Ruşen Ferid Kam, “Gazi Girayhan ve Solakzâde”, TMD , III/31 (1950), s. 2-3, 18.
Halil İnalcık – Fevziye Abdullah, “Gâzî Giray II”, İA , IV, 734-738.
“Gazi Giray”, TDEA , III, 305-306.
Öztuna, BTMA , I, 300-301.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 452-453 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.