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GAZİMİHAL, Mahmut Ragıp Skip to content (1900-1961)
Türk mûsikisi eğitimcisi, araştırmacı, tarihçi ve yazar.
27 Mart 1900 tarihinde İstanbul Şehzadebaşı’nda doğdu. Babası, Harmankaya Tekfuru Köse Mihal Bey’in soyundan doktor Yûsuf Râgıb Bey, annesi yine Köse Mihal Bey’in soyundan Mahmud Nedim Paşa’nın kızı Fethiye Hanım’dır. Bu sebeple Mahmut Ragıp soyadı kanunu çıkınca Kösemihal soyadını almışsa da 1940’lı yıllarda soyadını Gazimihal olarak değiştirmiştir.
Mahmut Ragıp öğrenim hayatına babasının yanında başladı. Çocuklarının hiçbirini ilk okulda okutmamış olan Yûsuf Râgıb Bey rüşdiyeye de onları doğrudan kendisi hazırlamıştır. Mahmut Ragıp bu arada babasından Fransızca öğrendi. Resmî tahsilinde ilk olarak Hadîka-i Meşveret Rüşdiyesi’ne devam etti. Daha sonra Vefa Sultanîsi ve Kumkapı’daki Fransız Koleji’nde okudu; on dört yaşında geçirdiği bir kaza sonucunda sakatlandığı için uzun süre ayağa kalkamadığından öğrenimine ara vermek zorunda kaldı. Liseyi daha sonra Ankara’da tamamladı. Hastalığının ilk günlerinde Rauf Yektâ Bey’in çeşitli mecmualarda çıkan yazılarını okumaya başladı. Ayrıca yabancı ansiklopedilerdeki mûsikiyle ilgili maddeleri ve bu arada ünlü tarihçi Fétis’in Histoire générale de la musique ve Biographie universelle des musiciens adlı eserlerini inceleme imkânı buldu.
Metotlu bir mûsiki tahsilinin ancak yurt dışında alınabileceğini düşünerek babasının maddî desteğiyle 1921’de Almanya’ya gitti. Berlin’deki Stern Konservatuvarı’na girerek burada Isai Barmas’ın nezaretinde yardımcısı Walter Detlefz’le keman, Jakobi ile armoni ve piyano, konservatuvar müdürü Alexander von Fielitz ile orkestra şefliği ve nazariyat, müdür yardımcısı Arthur Willner ile armoni ve Bach estetiği çalıştı. Ayrıca ünlü müzik adamları Robert Lachmann, Curt Sachs, Erich Moritz von Hornbostel ile tanıştı. Almanya’da bulunduğu dört yıl içinde Berlin kütüphanelerindeki mûsikiyle ilgili dokümanları inceleme fırsatı buldu. Bu sırada Avrupa’daki mûsiki hareketlerini yakından takip ediyor, bunlar hakkında yazdığı makaleleri Türkiye’deki bazı dergi ve gazetelerde yayımlatıyordu. 1925’te Türkiye’ye dönerek çeşitli okullarda mûsiki dersi verdi. Bir yıl sonra mûsiki tahsilini tamamlamak üzere Paris’e gitti. Burada Schola Cantorum adlı okulda M. Eugène Borrel ve eşinin talebesi oldu. Ayrıca Vensan Dhendi’nin kompozisyon kurlarını takip etti; keman, mûsiki tarihi, armoni ve kontrpuan çalıştı. 1928’in sonunda yurda döndü. 1929 yılında İstanbul Kız Lisesi ve Galatasaray Lisesi’ne müzik hocası tayin edildi. 1932’de Ankara’ya yerleşti. Burada Mûsiki Muallim Mektebi’nde (Ekim 1936’dan sonra Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı) keman, mûsiki nazariyatı, opera ve bale tarihi hocalığı yaptı. Bu arada Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü Müzik Bölümü ile Askerî Muzika Meslek Okulu’nda mûsiki tarihi dersleri verdi. Devlet Konservatuvarı’ndaki görevinden 1961 yılında kendi isteğiyle emekliye ayrıldı ve İstanbul’a yerleşti. 13 Aralık 1961’de vefat etti ve Eyüp’teki Gümüşsuyu Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Ölümünden kısa bir müddet sonra Türk Folklor Araştırmaları dergisi Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal adına bir özel sayı yayımlamıştır (Mart 1962, sy. 152).
Gazimihal, ilk mûsiki bilgilerini beş yaşlarında iken aynı zamanda ud ve keman çalan babasından aldı. Daha çok klasik Türk mûsikisi bilgileri çerçevesindeki bu çalışmaların yanı sıra bir süre Şehzadebaşı’ndaki Mûsikī-i Osmânî Cemiyeti’ne devam etti. Kemanı iyice ilerleterek küçük yaşlarda İstanbul’da oynanan operetlerin saz takımlarında yer aldı. Keman icrasındaki başarısı sayesinde zamanla fasılların da aranan kemancısı oldu. Kemana Türk mûsikisi üslûbu ile başlayan Gazimihal’in, on bir yaşında çok sesli mûsikiyle tanıştıktan sonra kendini tamamıyla Batı mûsikisine verdiği söylenebilir. Batı tarzı keman derslerine Kemânî Yorgi Efendi ile başladı. Fransız Koleji’nde öğrenci iken Albert Braun’dan metotlu keman dersleri aldı. Bu arada kompozitör Mercénier ile nazariyat çalıştı. Keman virtüozluğu arzusu orta yaşlarda yerini mûsiki eğitimciliği ve yazarlığına bıraktı. Kemanı bir daha eline almamak üzere 1935 yılında terkettikten sonra kendini tamamıyla müzikolojiye verdi. Gazimihal, her ne kadar Cumhuriyetin ilk yıllarından itibaren ülkede yerleşmeye başlayan çok sesli müzik akımının destekleyicileri arasında yer almışsa da bu tavrı hiçbir zaman Türk mûsikisi düşmanlığına dönüşmemiştir. Nitekim, “Itrî’nin kârlarını ihmal etmekle Süleymaniye Camii altına bomba koymak arasında hiçbir fark görmüyoruz” diyerek (Anadolu Türküleri ve Mûsikî İstikbâlimiz , s. 3) Türk mûsikisinin sanat seviyesi yüksek tarihî değerlerine sahip çıkılması gerektiğini açıkça belirtmiştir.
Arapça ve Farsça bilmediğinden klasik mûsiki nazariyatı eserlerini (edvâr kitapları) inceleme imkânı bulamadığını söyleyen Gazimihal, “klasik Türk mûsikisi” veya “edvâr mûsikisi” olarak adlandırılan mûsikiyi Arap ve İran mûsikilerinden ilham alan sanat nazariyeleri olarak nitelendirmiş, bu ortak Şark mûsikilerinin ilmî temellerinin de Yunanlılar tarafından atıldığını ileri sürmüştür. Özellikle yabancı kaynaklardan aldığı bu fikri bazı belgelerle çeşitli yazılarında ispata çalışmıştır.
Hayatı boyunca halk mûsikilerini araştırmak için büyük çabalar sarfeden Gazimihal’e göre Anadolu’daki halk mûsikilerinin kendine has bir yanı vardır ki bu onların Orta Asya’dan gelen halis Türk melodileri olmasından kaynaklanır. Öz Türk ezgilerinin pentatonik çatı üzerinde kurulmuş olduğu fikri bu temele dayandırılmıştır. Paris’teki eğitimi sırasında tanıştığı Ahmet Adnan Saygun ile pentatonizm ve Türk mûsikisinin temel yapısı üzerindeki görüş alışverişi yıllar boyu sürmüştür. Asya’da yaşayan Türkler’in mûsiki sistemlerinin pentatonizme dayandığı, Anadolu ezgilerinin de çatısında bu sistemin bulunduğu fikri Gazimihal’in yazılarındaki temel konular arasındadır. Rauf Yektâ ve Ali Rifat Çağatay’la uzun süre devam eden kalem tartışmaları da yine Türk halk ezgilerinde mevcut pentatonik kalıntılar meselesinden kaynaklanır. Ayrıca Türk mûsikisindeki hamlenin halk müziklerinden faydalanmadan gerçekleşemeyeceği görüşündedir. Halk mûsikisi ritim ve melodilerinden ilham alan bestekârları desteklemiş, bunların halk mûsikilerinden faydalanmalarının folklorla hiçbir ilgisi olmadığını, bunun sadece millî sanat ekolünün bir parçasından ibaret kalacağını söylemiştir.
Gazimihal’in folklor sevgisi çocukluktan başlamış, ancak ayağındaki sakatlık yüzünden folklorcu olmak ve Anadolu’da derlemeler yapmak gibi ideallerini gerçekleştirememiştir. Bu sağlık şartlarının olumsuzluğuna rağmen Anadolu’da yapılan üç derleme gezisine katılmıştır. Bunlardan ilki, İstanbul Konservatuvarı’nın (daha sonra İstanbul Belediye Konservatuvarı) düzenlediği ve 15 Ağustos – 17 Eylül 1929 tarihleri arasında Trabzon, Rize, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Erzincan, Erzurum ve çevresinde gerçekleştirilen halk mûsikisi ve oyunlarıyla ilgili araştırmadır. Gazimihal’in katıldığı ikinci derleme gezisi, Mûsiki Muallim Mektebi’nin 1938 Ağustosunda düzenlediği Çorum ili halk müziği derlemesidir. Üçüncü derleme çalışması ise Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı’nın 1940 Ağustosunda yaptığı Konya derlemesidir. Ayrıca 1926-1930 yılları arasında Halk Bilgisi Derneği’nin düzenlediği derleme gezilerinden bazılarına da katılmıştır. Gazimihal, gezici araştırmacılığı fazla sürdürememesine rağmen folklor konusunda milletlerarası literatüre de vâkıf olması sayesinde folklorculara rehber olacak makaleler neşretmiştir.
Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal, yazarlığının ilk yıllarından itibaren mûsiki tarihiyle ilgilenmiştir. Türk Musikisi Tarihi adlı çalışmasında, o zamana kadar hiçbir yazarın ele almadığı İç Asya Türk mûsikisi kaynakları ile Elâm, Eti ve Sumer mûsikilerinin Türk mûsikisine tesirlerine ve Anadolu halk ezgilerinin bir metot içerisinde incelenmesi gereğine işaret etmiştir. Gazimihal’in son dönem yazıları (1950-1961) organoloji (çalgı bilimi) ve etimoloji üzerinedir. Türk mûsikisi aletlerinin tarihi, isimlerinin etimolojisi ve teknik açılardan incelenmesi konularına yazıları ile katkıda bulunmuştur. Mûsiki terimleri hakkında yazdığı makaleler Türk müzikolojisinin temel kaynakları arasında yer almaktadır.
Gazimihal, gerek yurt içinde gerekse yurt dışında faaliyet gösteren bazı müzik ve folklor kuruluşlarının üyeliklerinde de bulunmuştur. Bunların başlıcaları Société française musicologie (Fransa), International Folk Music Council (İngiltere) ve Halk Bilgisi Derneği’dir. 1921 yılından beri mûsiki yazıları yazan Gazimihal bu konudaki bilgisini Avrupa’ya da kabul ettirmiş, yurt dışında yayımlanan çeşitli dergilere yazdığı makalelerle milletlerarası bir şöhret kazanmıştır. Bu makaleleri Revue de musicologie (Paris), Le Monde musical (Paris), Revue inter de musique (Brüksel) adlı dergilerde yayımlanmıştır. Türkiye’deki makaleleri ise başlıca şu dergi ve gazetelerde çıkmıştır: Millî Mecmua , Dârülelhan Mecmuası , Varlık , Türk Folkloru Araştırmaları , Ülkü , Folklor Postası , Türk Yurdu , Halk Bilgisi Mecmuası , Damla , Müzik Görüşleri , Yücel , Uludağ , Konya , Çorumlu dergileri; Akşam , Vakit , Bartın , Hâkimiyet-i Milliye gazeteleri. Kendisi de 1934’te Ankara’da Müzik ve Sanat Hareketleri adıyla bir dergi yayımlamaya başlamış, ancak bu dergi bir yıl kadar çıkabilmiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Anadolu Türküleri ve Mûsikî İstikbâlimiz (İstanbul 1928).
2. Şarkî Anadolu Türkü ve Oyunları (İstanbul 1929).
3. Türk Musikisi Tarihi (Ankara 1932, “Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları” eserinin müsveddeleri içinde, seri: I, nr. 26).
4. Umumi Musiki Tarihi (İstanbul 1934).
5. Armoni Dersleri (İstanbul 1934).
6. Türk Halk Müziklerinin Kökeni Meselesi (İstanbul 1936, “Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları” eserinin müsveddeleri içinde, seri: III, No: 8).
7. Türk Halk Musikilerinin Tonal Hususiyetleri Meselesi (İstanbul 1936).
8. Balkanlarda Musiki İlerleyişi (İstanbul 1937). Her birine “kitap” adı verilen beş bölümden meydana gelen eserde Yunanistan, Bulgaristan, Yugoslavya ve Romanya’daki mûsiki çalışmaları karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiş, son bölümde de Türk mûsikisinin Balkanlar’daki tesiri anlatılmıştır. Her bölümde ele alınan devletin tarihi içerisindeki mûsiki faaliyetleri, öğretimi, ünlü kompozitörleri, konservatuvarları ve operaları gibi konular oldukça ayrıntılı biçimde işlenmiştir.
9. Türkiye-Avrupa Musiki Münasebetleri (İstanbul 1939).
10. Ankara Bölgesi Musiki Folkloru (Hulusi Karsel ile beraber, İstanbul 1939).
11. Musiki Tarihi (Alice Gabeaud’dan tercüme, İstanbul 1940).
12. Bursa’da Musiki (Bursa 1943). Osmanlı döneminde Bursa’daki mûsiki faaliyetlerine ve önemli mûsikişinaslarına temas edildikten sonra Tanzimat ve Cumhuriyet dönemlerindeki mûsiki faaliyetleri (okullarda ve halkevinde mûsiki öğretimiyle çeşitli bando ve orkestra çalışmaları) incelenmiştir.
13. Johann Sebastian Bach (Albertine Morin Labrecque’ten tercüme, Ankara-İstanbul 1946).
14. Konya’da Musiki (Ankara 1947). Bu eserde Konya ve çevresinde mûsikiye dair bilgiler verilmiş, bu alanda ünlü olan kişiler ele alınmış, ardından Cumhuriyet sonrası halkevinde ve okullardaki mûsiki faaliyetleri anlatılmıştır.
15. Schumman (Albertine Morin Labrevque’ten tercüme, İstanbul 1948).
16. Necdet Remzi Atak (Ankara 1948).
17. Türk Askeri Muzıkaları Tarihi (İstanbul 1955). Eserde Avrupa’da ve Osmanlılar’daki askerî müzik faaliyetleriyle daha geniş biçimde aynı alandaki Cumhuriyet dönemi çalışmaları ele alınmıştır. Osmanlılar’da mehterle Tanzimat ve Cumhuriyet dönemlerinde kurulan bando teşkilâtları ve ünlü yöneticileriyle birlikte kurumları geniş biçimde incelenmiş, Avrupa askerî bandoları hakkında tarihî bilgiler verilmiştir.
18. 55 Opera (İstanbul 1957).
19. Yüzyıllar Boyunca Mehterhane ve Türk Müzik Kalkınışı (İstanbul 1957).
20. Asya ve Anadolu Kaynaklarında Iklığ (Ankara 1958).
21. Musiki Sözlüğü (İstanbul 1961).
22. Türk Vurmalı Çalgıları (Türk Depki Çalgıları) (Ankara 1975). Davul ve diğer vurmalı çalgıları Türk tarihi çerçevesinde bütün ayrıntıları ile inceleyen eser, Türkiye’de bu konuda ilk deneme olması bakımından ayrıca önem taşımaktadır.
23. Türk Nefesli Çalgıları (Türk Ötkü Çalgıları) (Ankara 1975). Eserde Türk halk mûsikisinde kullanılan nefesli çalgılar üzerinde durulmuş, bu enstrümanların adlarının ve tiplerinin tarihiyle türlerin yayılışı konuları geniş biçimde ele alınmıştır.
24. Ülkelerde Kopuz ve Tezeneli Sazlarımız (Ankara 1975).
25. Türk Halk Oyunları Katalogu (I, Ankara 1991). Gazimihal’in on beş defterden oluşan ve ölümünden sonra Halk Kültürünü Araştırma Dairesi Arşivi’ne geçen bu eserinin üç cilt halinde yayımlanması planlanmıştır. Eserde halk oyunları alfabetik sıra ile incelenmekte ve ilk beş defterden meydana gelen I. cilt “D” harfinin sonuna kadar devam etmektedir. Cildin sonunda bazı notalara da yer verilmiştir.
Gazimihal’in ayrıca basıma hazır İzmir’de Mûsiki , Bale Tarihi ve Franz Liszt’in İstanbul Konserleri adlı eserleri bulunmaktadır. Kendi ifadesine göre 3000 civarında makale yazmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Melahat-Gültekin Oransay, Küğ Yazarlarımız , Ankara 1969, s. 77-78.
Cem Behar, Klasik Türk Musikisi Üzerine Denemeler , İstanbul 1987, s. 98-104.
“Mahmut Ragıp Bey”, Millî Mecmua , sy. 116, İstanbul 1 Teşrin 1929, s. 28-30.
“Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal”, TFA , sy. 100 (1957), s. 1592-1595.
“Bir Kayıp”, İş ve Düşünce Dergisi , sy. 239, İstanbul 1962, s. 36-37.
Fikri Çiçekoğlu, “Gazimihal, Hayatı, Çalışmaları”, TFA , sy. 153 (1962), s. 2691-2693.
a.mlf., “Mahmut R. Gazimihal’in Biyografyaları”, a.e. , sy. 173 (1963), s. 3259-3261.
Semavi Eyice, “Türk Tarihinin Ana Hatları”, TTK Belleten , XXXII/128 (1968), s. 524, 526.
Bülent Alaner, “Ölümünün 25. Yıldönümünde Mahmut Ragıp Gazimihal”, Anadolu Folkloru , sy. 3, Ankara 1985, s. 15-20.
Melih Duygulu, “Mahmut Râgıp Gazimihal ve Türk Müziği”, Orkestra , sy. 247, İstanbul 1994, s. 46-51.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, “Mihaloğulları”, İA , VIII, 285.
Vural Sözer, Müzik ve Müzisyenler Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1986, s. 269.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 13. cildinde, 477-479 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.