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GEVHER NESİBE DÂRÜŞŞİFÂSI ve TIP MEDRESESİ Skip to content Anadolu’da İslâmî döneme ait en eski hastahane ve dünyanın ilk tıp fakültesi.
Kayseri’nin Yenice mahallesinde bulunan ve günümüzde Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi Müzesi olarak kullanılan külliye, Anadolu Selçuklu Hükümdarı I. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev tarafından kız kardeşi Gevher Nesibe Sultan adına yaptırılmıştır.
Rivayete göre Gevher Nesibe Sultan, âşık olduğu bir kumandanla evlenmesine hükümdarın izin vermemesi ve bir süre sonra da kumandanın şehid düşmesi üzerine üzüntüsünden vereme yakalanır. Ölüm döşeğinde Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev ondan özür dileyerek son arzusunu sorar. Gevher Nesibe de kendisi gibi çaresiz hastaları tedavi edebilecek hekimlerin yetişeceği bir medresenin yapılmasını istediğini söyler ve bütün servetini bu iş için bağışlar. Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev ikinci defa tahta çıktığında kız kardeşinin vasiyetini yerine getirmek üzere, sonradan kendi adıyla anılan medreseyi (Gıyâsiyye), arkasından da dârüşşifâyı (Şifâiyye) yaptırır ve inşaat iki yılda tamamlanır; Gevher Nesibe Sultan da medresenin içindeki türbesine gömülür. Birbirine bitişik olan iki bina, bu konumlarından dolayı halk arasında Çifte Medrese veya İkiz Medreseler adıyla da anılmaktadır. Dârüşşifânın taçkapısında yer alan kitâbeye göre inşa tarihi 602’dir (1205-1206).
Kuruluşun vakfiyesi ele geçmemiştir. Fakat 1500 ve 1584 yıllarına ait Kayseri tahrir ve evkaf defterlerinde, vakfedilen emlâk ve burada çalışan görevliler hakkında bilgi bulunmaktadır. Konya sancağı evkaf defterleri içinde yer alan ve bugün Tapu ve Kadastro Genel Müdürlüğü Arşivi’nde muhafaza edilen Defter-i Mufassal-ı Livâ-yı Kayseriyye (nr. 136) ve Defter-i Evkāf-ı Livâ-yı Konya ’daki (nr. 565, 584) kayıtlarda Şifâiyye ve Gıyâsiyye’ye müştereken üç köyün mâlikânesiyle iki mezraa, bir hamam ve iki arsanın vakfedildiği ve 1584’teki yıllık gelir toplamının 43.643 akçe tuttuğu görülmektedir. Bu kayıtlardan, 1584 yılında Şifâiyye ve Gıyâsiyye’nin müderrislerine 20’şer akçe günlük tahsis edildiği ve aynı yıl öğrencilere 8 akçe, vakıf gelirlerini toplayan tahsildara da (câbî) “kitâbete kādir olmak şartıyla” 2 akçe ayrıldığı öğrenilmektedir. Burada, at sırtında köy köy dolaşan görevliye 2 akçe ödenirken öğrencilere 8’er akçe harçlık bağlanması, o dönemde tıp öğrenimine verilen önemi göstermesi açısından ilginçtir.
XIII. yüzyılda bu tıp kurumunda eğitimin, Gıyâsiyye’de teorik ve Şifâiyye’de pratik olarak sürdürüldüğü bilinmektedir. Yapılan kazılarda dikkati çeken bazı buluntulara dayanarak binaların, yakındaki bir hamamdan getirilen buharla alttan merkezî bir sistemle ısıtıldığı düşünülmektedir. Revaklara açılan küçük odalarda öğrencilerin kaldığı, derslerin yazın büyük eyvanlarda yapıldığı, ayrıca bu eyvanların dışarıdan gelen hastaların muayeneleri için de kullanılmış olduğu sanılmaktadır. Kesin şekilde bilinmemekle birlikte, burada da Sivas’taki Keykâvus Dârüşşifâsı’nda olduğu gibi başhekim ve başhekim yardımcıları ile en az iki dahiliyeci, iki cerrah, asistanlar ve bir eczacının çalıştığı kabul edilmektedir.
XIV. yüzyıl müelliflerinden Safedî, Muzaffer el-Kureşî adında bir hekimin 608 (1211-12) yılından itibaren iki yıl süreyle “bilâd-ı Rûm”daki (Anadolu) bir bîmâristanda hekimlik yaptığını ve 1215 yılında öldüğünü kaydeder. Safedî’nin sözünü ettiği bîmâristanın Gevher Nesibe Dârüşşifâsı olması gerekir. Çünkü o yıllarda Anadolu’da mevcudiyeti bilinen tek bîmâristan budur. Çeşitli kaynaklardan burada çalıştıkları öğrenilen diğer hekim ve müderrisler şunlardır: Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî, Ekmeleddin en-Nahcuvânî (Mevlânâ’nın yakın dostu ve özel hekimi), Ebûbekir Sadreddin Konevî, Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî, Ebû Bekir b. Yûsuf Re’sül‘aynî, İbrâhim Gazanfer, Ali Sivâsî, Şücâüddin Ali b. Ebû Tâhir, Ebû Sâlim b. Kurebâ, Rıdvân b. Ali, İnâyetullah (Kayseri müftüsü), Seyyid Samed Efendi, Yeniçeri Ağası Fahri Paşa, Abdülkerim Ağa, Deli Müderris, Âlim Efendi, Müderris Pamukhâfızoğlu, Emin Müjdeci, Rauf Efendi, Hilmi Efendi, Emir Efendi ve Ali Nesâi Efendi. Bunlardan Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî’nin (ö. 1231) çok yönlü bir âlim ve filozof olduğu, “kehhâl” (göz hekimi) lakabıyla tanınan Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî’nin (ö. 1311) İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn fi‘ṭ-ṭıbb ’ını, İbrâhim Gazanfer’in Bîrûnî’nin Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣaydele ’sini şerhettiği, Ali Sivâsî’nin Selçuklu Emîri Yeşbeg için Kitâbü İksîri’l-ḥayât fî taḥrîri’l-ḳavâʿid adlı bir eser yazdığı bilinmektedir. Gıyâsiyye’de bu hocalar tarafından öğrencilere felsefe, din ilimleri, Arapça ve Farsça, anatomi, fizyoloji dersleri verilmiş, Ebû Bekir er-Râzî ve İbn Sînâ’nın eserlerinin yanında devrin en önemli tıp kitaplarıyla eski Yunan ve Roma kaynakları, özellikle de Hipokrat ve Galen’in Arapça’ya tercüme edilmiş eserleriyle onlara karşı yazılmış olan reddiyeler okutulmuştur. Klinik eğitim ise Şifâiyye’de hasta başında yapılmıştır. İleri sınıflardaki öğrencilere “dânişmend” denildiği ve bunlara diğer öğrencilerden farklı ödeme yapıldığı bilinmektedir.
Osmanlı döneminde birkaç defa elden geçirildiği anlaşılan külliyenin belgelere göre bilinen ilk onarımı, 1669’da vakıf mütevellisi İsmâil Efendi tarafından Mimar Ömer Beşe’ye Sultan Hamamı ile birlikte yaptırılmıştır. 1942’de Maarif Vekâleti Müzeler ve Antikiteler Müdürlüğü yalnız Şifâiyye’nin taçkapısını tamir ettirmiş, 1955-1956’da ise 750. yıl münasebetiyle büyük tamiri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vakıflar Genel Müdürlüğü adına İstanbul Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü’nden A. Süheyl Ünver, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü’nden Feridun Nafiz Uzluk ve İstanbul Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Başkanı Ali Saim Ülgen tarafından yürütülen bu onarıma, merkezi Ankara’da olan Anıtları Koruma ve İhya Derneği ile Sıhhat ve İçtimaî Muâvenet Vekâleti ve bazı mahallî kuruluşlar da yardım etmişlerdir. 1980 yılında Erciyes Üniversitesi tarafından, yine çeşitli mahallî kuruluşların katkılarıyla yeniden restore edilen binalar kalorifer, elektrik ve su tesisatları da eklenerek oturulabilir hale getirilmiş ve Tıp Tarihi Müzesi olarak hizmete sunulmuştur.
Her iki yapının girişi güneye açılmıştır ve bugünkü dış görünüşün bütün ağırlığı soldaki dârüşşifânın taçkapısında toplanmış durumdadır. Ön cephe sarımsı kesme taşlarla kaplanmış olup duvarların iç dolgusu bol kireç harçlı kırma taştır. Arka cephe, iki binanın kuzey eyvanları arasında 3 m. derinliğinde bir girinti yapmakta ve bu alanda, komplekse künklerle gelen suyun ayrıldığı yedigen bir türbe kaidesi görünümünde olan bir su terazisi bulunmaktadır.
Âbidevî taçkapının geometrik süslemeli ve sivri kemerli bir kuşakla çevrelenen mukarnaslı kavsarası, üç taraftan örgü motifli bordür ve en dışta enli bir silme ile kuşatılmış, üst köşe yüzeylerine geometrik desen dolgulu iki büyük kabartma rozet yerleştirilmiştir. Bunların ortasında, dikdörtgen bir taş üzerine oyulmuş, sekiz (8) şeklinde tıbbı temsil eden karşılıklı iki yılan figürü ile aralarında on iki dilimli bir çarkıfelek madalyonu bulunmaktadır. Basık kemerli kapı açıklığının kemerindeki taşlar birbirlerine, süsleme oluşturan girintili çıkıntılı geçmelerle intibak ettirilmiştir. Giriş nişinin yanlarında birer mihrâbiye yer almakta, bunlardan sağdakinin üstünde, 0,72 m. genişlik ve 0,44 m. yükseklikte bir çerçeve içine oturtulmuş başı sokağa doğru bir arslan kabartması görülmektedir. Bunun karşısında bulunması gereken kabartma ise restorasyondan önceki dönemde yok olmuştur. Giriş nişi kavsarasını kuşatan sivri kemerli bordürün üstüne, 2,50 × 0,78 m. boyutlarındaki yekpâre dikdörtgen beyaz mermer kitâbe yerleştirilmiştir. Kitâbenin dışa doğru çıkıntı yapan çerçevesinin alt kenarı yoktur; bu kenar özellikle burada toz, toprak birikip ot biterek yazının iyi okunmasını engellememesi için eksik yapılmış olmalıdır. Selçuklu sülüsü ile yazılmış olan Arapça kitâbe iki satırdan ibarettir. Restorasyon öncesinde uzun yıllar Sâhib Ata Medresesi’nde saklanmış olan bu kitâbe onarım sırasında yerine konulmuştur. Gıyâsiyye’ye ise orijinal taçkapısı tamamen yıkıldığından Osmanlılar devrinde onun yerine yapılan halen mevcut yuvarlak kemerli basit bir kapıdan girilmektedir.
Birbirine bir koridorla bağlı olan iki yapı dört eyvanlı kapalı avlu tipindedir. Her ikisinde de havuzlu avlu, sivri kemerli ve tonoz örtülü revaklarla yine tonozlu çeşitli boyutlarda odalar mevcuttur. Kapıların hepsi küçük olup revaklara açılmaktadır. Odalarda ocak ve baca mevcut değildir. Mutfak tipinde bir mekâna rastlanmamıştır; bu durum yemeklerin dışarıdaki bir imaretten getirildiğini düşündürmektedir.
Gıyâsiyye. Kuzey-güney istikametinde uzanan ve ortasında dikdörtgen bir havuz bulunan 7 × 12 m. boyutlarındaki avlu revaklarla organik bir bütün teşkil eder. Doğuda dört, batıda beş pâyeye oturan revaklar sivri kemerli ve sivri tonozlu olup eyvanların önündekiler daha geniş tutulmuştur. Doğu revakının köşesindeki tonozun doğu-batı yönünden gelen çeyrek tonoza birleşmesiyle çifte sivri tonoz kesiti ortaya çıkmış ve üzerine oturduğu sütun başlığında “kırlangıç kuyruğu” adı verilen bir görünüm oluşturmuştur. Doğu tarafında, eyvanla köşedeki kışlık dershane arasında bina ile bütünleşmiş olan türbe yer almaktadır.
Sekizgen planlı olan türbe içten tromplu kubbe, dıştan çokgen kasnağa oturmuş sivri külâh örtülüdür. Üst mekâna iki taraftan dörder basamaklı merdivenle çıkılır ve Bursa kemeriyle kaş kemerin kaynaştırıldığı yanları yivli bir kapıdan girilir. Sanduka kaybolduğu için mescid olarak kullanılan bu mekân, çapraz eksenlerde yarım yuvarlak ve dikdörtgen nişlerle genişletilmiştir; güneydeki niş mihraptır. Türbenin damın üstünde kalan kısmına, insan boyu yüksekliğindeki bir hizada çepeçevre Selçuklu sülüsü ile Âyetü’l-kürsî ve bunu takip eden âyetler yazılmıştır. Ölü mahzeninin kapısı dikdörtgen olup tavanı tonoz örtülüdür; önündeki revaka açılan iki dar mazgal yarığından ışık alır. Mezar 1980 onarımında Selçuklu genç kız mezarı tipinde yenilenmiştir.
Binanın kuzey köşesinde yer alan kışlık dershane yüksek tonozlu olup iki pencerelidir. Pencerelerden büyük olanı kuzey duvarından dışarıya, küçük olanı bitişikteki büyük eyvana açılır; kapısı istiridye motifi dolgulu kavsara ve rozetlerle süslenmiştir. Diğerlerinden farklı olarak doğrudan avluya açılan ve önünde revak bulunmayan büyük eyvan medresenin yazlık dershanesidir; biri kuzeye, diğeri batıya açılan iki penceresi vardır. Eyvanın solunda doğu-batı yönünde dikdörtgen planlı büyük bir oda yer alır. Kapısını istiridye motifi dolgulu kavsara ile yanlarındaki on iki dilimli, göbekli iki rozetin süslediği bu mekânın kışlık küçük dershane olduğu sanılmaktadır. Bina, bu odanın önünden başlayan yüksek tonozlu bir koridorla Şifâiyye’ye bağlanmıştır. Bu koridora, ortasında kuzeye yönelen ve bir pencere ile dışarıya açılan basık bir dikey koridor eklenmektedir. Yapılan kazıda binaya bu koridorun altından yivli künklerle su getirildiği tesbit edilmiştir.
Şifâiyye (Şifâhâne). Gıyâsiyye’ye benzer; ancak avlu ve ortasındaki havuz kare biçimindedir. Kuzey ve güney eyvanlarının eksende olmasına karşılık hastaların güneş almaları için kullanıldıkları sanılan doğu ve batı eyvanlarından batıdaki biraz güneye kaymıştır. Taçkapı giriş eyvanıyla batı revakına açılmakta, büyük eyvanın dışındaki eyvanlara birer basamakla çıkılmaktadır. Avlu dört tarafından on adet pâyeye oturan sivri tonozlu revaklarla çevrilmiştir; pâyelerden sekizi kare, büyük eyvanın önündekiler “L” kesitlidir. Büyük eyvanın kuzeye ve doğuya açılan iki penceresi vardır. Bu eyvanın doğusunda iç içe iki oda yer almakta ve bunlardan içeridekinin tamamen karanlık olduğu görülmektedir. Bu karanlık odada ışığa karşı hassas olan ilâçların hazırlandığı ve dolayısıyla Selçuklu tabâbetinde “fotosansibilite” olayının bilindiği tahmin edilmektedir. Büyük eyvanın batısında, süslü bir kapıdan girilen kuzey-güney istikametinde yerleştirilmiş uzun dikdörtgen şeklinde bir mekânla ona açılan kare şeklinde üç küçük oda bulunmakta, bunlardan uzun mekânın ameliyata hazırlık odası, diğerlerinin ise ameliyat odaları oldukları sanılmaktadır. Ameliyata hazırlık odası beşik tonoz örtülüdür ve tonozun ortasında yükseklik ve ferahlık hissi uyandıran kademeli bir kemer vardır. Bu odada kuzeye açılan lokma demirli bir pencere, ameliyat odalarında ise içeriye loş bir ışık sağlayan küçük birer tepe penceresi bulunmaktadır.
Avlunun güneybatı köşesinde giriş eyvanından sonra sola dönen sivri tonozlu bir koridorla hasta odaları kısmına geçilmektedir. Toprak altında yarı kaybolmuş durumda iken kazılar sırasında temelleri bulunarak son tamiratta kısmen yeniden yapılan bu bölüm 9 × 41 m. boyutlarında olup kuzey-güney istikametinde uzanan bir orta koridorla sağlı sollu dizilmiş hücrelerden oluşur; koridor kuzeydeki dışarıya bakan demirli bir pencereden ışık almaktadır. İki tarafta dokuzardan on sekiz tane olan hasta odaları, kareye yakın dikdörtgen planlı ve sivri tonoz örtülüdür. Odaların eyvan kavislerinde karşılıklı ikişer delik bulunmaktadır. Bu bölüme geçilen koridorun karşısındaki ilk odadan hamama girilmektedir; bu odanın soyunmalık olması gerekir. Tuğladan yapılan hamam kare planlı ve aynalı çapraz tonoz örtülü olup aralıklarda dört adet tipik Selçuklu hamam penceresi bulunmaktadır. Hamamla giriş eyvanı arasında yapının en büyük kapalı mekânını (33 m2 ) oluşturan bir oda yer almakta ve orta yükseklikte bir tonozla örtülü olan odanın kapısı hasta hücrelerine giden koridora açılmaktadır; bu odanın güneye bakan bir penceresi vardır. Genişliği ve taçkapı girişinde bulunması sebebiyle bu odanın başhekime ait olması muhtemeldir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TK, Defter-i Mufassal-ı Livâ-yı Kayseriyye , nr. 136.
TK, Defter-i Evkāf-ı Livâ-yı Konya , nr. 565, 584.
Halil Ethem [Eldem], Kayseri Şehri , İstanbul 1334, s. 30-32.
A. Gabriel, Monuments Turcs d’Anatolie , Paris 1931, II, 150.
A. Süheyl Ünver, Selçuk Tababeti , Ankara 1940, s. 56.
a.mlf., 750 Yıl Önce Kayseri Tıbbiyesi: 1206-1956 , İstanbul 1956.
a.mlf., “Büyük Selçuklu İmparatorluğu Zamanında Vakıf Hastahanelerinin Bir Kısmına Dair”, VD , sy. I/1 (1938), s. 18-23.
a.mlf., “Hospital und Arzteschule von Kayseri”, Arzteblatt (1968), s. 29-32.
Kazım Özdoğan, Kayseri Tarihi , Kayseri 1948, I, 181-185.
Afet İnan, Türk Kadınlarının Yaptırdıkları Sağlık Kurulları ve Gevher Nesibe Şifaiyyesi , Ankara 1955.
a.mlf., Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Şifaiyyesi , Ankara 1969.
a.mlf., “Kayseri’nin 749 Yıllık Şifaiyye Tıp Medresesi”, TTK Belleten , XX/78 (1956), s. 214-222.
Bedii N. Şehsuvaroğlu, Anadolu’da Dokuz Asırlık Türk Tıp Tarihi , İstanbul 1957, s. 1-11.
Kazım İsmail Gürkan, Kayseri Mektebi Hastahanesi , İstanbul 1969.
Hüseyin Sipahioğlu, Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Sultan Tıp Sitesi , Kayseri 1981.
Kemal Göde, “Melike Gevher Nesibe Tıp Fakültesi ve Hastahanesi”, Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Enstitüsü Gevher Nesibe Tıp Günleri , Kayseri 1982, s. 65-70.
Oktay Aslanapa, Türk Sanatı , İstanbul 1984, s. 101-102.
Aynur Gökmen – Emel Ballık, Kayseri Çifte Medrese (mezuniyet tezi, 1986), Ankara Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi, Gevher Nesibe Tıp Tarihi Müzesi Ktp., nr. 71.
M. Kadir Sayılgan, Şifaiye Tıp Medresesi , İstanbul 1987, s. 22-26.
a.mlf., “Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıp Sitesi ve Tıp Tarihi Müzesinin Kuruluşu”, Dirim , LXI/9-10, İstanbul 1986, s. 295-307.
Ahmet Hulûsi Köker, “Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıbbiyesinin Mimarisi”, Selçuklu Gevher Nesibe Sultan Tıp Fakültesi: 1206 , Kayseri 1992, s. 17-31.
a.mlf., “Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıbbiyesinde Çalışan Hekim ve Müderrisler”, a.e. , s. 49-57.
a.mlf., “Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıbbiyesinde Tıp Öğrenimi ve Öğretimi”, a.e. , s. 57-63.
Turhan Baytop, “Selçuklular Devrinde Anadolu’da Tedavi ve Eczacılık”, a.e. , s. 63-65.
Kemalettin Karamete, “T.C. Sınırları İçinde En Üstün Eski Türk Tıbbiyesi ve Hastahanesi, Şifaiyye ve Gıyasiyye”, Erciyes Dergisi , sy. 17, Kayseri 1941, s. 499-526.
Şerare Yetkin, “Anadolu Selçuklu Şifahaneleri”, TK , sy. 10 (1963), s. 23-24.
Mahmut Sabah, “Kayseri’de Yedi Asır Önce Kurulan Tıp Fakültesi”, TTOK Belleteni , sy. 258 (1963), s. 10-11.
Mahmut Akok, “Kayseri’de Gevher Nesibe Darü’ş-Şifası ve Sahib Ata Medresesi Rölöve ve Mimarisi”, Türk Arkeoloji Dergisi , XVII/1, İstanbul 1968, s. 183-184.
Arslan Terzioğlu, “Ortaçağ İslâm-Türk Hastahaneleri ve Avrupa’ya Tesirleri”, TTK Belleten , XXXIV/133 (1970), s. 130-133.
Tevfik Elkovan, “Gevher Nesibe Şifâiyesinin Kapısında Bulunan ve Kaybolmakta Olan Yılan Kabartması Üzerinde Bir Araştırma”, Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası , Kayseri 1983, s. 1-3.
Refet Yinanç, “Kayseri Gevher Nesibe Tıp Mektebinin Vakfiyesi”, Erciyes Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi , VII/4, Kayseri 1984, s. 363-366.
a.mlf., “Kayseri ve Sivas Darüşşifalarının Vakıfları”, TTK Belleten , XLVIII (1984), s. 299-307.
D. Brandenburg, “Alte türkische Krankenhauser”, Med Welt , sy. 37, Berlin 1986, s. 277-282.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 39-42 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.