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GIBB, Elias John Wilkinson Skip to content (1857-1901)
Osmanlı şiirine dair eseriyle tanınan İskoçyalı şarkiyatçı.
Zengin bir Protestan ailesinin tek oğludur. Glasgow’da doğdu. Erken yaşlarda okuduğu binbir gece masallarının etkisiyle Doğu’ya ve özellikle Osmanlılar’a ilgi duydu. On altı yaşında iken Glasgow Üniversitesi’ne girerek burada matematik, mantık ve Arapça okudu. Fakat asıl ilgisi, kendi kendine meşgul olduğu Farsça ve Türkçe’ye karşı idi. İki yıl sonra üniversitedeki çalışmalarını bırakarak bütün vaktini bu dillere ayırdı. Yirmi iki yaşında, Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin Tâcü’t-tevârîh ’inden İstanbul’un fethi bölümünü tercüme ederek The Capture of Constantinople from the Taj-ut-Tevarikh, “The Diadem of Histories” adıyla yayımladı (Glasgow 1879). Kitabın önsözünde, eserin daha çok edebî değeri üzerinde durduğunu, Silvestre de Sacy’nin Fransızca’ya yaptığı çeviriyi bu bakımdan yeterli bulmadığını ve kendi çevirisinin edebiyat açısından daha iyi bir metin olduğunu belirtir. Fakat yine de Hoca Sâdeddin’in göz kamaştırıcı üslûbunu aynen yansıtmaya çalışmamıştır. Daha sonra İngilizce’ye çevirdiği Osmanlı şiirlerini neşretti (Ottoman Poems Translated into English Verse in the Original Forms , London 1882) ve bu çalışmasını ünlü sözlük uzmanı James William Redhouse’a ithaf etti. Bu kitapta ilk önce, onun Osmanlı şiirine duyduğu yoğun ilgi ve şiirleri İngilizce’ye çevirirken karşılaştığı problemler dikkat çeker. Eserin önsözünde, Doğu dillerini tanımayan okuyucularına Türk şiirinde çok önemli olan vezin ve ritim hareketlerini aktarmaya çalıştığını söyler. Dostlarından Hamîd Ali Han’a yazdığı bir mektupta, şiirleri tercüme ederken onları İngiliz zevkine uyarlamaya uğraşmayıp Türkçe’deki anlamlarıyla İngilizce’ye aktarmaya gayret ettiğini, başka bir deyişle amacının İngilizce kelimelerle Doğu şiiri yazmak olduğunu, böylece Türkçe bilmeyen vatandaşlarıyla Türk şiirinin heyecanını paylaşmak istediğini ifade etmiştir. Eserin yayımlanmasından sonra Edward Granville Browne ile tanıştı ve 1883 yazını onunla birlikte Farsça ve Türkçe şiirler okuyarak geçirdi. Ertesi yıl şiir tercümesine biraz ara verip The Story of Jewad, a Romance by ‘Ali ‘Aziz Efendi the Cretan adı altında Giritli Aziz Ali Efendi’nin Muhayyelât ’ının bir bölümünü (Glasgow 1884), daha sonra da The History of the Forty Vezirs or the Story of the Forty Morns and Eves Written in Turkish by Sheykh-Zada adıyla Kırk Vezir Hikâyesi ’nin tercümesini (London 1886) yayımladı.
1889’da evlenerek Londra’ya yerleşti ve Türkçe, Arapça ve Farsça kitaplarla dolu olan kütüphanesinde tekrar Osmanlı şiiri üzerinde çalışmaya başladı. Evi kısa sürede Türk edebiyatıyla ilgilenen sanat severlerin merkezi haline geldi; Abdülhak Hâmid (Tarhan), Halil Hâlid Bey (Çerkeşşeyhizâde) ve Sir Denison Ross gibi isimler devamlı ziyaretçileri arasındaydı. 1900 yılında A History of Ottoman Poetry adlı, sonradan altı cilt halinde tamamlanan büyük eserinin ilk cildini yayımladı. Yaldızlı ve süslü özel bir nüsha yaptırarak II. Abdülhamid’e gönderdiyse de kitabın padişahın eline ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Ertesi yıl kasım ayında bir İskoçya ziyareti dönüşü kızıl hastalığına yakalandı ve 5 Aralık’ta öldü. Cenaze törenine aralarında Abdülhak Hâmid’in de bulunduğu birçok Türk katıldı; onlara göre Türk edebiyatı en güçlü ve dürüst araştırmacılarından birini kaybetmişti. 15 Aralık’ta Osmanlı gazetesinde (sy. 98) “Londra’da Mukim Bir Osmanlı” imzasıyla çıkan bir yazıda, Osmanlı edebiyatının ve İslâm kültürünün gerçek bir âşığı olan bu ilim adamı hakkında şöyle deniliyordu: “Lisân-ı edebiyyât-ı Osmâniyye’yi ondan daha ziyade tetebbu eylemiş bir zat ne memâlik-i Osmâniyye’de ne de Avrupa müsteşrikleri arasında mevcuttur.” Ölümünden sonra karısı ile annesi A History of Ottoman Poetry adlı kitabının tamamlanmasına karar vererek Browne’dan eseri basılabilecek hale getirmesini istediler. Ayrıca amacı şarkiyat sahasında yazılmış kitapları yayımlamak olan The E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Trust adında bir de vakıf kurdular. Böylece Gibb’in ölümünü takip eden sekiz yıl içinde eser Browne tarafından tamamlandı.
Yazıldığı yıllarda Türk yazarları arasında Târîh-i Eş‘âr-ı Osmâniyye ve sonraları daha çok Osmanlı Şiiri Tarihi adıyla tanınan bu eserde Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’den başlayarak Ziyâ Paşa’ya kadar uzanan 500 yıllık Osmanlı şiirinin serüvenini gözden geçiren Gibb genç yaşta öldüğünden son dönem şairlerini inceleyememiş, bunlardan sadece Şinâsi ile Ziyâ Paşa üzerinde durabilmiştir. Onun, eserini Osmanlı şiiri hakkında özellikle İngiliz okuyucularına bilgi vermek amacıyla kaleme aldığı, bunun sonucunda seçtiği örnekleri ilmî metotlarla ve mümkün olduğu nisbette aslına bağlı kalmaya çalışarak irdelediği görülür. Osmanlı şiirini kavrayışı ve değerlendirmesi iyi olmakla beraber Gibb’in yaptığı çeviriler ilerleyen zamana karşı pek dayanamamıştır. Zira tercümeleri başarılı olmasına rağmen çevirilerinde, şiirlerin yazıldığı dönemi aksettiren İngilizce arkaik kelimeler kullanması, okuyucu kitlesini daraltmış ve çevirilerin çoğu bugün anlaşılmaz hale gelmiştir. Eserini hazırladığı sırada ulaşabildiği bütün tarih, tezkire ve divanları tarayan yazar, bu eserlerde yer alan bir kısım yanlışları da farkında olmadan tekrarlamıştır. Gibb, bu eserinde Osmanlı şiir tarihi içinde önemli bir yer tutan âşık edebiyatı üzerinde de durmamıştır.
Eserin her cildi çeşitli bablara, bablar da bölümlere ayrılmıştır. I. cilt Gibb’in önsözüyle başlamakta, ardından Osmanlıca isim ve kelimelerin söylenişiyle Osmanlı sultanlarının listesi verilmektedir. İlk babda Osmanlı şiirinin faaliyet alanı ve özellikleri, Osmanlılar’da felsefe ve tasavvuf geleneği, şiirdeki mısra düzenleri, vezin kuralları ve belâgat konusu ile Osmanlı şiir haritasının taslağı üzerinde durulmuştur. On bölümden oluşan ikinci babda önce Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî, Sultan Veled, Yûnus Emre, Âşık Paşa, Kadı Burhâneddin, Ahmed (I. Murat dönemi şairi), Niyâzî (Yıldırım Bayezid devri şairi), Süleyman Çelebi, Ahmed-i Dâî, Ahmedî, Şeyhî, Nesîmî, Refîî ve Yazıcıoğlu Mehmed, sonra da Kemal Halvetî, Kemal Ümmî Ezherî, Atâî gibi ikinci derecede lirik, mistik Mevlevî şairler ele alınmış ve bu cilt Osmanlı şiiri hakkındaki genel bir değerlendirme ile bitirilmiştir. 1902’de Browne’un önsözüyle yayımlanan II. ciltte, Gibb’in faydalandığı kaynak eserlerle yine onun kısa bir önsözünün ardından Bursalı Ahmed Paşa’dan Kemalpaşazâde’ye kadar, 1450-1600 yılları arası Osmanlı şiirine yer verilmiş, cildin son bölümü de Basîrî, Lâlî, Âftabî gibi ikinci derecede lirik ve mistik şairlerle mesnevi şairlerine ayrılmıştır. III. ciltte Browne’un önsözünden sonra Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman dönemi şairlerinden Kemalpaşazâde, Lâmiî Çelebi, Figānî, Gazâlî, İshak Çelebi, Usûlî, Zâtî, Hayâlî Bey, Fuzûlî ve bazı Azerbaycan şairleriyle Fazlî, Ebüssuûd Efendi, Yahyâ Bey, Dukakinzâde Ahmed Bey, Bâkî, Hubbî, Nev‘î, Azîzî, Rûhî, Kâgânî, Veysî, Hüdâyî, Hâletî, Atâî, Nef‘î, Yahyâ Efendi, Riyâzî, Sabrî, Fehîm, Bahâî, Cevrî, Vecdî, Nâilî, Niyâzî-i Mısrî, Nazîm, Tâlib ve Nâbî incelenmiştir. Bu ciltte ayrıca Ahdî, Kınalızâde Hasan Çelebi ve diğer tezkire yazarları üzerinde durulduktan sonra içlerinde Nâbî’nin Hayrâbâd ’ının da yer aldığı sekiz mesnevi hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. Yazarın “geçiş dönemi” diye adlandırdığı IV. cilt Sâbit ve Nedîm ile başlamakta, Sâmî, Râşid, Hâmî, Rahmî, Âsım, Nahîfî, Neylî, Şeyh Rızâ, Seyyid Vehbî, Belîğ, Nevres, Haşmet, Fıtnat Hanım, Kânî, Şeyh Galib, Hulûsî Efendi, Esrar Dede, Hoca Neş’et, Pertev Efendi, Fâzıl Bey, Sünbülzâde Vehbî, Sürûrî, Vâsıf, İzzet Molla, Âkif Paşa, Pertev Paşa, Aynî, Dâniş, Câvid, Said, Tâhir Selâm, Leylâ Hanım, Şeref Hanım ve Ârif Hikmet’le sona ermektedir. Üç bölümden oluşan V. cildin birinci bölümünde modern Türk şiirinin ilk dönemi hakkında açıklamalar yapılmış, ikinci bölüm Şinâsi’ye, üçüncü bölüm de Ziyâ Paşa’ya ayrılmıştır. Yine Browne’un önsözüyle başlayan ve bir nevi antoloji mahiyetinde olan son ciltte ise eserin ilk beş cildinde yer alan şiirler cilt ve sayfaları da belirtilerek Arap harfleriyle verilmiştir.
Browne, Gibb’in ölümünden dolayı yazılamayan yenileşme dönemi Türk şiiriyle ilgili bölümün hazırlanmasını 1906 yılında Rıza Tevfik’e (Bölükbaşı) havale etmiş, Rıza Tevfik de bilindiği kadarıyla 1908’den sonra giriştiği sıkı çalışma sonunda Nâmık Kemal’den başlayarak Fecr-i Âtî de dahil olmak üzere bütün yenileşme dönemini incelediği büyük bir cilt kaleme almıştır. Ancak bu çalışma her nedense yayımlanmamış ve müsveddeleri de ele geçmemiştir. Fuad Köseraif tarafından yapılan ve eserin büyük bir kısmını içine alan Türkçe tercüme de yayımlanmamıştır. Sadece Halide Edip Adıvar’ın İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi’ndeki hocalığı sırasında İngiliz Filolojisi Bölümü’nden bazı öğrencileriyle birlikte çevirdiği I. cildin ilk bölümü basılmıştır (Osmanlı Şiiri Tarihi , I, İstanbul 1943).
Gibb, İstanbul dahil Osmanlı ülkesinin herhangi bir yerini ziyaret etmemiştir ve bu durum çalışmaları açısından şaşırtıcıdır. Ancak İngiltere’ye gidip gelen birçok Türk şair ve edibiyle devamlı olarak görüşüyor, dergiler, gazeteler ve kitaplar aracılığıyla Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki gelişmeleri yakından takip ediyor ve gazeteci Ahmed Midhat Efendi, Mehmed Emin (Yurdakul) ve Rıza Tevfik gibi kalem arkadaşlarıyla da mektuplaşıyordu. Tercüme etmek üzere seçtiği şiirlerin birçoğunu, Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem’in Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât adlı eserinde iyi şiir örneği olarak verilenler arasından derlemesi özellikle onun etkisi altında kaldığını göstermektedir.
Gibb’in ölümünden sonra zengin el yazması koleksiyonu British Museum’a, matbu kitapları ise dostları Browne ile Halil Hâlid Bey’in Farsça ve Türkçe dersi okuttukları Cambridge Üniversitesine bağışlandı. O yıllarda Tercümân-ı Hakîkat ve Devr-i Cedîd gazetelerinde kendisi ve eserleri hakkında çeşitli eleştiri yazıları çıktı; Hüseyin Kâzım Kadri ve Refik Halit (Karay) tartışmalara katılanlar arasındadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Necîb el-Akīkī, el-Müsteşriḳūn , Kahire 1980, II, 76.
Osmanlı , sy. 98, İstanbul 15 Kânunuevvel 1901.
E. H. Alexander, “E. J. W. Gibb”, Glasgow University Oriental Society Transaction , VI, Leiden 1929-33, s. 24-29.
Talât Sait Halman, “Ölümünün 75. Yılında Gibb’in Osmanlı Şiiri Tarihi Konusunda En Kapsamlı Eserdi”, Milliyet Sanat Dergisi , sy. 214, İstanbul 1977, s. 16, 33.
Taha Toros, “Türk Dostu İki İngiliz Oryantalist ve Cambridge Üniversitesi’nde Bir Türk Profesör”, TT , II/11 (1984), s. 308-311.
V. R. Holbrook, “Philology Went Down to the Crossroads of Modernity to Meet Orientalism, Nationalism and Ottoman Poetry”, New Perspectives on Turkey , XI, Istanbul 1994, s. 31-36.
Abdullah Uçman, “Rıza Tevfik’e Mektuplar VI: Fuad Köseraif, Midhat Cemal ve O. Seyfi Orhon’dan”, TT , XXIV/142 (1995), s. 218-223.
a.mlf., “A History of Ottoman Poetry Üzerine Mektuplar: Rıza Tevfik’ten Edward G. Browne’a”, a.e. , XXV/147 (1996), s. 132-140.
“Gibb, Elias John Wilkinson”, TA , XVII, 342-343.
“Gibb, Elias John Wilkinson”, TDEA , III, 339.
Tanju Oral, “Osmanlı Şiir Tarihi”, a.e. , VII, 157-158.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1996 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 14. cildinde, 64-66 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.