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GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ Skip to content Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 50 – 64, 16.07.2024
Ayşegül Kurt
Öz The automotive industry is a source of tax revenue by increasing exports and employment in the country where it is located. Therefore, it is of critical importance for the economic growth of a country. The automotive sector’s dragging-locomotive effect in the economy and its connection with other industrial branches raises the question of how automotive trade is realized between countries. The concept of intra-industry trade, which is a form of trade in which products produced in the same or similar industries are both imported and exported simultaneously, is included in the New Foreign Trade Theories used to explain today’s international trade. The intra-industry trade value of the automotive trade of South Korea, which is considered as an automotive giant, and Turkey, which has recently launched a domestic automobile brand, is the subject of this study in this framework. Although there are different methods for determining the existence of a country’s intra-industry trade in a particular sector, the most widely used of these methods is Grubel-Lloyd’s Intra-Industry Trade Index. With this method, an index with a value between 0-1 is created by using the foreign trade data of countries. In this study, HS product classification and four-digit product group (7843) data were used to determine the intra-industry trade of Turkey and South Korea in the automotive sector. With these data, the Grubel-Lloyd Intra-Industry Trade Index was calculated by the author. According to the results of the analysis, the highest intra-industry trade indices between Turkey and South Korea between 2000 and 2023 are 2009 (0.37), 2010 (0.20) and 2021-2022 (0.16). Turkey’s imports of intermediate goods, the incomplete R&D activities in the sector and South Korea’s market power may be among the main reasons for low intra-industry trade values. It is concluded that intra-industry trade should be increased depending on the effective functioning of economies of scale and cost advantages. In particular, in order to improve intra-industry trade in the automotive sector in Turkey, R&D activities should be increased and human capital should be improved.
Anahtar Kelimeler GRUBEL-LLOYD INDEX, INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE, FOREİGN TRADE, AUTOMOTİVE SECTOR
Kaynakça Altay, H., ve Şen, A. (2009). Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği (15) Pazarındaki Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Performansının Rakip Ülke Performanslarıyla Karşılaştırmalı Analizi: 1995-2007. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (25), 127-140. Aydın, A. (2008). Endüstri İçi Ticaret: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi. Başbuğ, A. K., & Evlimoğlu, U. (2020). Otomotiv Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisini Makroekonomik Olarak Etkileme Mekanizmaları ve Sektöre Yönelik Bir Analiz. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 55(1), 134-154. Bedir, A. (2002). Türkiye'de Otomotiv Sanayii Gelişme Perspektifi (Vol. 2660). Dpt. Bedir, A. (2009). Uluslararası Ticarette Fiyata Dayalı Rekabet Gücü ile Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Arasındaki İlişki: Türk İmalat Sanayii Örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) Brülhart, M. (1994). Marginal Intra-Industry Trade: Measurement And Relevance For The Pattern Of Industrial Adjustment. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, (H. 3), 600-613. Çeştepe, H. (2012). Türkiye’nin Seçilmiş Ortadoğu Ülkeleriyle Ticaretinin Analizi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23-43. Deviren, N. V., ve Karataş, M. (2007). Türkiye ile Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Arasındaki Endüstri-İçi Ticaret. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, 22(250), 16-32. Dolanay, S., ve Oğuzturk, B. (2018). Güney Kore ve Türkiye Ekonomik Büyüme Deneyiminin Otomotiv Sanayii Temelinde Karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(Geybulla Ramazanoğlu Özel Sayısı), 689-706. Erdoğan, S., Erdaş, H., ve Ekizceleroğlu, C. (2024). Bölüm 3 Türkiye’de Otomotiv Dış Ticaret Dengesinde Cari Açık, Döviz Kuru ve Taşıt Kredilerinin Etkilerinin Analizi. Uluslararası Tıcarette, 29. Erlat, G., ve Erlat, H. (2003). Measuring Intra-Industry and Marginal Intra-Industry Trade: The Case For Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 39(6), 5-38. Erün, G., (2010). Türkiye ile Ab, Gıda ve Canlı Hayvan Sektörü Dış Ticaretinde Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Analizi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 71-78. Eşiyok, B. A. (2014). Türkiye–Ab Arasında Dış Ticaretin Teknolojik Yapısı, Rekabet Gücü ve Endüstri-İçi Ticaret: Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 91-124. Görener, A. G. Ö. (2008). Türk Otomotiv Sektörünün Ülke Ekonomisine Katkilari ve Geleceğe Yönelik Sektörel Beklentiler. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 3(10), 1213-1232. Hamilton, C., ve Kniest, P. (1991). Trade Liberalisation, Structural Adjustment and Intra-Industry Trade: A Note. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(2), 356-367. Küçüksakarya, S. (2016). Türkiye’nin Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları Kapsamında Endüstri-İçi Ticareti Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi .8 (2),27-41 Mangir, F., ve Fidan, A. (2017). Grubel-Lloyd Endeksi ile Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Analizi: Tarım Sektörü Türkiye Örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(33), 45-51. Polat, M. A. (2020). Türk Otomotiv Sektörünün Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Ekonometrik Analiz. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(73), 504-521. Saygın, S. Ü. (2020). Demir Çelik Sektöründe Endüstri İçi Ticaret: Türkiye ve Ab Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(Ek), 102-116. Şahin, D. (2015). Türk Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sektörünün Endüstri-İçi Ticaretinin Statik Analizi: Ab-15 Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırma. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8/2, 49-66. Şahin, D. (2016). Faktör Yoğunluğuna Göre Endüstri-İçi Ticaretin Statik Ölçümü: Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 174-187. Şahin, D. (2016). Faktör Yoğunluğuna Göre Endüstri-İçi Ticaretin Statik Ölçümü: Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 174-187. Şahin, S. (2022). Endüstri-İçi Ticaret: Makina ve Ulaştırma Araçları Sektörü Üzerine Bir Analiz (1990-2019). International Anatolia Academic Online Journal Social Sciences Journal, 8(2), 6-17. Şimşek, N. (2005). Türkiye’nin Yatay ve Dikey Endüstri-İçi Dış Ticareti. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 43-62. Yiğit, B. (2022). Türk Otomotiv Sanayinin Gelişimi; Güney Kore ile Bir Kıyaslama (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi.
GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ Yıl 2024, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 50 – 64, 16.07.2024
Ayşegül Kurt
Öz Otomotiv endüstrisi, bulunduğu ülkede ihracatı ve istihdamı artırarak vergi geliri kaynağı oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle, bir ülkenin ekonomik büyümesi için kritik öneme sahiptir. Otomotiv sektörünün ekonomideki sürükleyici-lokomotif etkisi, diğer sanayi dalları ile bağlantısı, ülkeler arasında otomotiv ticaretinin nasıl gerçekleştiği sorusunu gündeme getirmektedir. Aynı ya da benzer endüstrilerde üretilmiş ürünlerin eşanlı olarak hem ithalatının hem de ihracatının yapıldığı ticaret şekli olan endüstri-içi ticaret kavramı günümüz uluslararası ticaretini açıklamakta kullanılan Yeni Dış Ticaret Teorileri’nin içinde yer almaktadır. Otomotiv devi olarak kabul edilen Güney Kore ile yakın zamanda yerli otomobil markasını piyasaya sunan Türkiye’nin otomotiv ticaretinin endüstri-içi ticaret değeri bu çerçevede çalışmanın konusunu oluşturmaktadır. Bir ülkenin belirli bir sektörde endüstri-içi ticaretinin varlığının tespit edilmesine yönelik farklı yöntemler bulunmakla birlikte bu yöntemlerden en yaygın kullanılanı Grubel-Lloyd’un Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Endeksi’dir. Bu yöntem ile ülkelerin dış ticaret verileri kullanılarak 0-1 arasında değer alan bir endeks oluşturulmaktadır. Türkiye ile Güney Kore’nin otomotiv sektöründe endüstri-içi ticaretinin tespit edildiği bu çalışmada, HS ürün sınıflaması ve dört haneli ürün grubu (7843) verileri kullanılmıştır. Bu veriler ile yazar tarafından Grubel-Lloyd Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, 2000 ile 2023 yılları arasında Türkiye ile Güney Kore otomotiv endüstri-içi ticaret endeksinin en yüksek olduğu yıllar sırasıyla 2009 (0,37) ve 2010 (0,20) 2021-2022 (0.16) olarak belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’nin ara mal ithalatında bulunması, sektördeki AR-GE çalışmalarının henüz tamamlanmamış olması ve Güney Kore’nin piyasa gücü endüstri-içi ticaret değerlerinin düşük olmasının temel nedenleri arasında yer alabilmektedir. Endüstri-içi ticaretin, ölçek ekonomilerinin etkin bir şekilde işlemesine ve maliyet avantajı sağlamasına bağlı olarak artırılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmaktadır. Özellikle Türkiye’de otomotiv sektöründe endüstri-içi ticaretin geliştirilmesi için AR-GE faaliyetlerinin artırılması ve beşerî sermayenin iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ, ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET, DIŞ TİCARET, OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ
Kaynakça Altay, H., ve Şen, A. (2009). Türkiye'nin Avrupa Birliği (15) Pazarındaki Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Performansının Rakip Ülke Performanslarıyla Karşılaştırmalı Analizi: 1995-2007. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (25), 127-140. Aydın, A. (2008). Endüstri İçi Ticaret: Türkiye Üzerine Bir İnceleme (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi. Başbuğ, A. K., & Evlimoğlu, U. (2020). Otomotiv Sektörünün Türkiye Ekonomisini Makroekonomik Olarak Etkileme Mekanizmaları ve Sektöre Yönelik Bir Analiz. Third Sector Social Economic Review, 55(1), 134-154. Bedir, A. (2002). Türkiye'de Otomotiv Sanayii Gelişme Perspektifi (Vol. 2660). Dpt. Bedir, A. (2009). Uluslararası Ticarette Fiyata Dayalı Rekabet Gücü ile Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Arasındaki İlişki: Türk İmalat Sanayii Örneği. (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) Brülhart, M. (1994). Marginal Intra-Industry Trade: Measurement And Relevance For The Pattern Of Industrial Adjustment. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, (H. 3), 600-613. Çeştepe, H. (2012). Türkiye’nin Seçilmiş Ortadoğu Ülkeleriyle Ticaretinin Analizi. Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 23-43. Deviren, N. V., ve Karataş, M. (2007). Türkiye ile Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti Arasındaki Endüstri-İçi Ticaret. Iktisat Isletme ve Finans, 22(250), 16-32. Dolanay, S., ve Oğuzturk, B. (2018). Güney Kore ve Türkiye Ekonomik Büyüme Deneyiminin Otomotiv Sanayii Temelinde Karşılaştırılması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(Geybulla Ramazanoğlu Özel Sayısı), 689-706. Erdoğan, S., Erdaş, H., ve Ekizceleroğlu, C. (2024). Bölüm 3 Türkiye’de Otomotiv Dış Ticaret Dengesinde Cari Açık, Döviz Kuru ve Taşıt Kredilerinin Etkilerinin Analizi. Uluslararası Tıcarette, 29. Erlat, G., ve Erlat, H. (2003). Measuring Intra-Industry and Marginal Intra-Industry Trade: The Case For Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 39(6), 5-38. Erün, G., (2010). Türkiye ile Ab, Gıda ve Canlı Hayvan Sektörü Dış Ticaretinde Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Analizi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 71-78. Eşiyok, B. A. (2014). Türkiye–Ab Arasında Dış Ticaretin Teknolojik Yapısı, Rekabet Gücü ve Endüstri-İçi Ticaret: Ampirik Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 91-124. Görener, A. G. Ö. (2008). Türk Otomotiv Sektörünün Ülke Ekonomisine Katkilari ve Geleceğe Yönelik Sektörel Beklentiler. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 3(10), 1213-1232. Hamilton, C., ve Kniest, P. (1991). Trade Liberalisation, Structural Adjustment and Intra-Industry Trade: A Note. Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127(2), 356-367. Küçüksakarya, S. (2016). Türkiye’nin Serbest Ticaret Anlaşmaları Kapsamında Endüstri-İçi Ticareti Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi .8 (2),27-41 Mangir, F., ve Fidan, A. (2017). Grubel-Lloyd Endeksi ile Endüstri-İçi Ticaret Analizi: Tarım Sektörü Türkiye Örneği. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 19(33), 45-51. Polat, M. A. (2020). Türk Otomotiv Sektörünün Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Ekonometrik Analiz. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(73), 504-521. Saygın, S. Ü. (2020). Demir Çelik Sektöründe Endüstri İçi Ticaret: Türkiye ve Ab Ülkeleri Üzerine Bir Analiz. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Vizyoner Dergisi, 11(Ek), 102-116. Şahin, D. (2015). Türk Tekstil ve Hazır Giyim Sektörünün Endüstri-İçi Ticaretinin Statik Analizi: Ab-15 Ülkeleri ile Karşılaştırma. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8/2, 49-66. Şahin, D. (2016). Faktör Yoğunluğuna Göre Endüstri-İçi Ticaretin Statik Ölçümü: Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 174-187. Şahin, D. (2016). Faktör Yoğunluğuna Göre Endüstri-İçi Ticaretin Statik Ölçümü: Türkiye Örneği. Akademik Bakış Uluslararası Hakemli Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (54), 174-187. Şahin, S. (2022). Endüstri-İçi Ticaret: Makina ve Ulaştırma Araçları Sektörü Üzerine Bir Analiz (1990-2019). International Anatolia Academic Online Journal Social Sciences Journal, 8(2), 6-17. Şimşek, N. (2005). Türkiye’nin Yatay ve Dikey Endüstri-İçi Dış Ticareti. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 43-62. Yiğit, B. (2022). Türk Otomotiv Sanayinin Gelişimi; Güney Kore ile Bir Kıyaslama (Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi. Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular Dış Ticaret Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri Yazarlar Ayşegül Kurt TOKAT GAZİOSMANPAŞA ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-8279-9052 Türkiye
Yayımlanma Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2024 Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2024 Kabul Tarihi 4 Temmuz 2024 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1
Kaynak Göster APA Kurt, A. (2024). GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(1), 50-64. AMA Kurt A. GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi. Temmuz 2024;2(1):50-64. Chicago Kurt, Ayşegül. “GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ”. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi 2, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024): 50-64. EndNote Kurt A (01 Temmuz 2024) GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi 2 1 50–64. IEEE A. Kurt, “GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ”, Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi , c. 2, sy. 1, ss. 50–64, 2024. ISNAD Kurt, Ayşegül. “GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ”. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi 2/1 (Temmuz 2024), 50-64. JAMA Kurt A. GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi . 2024;2:50–64. MLA Kurt, Ayşegül. “GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ”. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 50-64. Vancouver Kurt A. GRUBEL-LLOYD ENDEKSİ İLE ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ TİCARET ANALİZİ: TÜRKİYE İLE GÜNEY KORE OTOMOTİV SEKTÖRÜ. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2024;2(1):50-64.
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